<p>På bara ett par år har elektronisk handel potential att radikalt förändra de ekonomiska och sociala förhållanden i samhället. Internets snabba tillväxt kopplar samman individer och organisationer till ett stort globalt nätverk som representerar enorma möjligheter. Det talas om ett nätverkssamhälle och en nätverksekonomi.</p><p>Elektronisk handel driver företag mot att bedriva affärer på ett fundamentalt nytt sätt. Behovet av att dela information i realtid ökar tillsammans med förändringarna i värdekedjan.</p><p>Syftet med studien är att kartlägga elektronisk handel i allmänhet. Studien fokuseras på hur elektronisk handel används för att länka samman företag, stora som små, från råmaterial till konsumenten. Arbetet belyser hinder och krav i samband med elektronisk handel och det sätt de hanteras på.</p><p>Företagen i undersökningen visar ingen tydlig strävan mot att uppnå en totalt integrerad värdekedja. Grundliga affärsprocesser flyttas mot Internet för att utnyttja nätverkets fördelar. Främst används EDI och online-tjänster som Internetbutiker för elektronisk handel.</p>

På bara ett par år har elektronisk handel potential att radikalt förändra de ekonomiska och sociala förhållanden i samhället. Internets snabba tillväxt kopplar samman individer och organisationer till ett stort globalt nätverk som representerar enorma möjligheter. Det talas om ett nätverkssamhälle och en nätverksekonomi. Elektronisk handel driver företag mot att bedriva affärer på ett fundamentalt nytt sätt. Behovet av att dela information i realtid ökar tillsammans med förändringarna i värdekedjan. Syftet med studien är att kartlägga elektronisk handel i allmänhet. Studien fokuseras på hur elektronisk handel används för att länka samman företag, stora som små, från råmaterial till konsumenten. Arbetet belyser hinder och krav i samband med elektronisk handel och det sätt de hanteras på. Företagen i undersökningen visar ingen tydlig strävan mot att uppnå en totalt integrerad värdekedja. Grundliga affärsprocesser flyttas mot Internet för att utnyttja nätverkets fördelar. Främst används EDI och online-tjänster som Internetbutiker för elektronisk handel.

Den elektroniska handeln (e-handeln) har under den senaste tiden haft en stadig positiv utveckling som vi idag börjar se påföljder av. E-handeln leder till förändrade konsumentbeteenden som påverkar den fysiska handeln, i media pratas det om butiksdöden och hur de svenska stadskärnorna ger vika för e-handelns inverkan. Stämmer denna bild eller bör dessa påståenden om stadskärnornas död tas med en nypa salt? Detta väcker behovet av att undersöka vilka konsekvenser en ökande e-handel ger upphov till och hur stadskärnorna bör agera för att upprätthålla ett levande stadsliv. Därför blir studiens syfte att undersöka hur en fortsatt ökning av e-handeln påverkar lokala stadskärnor i Sverige. För att uppnå syfte och besvara studiens frågeställning inhämtades data genom tre intervjuer samt en undersökning av forskning kring e-handelns utveckling. Ett teoretiskt perspektiv fördes även in i studien genom att undersöka hur handelsplatser lokaliserar sig enligt centralortsteorin och gravitationsmodellen.Utifrån de scenarier som presenteras i resultatet (framtagna av Svensk Handel) för e-handelns framtida utveckling drar studien slutsatsen att första scenariot, där e-handeln följer Storbritanniens utveckling, är troligast att inträffa. Detta på grund av de logistiska utmaningar som fortfarande finns i Sverige. Resultaten tyder även på att stadskärnors ​attraktivitet kommer vara avgörande för dess framtida levnad. Genom att analysera valda teorier och olika marknaders storlekar undersöker studien stadskärnans optimala lokalisering och storlek för att konkurrera med e-handeln. Den medelstora marknaden, med 20 000 - 50 000 invånare, konstateras vara det optimala för att hantera de utmaningar som e-handeln innebär. Enligt studien kommer en stadskärna som fokuserar på att skapa ett mervärde för konsumenten, utöver fysiska detaljhandelsbutiker, vara framgångsrik. Studien konstaterar även att det kommer ske en omdefiniering av stadskärnan från att vara en handelsplats till en mötesplats. E-handeln sätter press på fysiska butiker att ta fram nya butikskoncept där också fastighetsägarnas agerande blir avgörande för stadskärnans konkurrenskraft. / The growth rate of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has had a positive development recently and we are now starting to see the repercussions of it. E-commerce leads to a changing consumer behaviour that affects the physical trade, this is often brought up by the media as the retail death (or retail apocalypse) and that Swedish city centers give way to the impact of e-commerce. Is this a truthfully depicted picture or should these statements regarding the death of city centers be taken with a pinch of salt? This raises the need to further investigate the consequences of an increasing e-commerce and how the city centers should act to maintain a vibrant city life. Therefore, the purpose of this study will be to investigate the effects of an increased e-commerce on local city centers. To achieve the purpose and answer the questions of the study, data was gathered through three interviews as well as through a study of research on the development of e-commerce. A theoretical perspective was also brought into the study by examining how commerce locate according to the central place theory and the gravity model of trade.Based on the scenarios presented in the study (produced by Svensk Handel) regarding the future development of e-commerce the conclusion is that the first scenario, where the e-commerce follows Great Britain's development, is most likely to occur. The main reason for this is that Sweden faces logistics challenges that needs to be dealt with. The result also indicate that the attractiveness of city centers will be crucial for its future life. By analyzing selected theories and sizes of different markets, the study investigates the optimal location and size of a city center to compete with e-commerce. The medium-sized market, with 20 000 - 50 000 inhabitants, is found to be the most optimal size of market to manage the challenges that e-commerce entails. According to the study, a city center that focuses on creating added value for the consumer, in addition to physical retail stores, will be successful. The study also concludes that a redefinition of the city center will occur in which the city center will go from mainly being a trading place to a meeting place. E-commerce puts pressure on physical stores to develop new store concepts in which the actions of the property owners will have decisive impact on the competitiveness of city centers.

<p>E-commerce is far more common in large firms than in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result SMEs risk competitive disadvantages. A growing body of research has attended to this problem but few studies examine the adoption of e-commerce from a broader contextual perspective. To be able to understand SMEs’ adoption of e-commerce it is desirable to study their contextual preconditions, approaches and effects.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to contribute to the theory building in the e-commerce area by forming a conceptual framework over SMEs’ adoption of e-commerce: the ECA (Electronic Commerce Adoption) framework. A central starting point for the study is Pettigrew’s (1985) contextual framework for strategic changes. The analysis dimensions in Pettigrew’s framework − content, context and process − are adapted to adoption of e-commerce. Thus, the ECA framework consists of analysis models that focus on a) the content, b) the context and c) the process of e-commerce adoption in SMEs. Further, the ECA framework includes an analysis model over the interplay between content, context and process and a typology over adoption situations. The SME in its role as a supplier is the unit of analysis. The study uses an abductive approach where results from previous studies in areas such as e-commerce, information systems and decision making are used as sources for forming the ECA framework. The ECA framework is then applied to the collection, interpretation and analyze of empirical data from the case studies of two small and one medium-sized enterprise. The case studies lead to the identification of additional elements that are added to the analysis models.</p><p>One contribution from the study is the typology over adoption situations. The typology, which builds on studies of Junghagen (1998) and Engsbo et al. (2001), divides the adoption of e-commerce in SMEs into five categories of adoption situations: proactive adoption situations, adaptive adoption situations, pragmatic adoption situations, forced adoption situations and enabled adoption situations. An adoption situation describes what is being adopted (content), why (context) and how (process).</p><p>Another contribution is the so called adoption guides. These are contextual conditions whose states indicate if a SME will adopt e-commerce or not and if so, which adoption situation they are likely to find themselves in. The adoption guides are: the relative dependence on individual customers, the degree of customer pressure, the strategic needs of e-commerce, the information complexity and, the CEO’s extent of aversion towards risk-taking. Consequently two major conclusions from this study are that SMEs’ e-commerce adoption can be divided into five different adoption situations and a small number of contextual conditions – here called adoption guides – determine which of them a SME tend to go through. The typology enables organizations that educate SMEs or support their development of e-commerce to design their efforts more efficiently and researchers to diversify the studied population. As the study is theory building the contributions and conclusions are propositions that need to be tested empirically in future studies.</p>

E-commerce is far more common in large firms than in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result SMEs risk competitive disadvantages. A growing body of research has attended to this problem but few studies examine the adoption of e-commerce from a broader contextual perspective. To be able to understand SMEs’ adoption of e-commerce it is desirable to study their contextual preconditions, approaches and effects. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the theory building in the e-commerce area by forming a conceptual framework over SMEs’ adoption of e-commerce: the ECA (Electronic Commerce Adoption) framework. A central starting point for the study is Pettigrew’s (1985) contextual framework for strategic changes. The analysis dimensions in Pettigrew’s framework − content, context and process − are adapted to adoption of e-commerce. Thus, the ECA framework consists of analysis models that focus on a) the content, b) the context and c) the process of e-commerce adoption in SMEs. Further, the ECA framework includes an analysis model over the interplay between content, context and process and a typology over adoption situations. The SME in its role as a supplier is the unit of analysis. The study uses an abductive approach where results from previous studies in areas such as e-commerce, information systems and decision making are used as sources for forming the ECA framework. The ECA framework is then applied to the collection, interpretation and analyze of empirical data from the case studies of two small and one medium-sized enterprise. The case studies lead to the identification of additional elements that are added to the analysis models. One contribution from the study is the typology over adoption situations. The typology, which builds on studies of Junghagen (1998) and Engsbo et al. (2001), divides the adoption of e-commerce in SMEs into five categories of adoption situations: proactive adoption situations, adaptive adoption situations, pragmatic adoption situations, forced adoption situations and enabled adoption situations. An adoption situation describes what is being adopted (content), why (context) and how (process). Another contribution is the so called adoption guides. These are contextual conditions whose states indicate if a SME will adopt e-commerce or not and if so, which adoption situation they are likely to find themselves in. The adoption guides are: the relative dependence on individual customers, the degree of customer pressure, the strategic needs of e-commerce, the information complexity and, the CEO’s extent of aversion towards risk-taking. Consequently two major conclusions from this study are that SMEs’ e-commerce adoption can be divided into five different adoption situations and a small number of contextual conditions – here called adoption guides – determine which of them a SME tend to go through. The typology enables organizations that educate SMEs or support their development of e-commerce to design their efforts more efficiently and researchers to diversify the studied population. As the study is theory building the contributions and conclusions are propositions that need to be tested empirically in future studies.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the concept of permanent establishment, as defined in Article 5 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital, is applicable to electronic commerce and if so whether the current definition is able to appropriately deal with the challenges of electronic commerce. In 2003, the OECD added a new section to the Commentary on the Model Tax Convention on Article 5. The new section is a clarification on the application of the permanent establishment definition in electronic commerce. The current definition of permanent establishment in the Model Tax Convention relies on the physical presence of a foreign corporation as the threshold for source taxation. While the current definition, prima facie, might be applicable on electronic commerce, the highly mobile nature of electronic commerce might affect the current revenue distribution equilibrium between states.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the concept of permanent establishment, as defined in Article 5 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital, is applicable to electronic commerce and if so whether the current definition is able to appropriately deal with the challenges of electronic commerce.</p><p>In 2003, the OECD added a new section to the Commentary on the Model Tax Convention on Article 5. The new section is a clarification on the application of the permanent establishment definition in electronic commerce.</p><p>The current definition of permanent establishment in the Model Tax Convention relies on the physical presence of a foreign corporation as the threshold for source taxation. While the current definition, <em>prima facie</em>, might be applicable on electronic commerce, the highly mobile nature of electronic commerce might affect the current revenue distribution equilibrium between states.</p>

Electronic commerce is in a state of growth and the number of firms engaging in electronic commerce has increased rapidly during the late 1990s. As a result, electronic commerce has become an essential part of commercial life. As firms have struggled to implement electronic commerce there have been successes and failures. Hence there is a need to improve our understanding of how electronic commerce can and should be deployed.  In this thesis electronic commerce is explored and discussed in terms of what firms need to know and how they can acquire that knowledge in order to engage in electronic commerce to remain or become competitive. The focus is on the process of acquiring new capabilities for electronic commerce. Capabilities are regarded as high-performance routines that can reside within and between organisations and confer a firm with a temporary competitive advantage. These capabilities can be acquired by utilisation of four categories of means: in-house innovation, cloning, collaboration and firm purchasing.  Four hypothesises for understanding and explaining capability acquisition are formulated with regard to how the means can be used. By surveying the literature, drawing on numerous research traditions in an eclectic manner, it is posited that the supply of capabilities, the current capability portfolio, the nature and maturity of the firm trajectory, and the performance of the firm influence the capability acquisition process.  The cases of Compaq and Dell in Sweden are employed to investigate the issue of capability acquisition. Compaq has utilised an indirect approach working through intermediaries, while Dell has utilised a direct approach working directly with customers. The cases are analysed with the four hypothesises. Five capabilities are identified as critical for electronic commerce: addressability, interactivity, customisation, personalisation and postponement. It is shown that these capabilities are acquired in a process following a trajectory. This process involves suppliers, partners, customers and competitors. It is shown that firms working indirectly acquire capabilities mainly from competitors. In contrast, firms working directly acquire capabilities mainly from customers. Furthermore, working directly with customers – as opposed to working indirectly – is found to be a good vehicle for acquiring electronic commerce capability. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2002

E-handeln befinner sig i en stor tillväxt och det finns inga direkta indikationer på att det kommer avta. En fundamental del inom e-handel är själva betalningen och betalningsprocessen. Ett väl fungerande betalningssystem är av yttersta vikt för företag som bedriver e-handel för att kunna konkurrera inom den allt mer konkurrensutsatta marknaden. Trots att e-handeln blir allt mer omfattande för varje år existerar det fortfarande en osäkerhet för konsumenten vad gäller betalningar som sker via Internet. 38 % av svenska konsumenter har någon gång avbrutit ett köp, där den vanligaste anledningen beror på att de inte fick betala som de ville. Har en potentiell kund kommit så pass långt som till själva betalningen vore det ytterst olyckligt om denne skulle avbryta ett köp på grund av betalningslösningen. Avsikten med denna studie är att redogöra för olika faktorer och eventuella barriärer som har påverkan på konsumenterna i relation till betalningssystem. Vidare avser studien att redogöra för hur dessa barriärer påverkar svenska konsumenters köpintention vid e-handel mellan företag och konsument. Detta utförs via en kvalitativ undersökning baserat på semi-strukturerade intervjuer utifrån ett konsumentperspektiv. Slutsatserna visar bland annat att e-handelsföretag och utvecklare bör lägga stor vikt på att tillgodose flera betalningsalternativ, ta stor hänsyn till god användbarhet, tillgodose någon form av säkerhetsfunktion, exempelvis BankID samt tydliggöra information om betalningsprocessen. Utöver detta finns en stark relation mellan konsumenternas förtroende för företaget och konsumenternas förtroende gentemot betalningssystemet. / E-commerce appears in a great time of growth and there's no clear indications of decrement. An important factor in e-commerce is the payment and the payment process. A well-functioning payment system is very important for companies operating in e-commerce to compete within the increasingly competitive market. Despite the fact that e-commerce is becoming more widespread every year there are still barriers that creates uncertainty and inconvenience for customers regarding the payment and the payment process. 38 % of Swedish customers have once canceled a purchase, where the most common reason refers to that they couldn't pay the way they wanted. If a potential customer have reached the payment itself it would be very unfortunate if the customer cut off the purchase due to the payment solution. The purpose with this study is to account for various factors and eventual barriers in the context of payment that affect customers. Furthermore, the study intends to present and explain how these barriers affect Swedish customers´ purchase intention. This is conducted through a qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews from a customer perspective. The conclusions show that e-commerce companies and payment system developers should focus on to accommodate multiple payment system choices, good usability, accommodate some kind of security function, i.e. BankID and clarify information regarding the payment process. In addition, there is a strong relationship between customers trust in the company and customers trust in the payment system.

Denna uppsats söker att undersöka svenska m-handelkonsumenters syn på m-handel, elektronisk handel på mobilen, i ett förtroendeperspektiv. Då 77% av Sveriges befolkning idag äger en smartmobil, är smartmobilanvändningen mer utbredd än tidigare (Svenskarna och internet, 2015). Men trots smartmobilernas tillväxt har inte m-handel följts upp i samma takt och många föredrar fortfarande ehandel. För att ta reda på vad som kännetecknar svenska konsumenters tankar kring m-handel när det gäller förtroende och få en inblick till vad som skapar förtroende för m-handel har denna undersökning skapats. För att besvara dessa frågor har en nätbaserad enkätundersökning genomförts med TAMmodellen som underlag för att avgöra vilka de mer bestämmande faktorerna är när det gäller acceptansen av m-handel. Baserat på denna empiri som samlats in från enkätundersökningen har sedan ett flertal fokusgruppsintervjuer genomförts med MoTEC-modellen som grund för att få fram konsumenternas inställning till m-handel i ett förtroendeperspektiv samt avgöra vilka faktorer enligt konsumenterna skapar förtroende. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att konsumenter i överlag har en positiv syn till förtroendet för mhandel, men att många använder sig av e-handel på datorn då vana skapar ökad trygghet. Säkra betalmetoder är centrala för upplevt förtroende och var det konsumenter tittade på först för att värdera upplevd säkerhet. Andra faktorer som skapar förtroende är goda gränssnittsegenskaper med tydlig och överblickbar layout, med en högre feltolerans. Samt välformulerat informationsinnehåll i kombination med gott rykte. / This paper aims to examine swedish consumers’ views on m-commerce, mobile commerce, while taking a focus on the trust perspective of these views. The expansion of smartphones have reached a higher level than before and today 77 percent of Sweden’s population owns a smartphone (Svenskarna och internet, 2015). However, the growth of smartphones can not be applied to m-commerce as the growth of m-commerce has not reached the same level, as many still prefers e-commerce over m-commerce. This study has therefore been conducted to get an understanding of what characterises consumers’ thoughts about the trust aspects of m-commerce and to get an overview of which factors are creating perceived trust. To answer these questions an online survey was created with the TAM model as an underlying source to determine which the more defining factors are when it comes to consumers’ acceptance of m-commerce. Based on the material gathered from the survey has a number of focus group interviews been carried out with the MoTEC model applied, to get more detailed information about consumers’ views on m-commerce from a trust perspective and determine which variables increase trust. The results indicate that consumers mainly have a positive view on the trust aspects of m-commerce, yet many still prefer e-commerce, arguing that habit has a big role for added perceived trust. Secure payment methods are central for perceived trust and was the first thing that consumers looked upon to estimate the level of security. Other central factors were good interface features including a simple and reviewable layout with a higher error tolerance, in combination with well-formulated informational content and a good reputation.