Mixed results, in terms of performance benefits, have been found when comparing carbohydrate (CHO) and carbohydrate-protein (CHO-P) supplementation during endurance exercise. Thus this study assessed performance from three different supplements (CHO-P, CHO, double carbohydrate [CHO-CHO]) as compared to a placebo (PLA) during a time trial (TT) run. Twelve male recreational runners (age = 32.4 ± 9.5 yrs; body mass index [BMI] = 22.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2; VO2max = 59.68 ± 7.53 mL/kg body weight; 100% white) individually completed four, 12-mile TT runs, 7-10 days apart, at about 75% of the their race pace. Dietary and physical activity consistency within the 24-hour time period prior to each run was controlled via individualized diet and activity prescriptions based off of the diet consumed and the physical activity engaged in prior to TT 1. Throughout each TT run, participants consumed a 600 mL load of one of the four aforementioned supplements. Supplement order was counterbalanced with a latin-square design. Endurance performance was measured by time to complete the 12-mile run, and time to complete the last 1.2 miles of the run, where participants were instructed to run at maximal effort, 100% race pace. A main effect of time occurred during the TTs for perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). RPE (Borge 10-point scale) significantly increased from the mid-point of the TT to completion of the run (4.7 ± 0.7, 9.7 ± 0.9, p < 0.001); HR significantly increased from the start of the run to the start of the maximal effort, and was significantly higher at completion of the effort (84.4 ± 14.5 bpm, 166.0 ± 8.3 bpm, 178.8 ± 7.4 bpm, p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in overall time to complete the 12-mile run or maximal effort between the supplements (PLA = 88.6 ± 11.6 min, CHO = 89.1 ± 11.3 min, CHO-P = 89.1 ± 11.8 min, CHO-CHO = 89.6 ± 11.9 min; PLA = 8.3 ± 1.2 min, CHO = 8.2 ± 1.2 min, CHO-P = 8.2 ± 1.2 min, CHO-CHO = 8.4 ± 1.5 min). These findings suggest that type of supplementation (CHO, CHO-CHO, CHO-P) consumed during an endurance exercise bout has no influence on enhancing endurance performance in male recreational runners during TT runs less than 100 minutes in length.

This study examined the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (CMT) on left ventricular (LV) function in young, healthy men. Sixteen untrained men were randomly assigned to HIT (8-12 X 60:75 seconds cycling at 95-100%:10% V˙O2peak) and CMT (90-120 minutes cycling at 65% V˙O2peak) and assessed before and after six sessions of training. LV function was determined at rest and during submaximal exercise using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. HIT and CMT improved V˙O2peak and induced plasma volume expansion to a similar magnitude. Although resting LV function did not change, increased exercise stroke volume and cardiac output was observed, secondary to increases in end-diastolic volume. Numerous ECHO-derived indices of diastolic performance were similarly enhanced during exercise in both groups. Short-term HIT and CMT elicit rapid increases in V˙O2peak and LV filling without global changes in systolic performance or cardiac morphology at rest.

This study examined the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (CMT) on left ventricular (LV) function in young, healthy men. Sixteen untrained men were randomly assigned to HIT (8-12 X 60:75 seconds cycling at 95-100%:10% V˙O2peak) and CMT (90-120 minutes cycling at 65% V˙O2peak) and assessed before and after six sessions of training. LV function was determined at rest and during submaximal exercise using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. HIT and CMT improved V˙O2peak and induced plasma volume expansion to a similar magnitude. Although resting LV function did not change, increased exercise stroke volume and cardiac output was observed, secondary to increases in end-diastolic volume. Numerous ECHO-derived indices of diastolic performance were similarly enhanced during exercise in both groups. Short-term HIT and CMT elicit rapid increases in V˙O2peak and LV filling without global changes in systolic performance or cardiac morphology at rest.

Aeroelastic aspects of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is analyzed by treatment of a typical section containing geometrical nonlinearities. Equations of motion are derived and numerical integration of these equations subject to quasi-steady aerodynamic forcing is performed. Model properties are tailored to a high-altitude long-endurance unmanned aircraft. Harmonic balance approximation is employed based on the steady-state oscillatory response of the aerodynamic forcing. Comparisons are made between time integration results and harmonic balance approximation. Close agreement between forcing and displacement oscillatory frequencies is found. Amplitude agreement is off by a considerable margin. Additionally, stochastic forcing effects are examined. Turbulent flow velocities generated from the von Karman spectrum are applied to the same nonlinear structural model. Similar qualitative behavior is found between quasi-steady and stochastic forcing models illustrating the importance of considering the non-steady nature of atmospheric turbulence when operating near critical flutter velocity.

Contexte: Il n'y a pas de consensus concernant la meilleure activité physique pour réduire le risque cardio-vasculaire (RCV) résultant de l'accumulation du tissu adipeux viscéral dans le syndrome métabolique (SMet). Objectif: analyser les effets de l'activité physique sur le tissu adipeux viscéral et sur le RCV chez des patients SMet. Méthodes: 100 adultes, 50-70 ans, ont été randomisés en trois groupes d'activité physique: mixte (endurance et résistance) résistance modérée + endurance modérée (re), Résistance intense + endurance modérée (Re), résistance modérée + Endurance intense (rE). Une cure de trois semaines (J0 à J20), en institution, a précédé un suivi à domicile d'une année (M12). Nous avons suivi le tissu adipeux viscéral et la composition corporelle par DXA, les paramètres du SMet, les performances en force et en endurance, et le RCV en utilisant le score de Framingham et l'épaisseur intima-média carotidienne. L'observance a été évaluée entre D20 et M12. Résultats: 78 participants (78%) ont terminé l'étude. À J20, la perte de graisse viscérale était la plus élevée pour Re (-18%, p<.0001) et plus élevée pour rE que re (-12% vs 7%, p<.0001). De même, à partir de M3, la graisse viscérale a plus pour Re et rE (p<.05) pour atteindre à M12 une perte de graisse viscérale de -21,5% (Re) et -21,1% (rE) > -13,0% (re) (p<.001). Le RCV, le SMet et les performances physiques ont été améliorées dans tous les groupes. Les principales améliorations ont été obtenues durant la cure et ont ensuite évolué en fonction de l'observance. Particulièrement entre M6 et M12, les non-observants dégradent leurs améliorations alors que les observants restent stables. La perte de tissu adipeux viscéral est corrélée aux améliorations des paramètres du SM. Conclusions: Les 3 modalités d'activité physique induisent une perte de graisse viscérale et améliorent le RCV et le SMet, mais une haute intensité en résistance entraîne une amélioration plus rapide. Une cure avec un encadrement quotidien est indispensable pour aider les patients à atteindre leurs objectifs. L'observance semble être le principal défi dans le succès du traitement du SM.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-54).

Goal-setting procedures have been employed in many different sports, and have been shown to be a beneficial component for enhancing sports performance. For this study, a changing-criterion within multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate a multi-component intervention for increasing running distance for five healthy adults. The intervention consisted of goal setting with performance feedback. Participants set a short-term goal each week and a long-term goal to achieve upon completion of the study. The study incorporated the use of the NikeTM + SportKit for automated recording of the distance of each run. Results of the current study demonstrated for all participants that goal setting and performance feedback was an effective method to enhance sports performance for individuals wanting to increase their running distance.

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs during myocardial infarction and during some cardiovascular surgeries. Animal studies support the role of endurance exercise training in preventing myocardial IR injury and coronary endothelial dysfunction. In human and animal studies, habitual exercise has been shown to attenuate endothelial dysfunction caused by aging and disease. It is unknown; however, if exercise can protect against vascular IR injury in humans and if so, whether these effects persist with advancing age. Using 20 minutes of forearm ischemia and the response of the brachial artery as a noninvasive surrogate model for the heart, the association between the mode of exercise training (endurance versus resistance) and vascular IR injury was examined in young healthy adults in the first study. Endothelial function, as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery, decreased significantly after forearm ischemia, suggesting that this noninvasive model of the heart produces significant and measureable vascular injury. These measures returned to baseline levels within 30 minutes following ischemia, illustrating the transient nature of this form of IR injury. The magnitude of injury and recovery from ischemia were not significantly different among young sedentary, endurance-trained, and resistance-trained subjects, suggesting that exercise training is not associated with protection from vascular IR injury in a young, healthy population. In the second study, the association between aging, endurance exercise training, and vascular IR injury was studied. Twenty minutes of forearm ischemia was associated with a transient fall in brachial FMD in young and older sedentary and endurance-trained subjects. Young subjects recovered more quickly from IR injury than older subjects. Within 30 minutes of injury, the endothelial function of the young group was back to baseline while blunted endothelial function persisted in older subjects for greater than 45 minutes after injury. There was no association between endurance exercise training and enhanced recovery from IR injury. These findings suggest that aging is associated with delayed recovery from vascular IR injury and that endurance training does not appear to modulate the vascular IR injury responses. / text

The aim: to examine the alternation of physical preparedness of the cadets aged 23-25 of the Great Lithuanian etmon Jonusas Radvila training company, while purposely training the least trained physical feature. The object of the study: the physical preparedness of the cadets. Hypothesis: The results of the physical preparedness of the cadets will improve after 8 weeks of emphasized training of the least trained physical feature. Methods used in the work: theoretical analysis and generalization, anthropometry, physical fitness test, pedagogical experiment, mathematical statistics. Subjects: 54 healthy cadets, aged 23-25, of the Great Lithuanian etmon Jonusas Radvila training company. Anthropometrical measurements (height and weight) were performed using standard methods. The body mass index was calculated according to formula (kg/m2). The physical preparedness of the cadets was examined with the tests corresponding to the NATO standards: press-ups (t/2 min), sit-ups (t/2 min), and 3000 m running. Physical preparedness was assessed according to the table of points in the system of 5 points. After analyzing the results of physical preparedness it was observed that for those cadets who failed or performed weakly, the hardest exercise was sit-ups in 2 minutes. The experimental group of the cadets was made of volunteers, who failed or performed this normative of physical preparedness weakly. The program for training the dynamic endurance strength of abdominal muscles was applied... [to full text]

Nugaros skausmas yra plačiai paplitęs, tai – didžiulė socialinė, psichologinė ir ekonominė problema. 15 – 20% suaugusiųjų nugaros skausmą patiria bent kartą per metus, o 70 – 80% bent kartą gyvenime. Iš visų žmonių, kenčiančių nugaros skausmą, 5 – 10% jaučia lėtinį skausmą. Ši problema kamuoja apie 40% visų dirbančių žmonių ir tai yra viena iš dažniausių nedarbingumo priežasčių. Kineziterapija vandenyje yra efektyvus skausmo ir judamojo – atramos aparato kontrolės metodas. Darbo tikslas yra nustatyti nugaros skausmo, stuburo paslankumo, laikysenos ir liemens raumenų ištvermės kitimą taikant kineziterapiją vandenyje. Tikslui pasiekti buvo iškelti uždaviniai: nustatyti skausmo, laikysenos, stuburo paslankumo, pilvo, nugaros ir šoninių liemens raumenų ištvermės kitimą taikant kineziterapiją vandenyje, bei nustatyti ir įvertinti tiriamųjų gyvenseną. Iškėlėme hipotezę, kad po kineziterapijos vandenyje sumažės nugaros skausmas, padidės stuburo paslankumas ir liemens raumenų ištvermė, bei pagerės laikysena. Tyrime dalyvavo 14 nugaros skausmus patiriančių žmonių: 5 vyrai ir 9 moterys (amžiaus vidurkis 32±6,9 m.). Kineziterapijos vandenyje užsiėmimai vyko LKKA baseine, 2 kartus per savaitę. Vieno užsiėmimo trukmė – 45 min. Buvo registruojamas skausmas (po kiekvieno užsiėmimo), vertinama laikysena (2 kartus); stuburo paslankumas ir liemens raumenų ištvermė buvo matuojami tyrimo pradžioje ir kas 10 savaičių (4 kartus). Gauti duomenys parodė, kad daugiau kaip pusė tiriamųjų laisvalaikį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Back pain is a common problem and one of enormous social, psychologic, and economic burden. 15 – 20% of adult population experience back pain at least once in a year, and 70 – 80% experience back pain at least once in the lifetime. Meanwhile 5 – 10% suffers from chronic back pain. Back pain afflicts about 40% of working population and is a major cause of disability in the adult working population. Aquatic therapy is an effective way for controling back pain and muscle – sceletal features. The objective of this research is to define the effects of aquatic therapy on back pain, back mobility, posture and trunk muscle endurance. In order to obtain the objective we came up with the next targets: to measure the variation of posture, back mobility, trunk muscle, back pain when applying aquatic therapy and to estimate and assess the lifestyle of the participants. We hypothesized that aquatic therapy will reduce back pain, increase back mobility, trunk muscle endurance and improve posture. 14 people with back pain participated in the research (5 men and 9 women) with the average age of 32±6,9 years. Aquatic therapy sessions were held twice a week in the swimming pool of Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education. It took 45 minutes for a session. The next measures have been taken: pain (after each session), posture evaluation (2 times), back mobility and trunk muscle endurance have been measured in the beginning of the research and every 10 weeks (4 times). Data analysis identified... [to full text]