This thesis evaluates the energy system effects off co-localizing solar photovoltaics (PV)  production with a filling station for compressed vehicle gas. A MATLAB model was constructed based on gas and electricity consumption data from three actual filling stations for vehicle gas in Sweden. The model was used to simulate how the introduction of a PV  and PVB (photovoltaic battery) system would affect the amount of electricity bought from  and sold to the grid as well as the economic implications connected to this. The results show that a self-consumption of 42 % can be reach already without available energy  storage for an installed power of PV panels matching the power of the gas compressor. A battery storage with capacity corresponding to one hour of electricity generation doubles the self-consumption. The increased self-sufficiency has the potential to decrease the strain on the electricity grid, depending on spatial and temporal factors. The simplistic economic model in this project shows that the return of investment is just over 15 years for a PV system, and less than 21 years for a small battery storage with capacity to store less than one hour of electricity production, however, this should be examined in greater detail if the system is to be implemented.  Since transport has an important societal function, the access to fuel is key from an energy  security point of view. Filling stations require access to electricity to operate, meaning fuel can’t be obtained in case of an interruption. Therefore, the possibility of self-sufficiency during the summer months (May through September) through the added PVB system was evaluated, resulting in enough electric energy to supply 31 % of the current fuel volume supplied yearly at normal conditions. This corresponds to 145 tons of vehicle gas, which could power a private car around 3 220 000 kilometers. The connection between the electricity and transport sectors could be furthered integrated by installing the proposed system which turns the filling station into a prosumer, ideally with some opportunity of self-sufficiency if needed. The modelled filling station handles gaseous fuel, however the conceptual design applies also to liquid fuels. To cover an even larger portion of the fleet, charging of electric vehicles at the filling station could also be examined.

The European Commission has proposed a “renovation wave” to increase energy efficiency in buildings. Retrofitting can decrease operational energy usage but requires material production. Using the concepts of energy payback time and carbon payback time, this thesis aims to analyse under what circumstances operational energy savings from window replacement compensate for the climate impact of producing new windows. The literature review shows that carbon payback times for energy retrofitting measures are often reported to be merely a few years. In some cases, however, carbon payback time exceeds the service life of the added material. In general, diverging results can be attributed to both case specific circumstances and methodological choices. In this thesis, values for the main parameters determining carbon and energy payback time for window replacement are retrieved from environmental product declarations and scientific literature. The analysis shows that, only accounting for operational energy, energy payback times are within the expected service life of the researched windows for all energy saving scenarios and well within the service life for the midrange scenarios. Taking account of primary energy stretches the span of results. The analysis also shows that carbon payback time for window replacement varies by a factor of 38 for the midrange studied scenarios and a factor of almost 4 600 for the most extreme among the studied scenarios. Divergence stems from all investigated parameters: the embodied climate impact of window production, the amount of saved operational energy and the emission factor attributed to saved energy. In countries with mainly renewable operational energy, case studies may arrive at long carbon payback times for window replacement. The result can be altered if saved energy is considered to come from marginal production techniques, a methodological choice made in some case studies.   This thesis concludes that if energy and carbon payback time calculations are to be used for comparing retrofit alternatives, the research community needs to address methodological issues. Another conclusion is that the analysis of climate performance needs to include the interconnectedness of different societal sectors. It also needs to include more impact categories than energy and greenhouse gases, for example resource depletion.

A manufacturer would love to see progress in the optimization of a production system to maximize profit while maintaining the environmental regulations enacted by a government or society. Thus, a key performance indicator is needed to indicate how the system production is performing in monetary as well as environmental aspects. However, the manufacturer and the regulating body may not be aware of the environmental impacts associated with the production system as a key performance indicator like Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) only implies the monetary aspects of the process. Therefore, there is a need to quantify the carbon emissions of the process and use it as a parameter that indicates profitability and environmental sustainability at the same time. From the public and policy-making body's point of view, they need a proper scale that can be used to track the compliance of the manufacturers with the environmental regulations. In this study, this carbon-based indicator (COEE) aims to discover a way of monitoring the progress of a process with environmental considerations. This study raises key questions that are constructive to each other to build a comparison of the ordinary OEE and environmental COEE. To do so a case study about the plastic process using an injection molding machine is conducted. The data used in this study was provided by the company named Good Solutions. Based on the data provided, the ordinary OEE of the machine for each shift is used to contrast with the result of the new modeled COEE. The RMSE for the given OEE of the machine was 13.424 while for COEE is 12.695. The RMSE of both OEEs indicates that the COEE can be used as an indicator for economic as well as environmental assessments.

The global hydrogen demand is steadily increasing, and one way of accelerating the green hydrogen supply is to stimulate the green hydrogen economy. Utilization of waste heat from hydrogen production can increase the profitability of produced green hydrogen. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose a system for integration of waste heat on the district heating (DH) network in Luleå, Sweden. Furthermore, an economic evaluation of the proposed system was conducted. In this study, the system was developed and investigated for two cases i.e. for a PEM and alkaline electrolyzer with an installed capacity of 100 MW. A large-scale heat pump and a heat exchanger were further added to the system to integrate the waste heat on the DH-network, while simultaneously providing cooling to the electrolyzer stack. The system was modelled for static conditions in the software MATLAB, with retrieved hourly DH data from Luleå Energi. The results showed that 203 060 MWhth can be extracted from the PEM electrolyzer with a waste heat temperature of 79 oC, while 171 770 MWhth can be integrated on the DH network annually. For the alkaline electrolyzer, 310 630 MWhth can be extracted at a waste heat temperature of 80 oC, while 226 220 MWhth can be integrated on the DH annually. The overall system efficiency is 94.7 % and 88.4 % for PEM and alkaline connected systems, respectively. Furthermore, the Levelized Cost of Heat (LCOH) is 0.218 SEK/kWhth and 0.23 SEK/kWhth for a PEM and alkaline connected system, respectively. For future scenarios with fourth generation of DH-networks, it is predicted that the LCOH can reach 0.018 SEK/kWth for a PEM electrolyzer system, and 0.017 SEK/kWth for an alkaline electrolyzer system. One conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the utilized heat from the proposed system is price competitive in comparison with other thermal energy sources.

Ever since the middle of the 20th century there has been an increasing demand of energy. This increased energy consumption entails the need for new energy projects in both developed and developing countries. This thesis aims to map the impact an energy project has regarding the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is known that both small- and large-scale energy projects creates synergies and trade-offs with the SDGs and its relating targets. By implementing the framework “Sustainable Development Goals Impact Assessment Framework for Energy Projects” (SDG-IAE), this study will investigate the possible synergies and tradeoffs of four different energy projects located in Uganda, Kenya, Denmark, and Sweden. SDG-IAE qualitatively assess each energy project with a questionnaire. To conduct the questionnaire the authors held remote interviews with stakeholders involved in each of the projects. The framework’s result for the four projects differ for each project but also have both synergies and trade-offs that are in common. The result also clearly demonstrates the difference in introducing an energy project in a developed contra a developing country, as the developing countries generate more synergies that are relevant for the project and its location. However, the result also demonstrates trade-offs that are relevant to the projects regardless its location. By implementing SDG-IAE the authors reckon areas of improvement mainly regarding the phrasing and definitions of the questions in the framework’s questionnaire. Lastly, this thesis emphasizes the importance of assessing energy projects from a perspective of the SDGs and too continue develop SDG-IAE, because of its crucial role in attaining a sustainable development and to meet Agenda 2030. / Sedan mitten av 1900-talet har efterfrågan på energi stigit. Denna ökade efterfrågan medför ett behov av nya energiprojekt i både låg- och höginkomstländer. Detta kandidatarbete syftar till att kartlägga vilken påverkan ett energiprojekt har på FN:s Globala Mål då både småskaliga och storskaliga energiprojekt skapar synergier och avvägningar med målen samt dess delmål. Arbetet utreder vilka synergier och avvägningar fyra olika energiprojekt har som är placerade i Uganda, Kenya, Danmark och Sverige, genom att implementera verktyget “Sustainable Development Goals Impact Assessment Framework for Energy Projects” (SDG-IAE). Verktyget bedömer projekten kvalitativt genom ett frågeformulär. Författarna har besvarat formuläret genom att hålla intervjuer med olika intressenter involverade i respektive projekt. Verktygets resultat varierar för samtliga projekt men visar också synergier och avvägningar som projekten har gemensamt. Resultatet visar också tydligt skillnaden mellan att utföra ett energiprojekt i ett låginkomstland jämfört med i ett höginkomstland då låginkomstländernas synergier ofta är mer relevanta för projekten och dess placering i världen. Dock visar också resultatet avvägningar som är relevanta för alla projekt oavsett dess placering. Efter implementeringen av SDG-IAE ser författarna potentiella utvecklingsområden för verktyget, framförallt gällande frågeformulärets formulering och definitioner av dess frågor. Till sist vill arbetet betona hur viktigt det är att bedöma energiprojekt utifrån de Globala Målen och fortsätta utveckla SDG-IAE då det spelar en avgörande roll för att uppnå en hållbar utveckling och Agenda 2030.

I denna rapport undersöks om det föreligger ett behov av anpassningar inom energisystemet för att möjliggöra utvecklingen av eldrivna lastbilar i Sverige och mer specifikt Stockholm. En ansats till att projektera utvecklingen av eldrivna lastbilar görs och genom en kvalitativ litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med aktörer som representerar Scania, Volvo, Ellevio, EoN, Powercircle, Forum för smarta elnät, KTH, Energimarknadsinspektionen och BIL Sweden, och anpassningar som skulle kunna utgöra lösningar till dessa identifieras inom kategorierna: ‘’ökad tillgänglig kapacitet’’, ‘’förbättrad planering’’, ‘’d irekt reglerande åtgärder samt ekonomiska incitament’’ och ‘’p olitiska beslut på kommun- samt regional nivå med syfte att öka elektrifieringen av lastbilar ’’. Slutligen görs en jämförelse av anpassningarna med avseende på tillgänglighet och implementeringstid, lagliga hinder, kostnadseffektivitet, miljöpåverkan, replikerbarhet samt intressekonflikter. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatserna att elektrifieringen kommer möjliggöras av flera lösningar i varierande grad men att anpassningar som inbegriper ökad flexibilitet inom elsystemet, för motverkandet av kapacitetsbrist inom elnätet, sannolikt kommer ingå. Vidare konkluderas att flera av de identifierade anpassningarna begränsas av legislativa- och politiska beslut och förändringar som gör dess bidragande till elektrifieringen av lastbilar svårkvantifierad. Resultaten bör därför betraktas som indikativa. / This study investigates the need for adaptations within the energy system of Stockholm, Sweden in order to improve the prerequisites for the development of electrical trucks. An attempt to project the development of electrical trucks is executed and by the use of a qualitative literature study as well as interviews with representatives for Scania, Volvo, Ellevio, EoN, Powercircle, Swedish Smartgrid, KTH, the Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate and BIL Sweden, possible adaptations are identified within the categories: ‘’increased available capacity’’, ‘’improved planning’’, ‘’direct regulations and financial incentives’’ aswell ‘’political decisions on municipal and regional level with the aim to increase the electrification of trucks’’. Finally a comparison with respect to availability and implementation, legislation, cost, environmental impact, replicability and conflicts of interest is made between the identified adaptations. Based on the investigation it is concluded that several adaptations, to varying degrees, will play a part in enabling the electrification. It is furthermore concluded that adaptations that involve increasing the flexibility within the electricity system will play a prominent role as solutions. Several of the adaptations are limited in their implementation as they are dependent on the conceiving of legislative and political decisions. This provides uncertainty in terms of projecting their contribution to the electrification of trucks and the results are to be taken as indicative rather than absolute.

Med det rådande klimathotet ställs högre krav på fastighetsbranschen att minska sin energianvändning. Denna rapport fokuserar på energieffektivisering i KTHs, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolans, huvudbyggnad som förvaltas av Akademiska Hus. Huset, som är en av KTHs minst energieffektiva hus, är byggt i nationalromantisk byggstil och invigdes 1917. Idag klassificeras byggnaden som en blå byggnad, enligt Stockholms Stadsmuseum, vilket är deras högsta klassificering och betyder att den har ett högt historiskt värde. Denna rapport studerar och utvärderar de energibesparingsåtgärder som Akademiska Hus har genomfört i huvudbyggnaden sedan 2016. Ytterligare studeras andra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder i andra hus med kulturhistoriska värden. En undersökning över befintliga tekniker och metoder för energieffektivisering redovisas även i rapporten. Resultatet visar att många energibesparingsåtgärder har genomförts i huset och lett till förbättring men denna förbättring motsvarar inte Akademiska Hus mål om en energiminskning på minst 3 % per år. Det finns nya tekniker som kan implementeras i olika delar av huset för att minska energianvändningen utan att påverka det kulturhistoriska värdet. En av dessa tekniker är att optimera styrning av värme- och kylsystemet. / With the current climate threat, higher demands are placed on the real estate industry to reduce its energy use. This report focuses on the energy efficiency in KTH's, Royal Institute of Technology’s, main building, which is managed by Akademiska Hus. The building, which is one of KTH's least energy-efficient buildings, is built in a national romantic building style and opened in 1917. Today, the building is classified as a blue building, according to the Stockholm City Museum, which is their highest classification and means that it has a high cultural-historical value. This report studies and evaluates the energy saving measures that Akademiska Hus has implemented in the main building since 2016. Furthermore, energy saving measures are being studied in other houses with cultural-historical values. A study of other technologies and methods for energy conservation has also been done in the report. The results shows that many energy saving measures have been implemented in the main building and have led to improvement, but this improvement does not meet Akademiska Hus's goal of an energy reduction of at least 3 % per year. There are new technologies that can be implemented in different parts of the building to reduce the energy used. One of these methods is the optimization of heating and cooling system.​

I detta arbete har optimeringsmöjligheterna för solpaneler undersökt, utifrån parametern energiproduktion beräknad med hjälp av infallen solstrålning. Detta genomfördes genom en modell där panelen kan simuleras mer eller mindre solföljande. Utöver denna optimering har även effekten av molnighet undersökts genom att jämföra direkt- och diffus solstrålning med olika metoder av solföljning. Arbete är gjort för institutionen för Energiteknik på KTH med anledning av deras intresse av att införskaffa en solpanel för experimentella syften. För att möta detta intresse har även en marknadsundersökning på rådande teknik genomförts med mål att rekommendera en solpanel till institutionen. Resultatet för optimeringen togs teoretiskt fram genom en modell som konstruerades i MATLAB. Marknadsundersökningens resultat togs fram genom mailkontakt med ett antal leverantörer och en litteraturstudie. Simuleringarna visade på att tvådimensionell solföljning var lika effektiv som endimensionell under året 2019 och att dessa var 13% effektivare än det stationära alternativet. Vidare visade resultaten från simuleringarna att det finns en marginell vinning i att optimera panelerna vid molniga förhållande. Dels genom ett konstruerat scenario där timmarna valdes till en period då den direkta solstrålningen var 0 W/m­2, vid detta scenario visade optimeringen att det finns 15% energi att hämta. För hela året användes flera scenarion vid optimeringen och det resultatet blev cirka 1,7% mer energi med hjälp av optimeringen. Som resultat av marknadsundersökningen valdes en solföljare från företaget HelioZenit AB som främsta rekommendation för installation på KTH-campus. De beräkningar som ligger till grund för resultatet i studien är svåra att verifiera  då det på grund av tidsbrist inte fanns tid att genomföra praktiska mätningar för jämförelse med simuleringarna. Även faktumet att modellen enbar prövas över ett år att slutsatser blir svåra att dra. En möjlig vidareutveckling skulle vara att testa modellen över ett decennium för tillförlitligare svar. Dock kan vissa slutsatser om vädrets påverkan på producerad effekt dras då hög molnighet kan negera de fördelar solföljning ger. Resultatet av marknadsundersökningen innebar val av solpanel för installation på KTH-campus. Tvådimensionell solföljning anses inte vara relevant för konsumenter i dagsläget då det finns ett smalt utbud och den ökade produktionen inte överväger de nackdelar som de mer avancerade systemen ger. Optimeringsmodellen är konstruerad utifrån att skillnaden i solstrålning är känd vilket kan göra programmerings lösningen svår att implementera i realtid. / This paper studies the optimization possibilities for solar panels from the parameter of energy production calculated based on solar radiation hitting the panel. This has been done through a model where the panels can be simulated more or less suntracking. Beyond this optimization the paper also studies the effects clouds have on the energy production by comparing the differences of beam and diffuse radiation to the different sun tracking scenarios. The paper is produced for the Energy Technology department at KTH with cause of their interest of  investing in a solar panel for experimental purposes. With the purpose of meeting this interest we performed a market analysis on the current technology with the goal of recommending a solar panel to the department. The results from the optimization were produced theoretically through a model that was constructed in MATLAB. Results from the market analysis came from mail contact with a number of suppliers and through a literature study. The simulations showed that two dimensional sun tracking was as effective as one dimensional tracking during 2019 and that they were 13 % more efficient than a stationary panel. Furthermore the results from the simulations showed a marginal gain in optimizing the panels during cloudy weather. These results were produced by first constructing a scenario during a portion of the year where the beam radiation was 0 W//m­2. During this scenario the result was a gain of 15%. When implemented during the whole year more criterias where tested and the result was around 1,7% gain. As a result of the market analysis a solar panel from the company HelioZenit AB was chosen as the primary recommendation for installation at KTH-campus. The calculations the results are based on in the paper are difficult to verify due to limited time to perform real time measurements for comparison. Furthermore the fact that the model only utilizes data from a single year makes it hard to draw conclusions. A possible development could be to test the model over a decade for more reliable results. Though some conclusions about the weather's effect on the produced energy can be drawn since cloudiness can negate the benefits of sun tracking. The results from the market analysis were used for deciding what solar tracker to recommend for installation on KTH-campus. Two-dimensional solar tracking are not viable for the consumer in the current time due to the low supply on the market and small return in relation to higher costs. The optimization model is constructed on known differences in magnitude of solar radiation, this means that the solution that was used in the programing might be hard to implement in real time.

Ett avloppssystems syfte är att avleda spillvatten med säkerhet för användaren, det är därför viktigt att den hydrauliska prestandan i systemet är garanterad för den avsedda tillämpningen. Spillvatteninstallationer i Sverige ska därför utföras korrekt enligt lagkraven i Plan- och bygglagen samt funktionskraven i Boverkets byggregler. Idag används riktlinjerna i svensk byggnorm SBN 80 och den svenska standarden SS-EN 12056-2 för dimensionering, dock har det observerats fekalier i duschens golvbrunn även fast att dessa riktlinjer har följts. Projektets frågeställning är därför: Varför hamnar fekalier i duschens golvbrunn? Projektet inleds med en litteraturstudie om den teoretiska bakgrunden av strömningsmekanik i cirkulära halvfyllda rör och befintliga studier på den hydrauliska prestandan i avloppssystem. För att besvara frågeställningen används en experimentell metod. Experimenten behandlar en undersökning av strömningsbild och bakspolning på två olika installationer som är dimensionerade enligt SBN 80. Det empiriska resultatet visade tydligt att positionen av förminskningen till anslutningsledning från duschbrunn har en stor betydelse för risken av bakspolning. Slutsatsen blev att en position i överkant på den liggande stamledningen ger en definitiv lösning för att stoppa bakspolningen helt. / The purpose of a sewer system is to divert wastewater with safety for the user, therefore it is important that the hydraulic capacity of the system is guaranteed for the intended application. Wastewater installations in Sweden must therefore be installed correctly in accordance with the statutory requirements of the Planning and Building Act and the functional requirements of Boverket's building rules. Today, the guidelines in Swedish building standard SBN 80 and the Swedish standard SS-EN 12056-2 are used for constructing the installations, however, fecal have been observed in the shower well even though the guidelines have been followed. The project's question is therefore: Why does fecal appear in the shower well? The project begins with a literature study on the theoretical background of flow mechanics in circular semi-filled pipes and existing studies on the hydraulic capacity of the drainage system. An experimental method is used to answer the issue of the study. The experiments deal with a study of the flow pattern and the backflow on two different installations that are dimensioned according to SBN 80. The empirical result clearly showed that the position of the reduction to the shower well connection pipe is of great importance for the risk of backflow. The conclusion was that a position at the top of the horizontal pipe provides a definitive solution to stop the backflow completely.

The need for renewable energy sources is evident. The worlds energy economy need to change rapidly to stopthe climatological changes. The ratio between renewables and fossil fuels, or an energy economy only based onrenewables, is based on political choices. The surface footprint of renewables is significantly larger thantraditional power plants. For a successful implementation social obstacles and sustainable impact need to beevaluated along with sufficient energy in the renewable source and the possibility to deliver the energy tocustomers. Grid stability, self-sufficiency and energy independence are major struggles for small countries withhigh population density, limited renewable sources and limited areas for harvesting the energy in thesesources. The future Dutch energy economy depends on wind and solar energy, along with hydrogen productionfor energy storage and grid stability.The focus of this study is the challenge to implement solar field without compromising other sustainabilitygoals or provoking social obstacles. The potential of integrating solar energy with road areas is explained. Theseareas could become large energy plants and the potential is the motive for this study. It is explained why roadsneed to be implemented in the energy economy as production zones and the reasoning is substantiated withdesk study and calculations.The desk study contains explanation of methods for harvesting energy with roads or roadside areas, followedby the explanation of possible electrolyzing techniques to store the solar energy. Solar calculations are madeand it is explained how the input data for these calculations are obtained, in particular how to calculate diffuseirradiation when this data is not available. The total efficiency of the hydrogen production and storage processis evaluated and insight is given of current energy demand for electrical driven vehicles (EV) and fuel cell drivenvehicles (FCEV).The paper is written with a strategic sustainable development perspective. The future objectives are analysed,current situation and the gap is determined, possible steps are considered and a strategic solution is delivered.The results of this study prove the possibility to create energy neutral roads with solar systems build over theroad and hydrogen generation with PEM electrolysers to store energy. The produced energy, harvested withthe road areas can supply enough energy to meet the energy demand of 50 000 vehicles that use the A6 everyday between Swifterband and Almere (Oostvaarders).