Diese Arbeit ist ein empirischer Versuch zu verstehen, warum und wie Energieunternehmen Nachhaltigkeit durch Sustainability Accounting and Reporting institutionalisieren und wie sie von zahlreichen institutionellen Mechanismen im Rahmen der Institutionentheorie und der Stakeholder sowie aus deren Ansprüchen im Rahmen der Stakeholder Theorie beeinflusst werden, Theorien, die sich gegenseitig bedingen. Diese Arbeit möchte sich anhand normativer und deskriptiver Literatur über die Praktikabilität des Konzeptes und der Systeme informieren und durch die Entwicklung einer Fallstudie ein praktisches Beispiel vorstellen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines unternehmerischen Nachhaltigkeitssystems des Fallbeispielunternehmens, das pragmatisch zielgetrieben und – basierend auf den strategischen Schwerpunkten des Managements – auf die Einflüsse und Ansprüche der Stakeholder abgestimmt ist. Dafür wird die Fallstudie das Konzept des Sustainability Accounting and Re-porting anhand des regionalen Energieversorgungsunternehmens ReVU untersuchen und die Institutionalisierung prüfen. Im Rahmen der Stakeholderanalyse werden auch die Branche und der Wettbewerb auf ihre Nachhaltigkeit untersucht. Somit ist zu überprüfen, ob auch für ReVU Nachhaltigkeit ein Thema ist, in welcher Form und Ausprägung es zu implementieren wäre und welchen Nutzen es überhaupt bringen könnte. Im Ergebnis ist zu sehen, dass verschiedene institutionelle Mechanismen und das Stakeholdermanagement auf das nachhaltige Handeln des Unternehmens einwirken. Besonders ist im Moment der normative Druck der gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen aufgrund aktueller Ereignisse zu spüren, der auf die regulative Gesetzgebung der Energie- und Klimapolitik wirkt und die Energiewende beschleunigt. Diese nachhaltige Entwicklung ist auch kulturell-kognitiv in der Branche und bei den Wettbewerbern zu sehen. Dadurch ist ein deutlicher Wettbewerbsdruck zu bemerken, der auf dem Zusammenspiel von normativen, regulativen und kulturell-kognitiven Mechanismen beruht und durch das mimetische Verhalten zu einem Isomorphismus von nachhaltigen Strategien und Maßnahmen sowie Managementsystemen mit dem besonderen Bezug zur Ökologie führt.

La planification de la politique économique au Brésil a été proposée dans les années 1950 avec le but de promouvoir l'indépendance et le développement économique du pays. Cette planification serait réalisée grâce à l'intervention de l'État par le contrôle de l'économie et des marchés, et par la création des entreprises publiques et des secteurs prioritaires, y compris l'énergie. L'État a créé Petrobras dans le but d'encourager la croissance économique du pays, afin de faire croître le pays grâce au contrôle des cycles de production. C’est pourquoi le gouvernement commença à assumer la croissance et à financer les investissements nécessaires pour construire un environnement industriel pour le Brésil. La création de Petrobras se passa avant même la connaissance du sous-sol brésilien ainsi qu’au début de l'extraction pétrolière, croyant en la capacité productrice du Brésil. La planification développementaliste s’est prolongée dans tous les gouvernements, en l’adaptant afin d'évoluer, mais en devenant plus présent par le soutien du secteur privé. Grâce à la politique nationaliste et interventionniste dans l'économie, cela a été caractérisé par l'implication des parties de gauche et de droite, à savoir, le nationalisme n'a pas été dépendent de leur positionnement politique, mais plutôt de l'idéologie économique défendue. Ainsi, la création de Petrobras a été un acte de foi dans la vie politique, un élément de volonté et d’engagement de l’État en faveur du développement de l'énergie, devenant la base de l'économie du Brésil. / In the 1950s, a strategy for Brazil's economic policy was proposed with the goal of promoting economic development and independence. This goal would be accomplished through government intervention, state control of markets, and the division of state-owned and private sectors. The state created Petrobras whose purpose was to encourage economic growth within the energy sector. Through Petrobras, the government began to subsidize the infrastructure necessary to build an industrial profile. Petrobras' creation occurred prior the knowledge of the true wealth of Brazilian natural resources and prior to any active drilling. The state believed and trusted in Brazilian ingenuity and capacity for production. Subsequent administrations continued this policy with support from the private sector, though the policy itself has evolved over time to adapt to modern society. This nationalistic policy and economic interventionism was characteristic of both left and right political parties, demonstrating an economic ideology that transcended political idealism. In a sense, the creation of Petrobras was an act of faith on the part of the state to allow for the development of the energy sector, and the faith state showed in Brazilian resourcefulness was rewarded by an ensuing economic prosperity for the entire country. / O planejamento da política econômica no Brasil foi proposto nos anos 1950 com intuito de promover a independência e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Seria realizado por meio da intervenção do Estado pelo controle da economia e de mercados, e através da criação de estatais e de setores prioritários, dentre eles a energia. O Estado criou a Petrobras cuja proposta visava incentivar o crescimento econômico por meio próprio, ou seja, crescer através da detenção dos ciclos produtivos. O governo passou a assumir, então, o crescimento e a arcar com os investimentos necessários para a construção de um perfil industrial. A criação da Petrobras aconteceu mesmo antes do conhecimento sobre o subsolo brasileiro ou do início das extrações, pois acreditava-se e confiava-se na capacidade brasileira de produzir. O planejamento desenvolvimentista se estendeu por todos os governos que sucederam, adaptando à proposta à fim de evoluir, mas mantendo-se presente justamente pelo apoio do setor privado. Através da política nacionalista e do intervencionismo da economia, teve como característica o envolvimento com partidos de esquerda e de direita, ou seja, o nacionalismo não dependia de posicionamento político, mas de vertentes de ideologia econômica. De certo modo, a criação da Petrobras foi um ato de fé da política, um elemento de vontade do Estado em prol do desenvolvimento energético, como base da economia brasileira.

In the thesis we perform analysis of systemic risk in the financial and energy sector in Europe. As the econometric tool for estimating dependencies across the subjects we employ factor copula model with GAS dynamics of Oh & Patton (2013b). We apply this model to daily CDS spreads. Based on the estimated results we perform Monte Carlo simulations in order to obtain future values of CDS spreads and measure probability of systemic events. We conclude that substantially higher systemic risk is present within the financial sector. We also find that the most systemic companies from both sectors come from Spain. JEL Classification C53, C55, C58, G17 Keywords Credit Default Swap, Energy Sector, Factor Copula, Financial Sector, Generalized Autore- gressive Score Model, Systemic Risk Author's e-mail matej.nevrla@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail barunik@fsv.cuni.cz

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Lucinda A de Lucena.pdf: 2279192 bytes, checksum: 1a8bc7775f597640549f110da92f81e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / The present moment in history is characterized by the incessant search for new models that can answer the recent human and social demands of growing complexity that emerge in our society marked by constant transformations. This work analyzes and reflects on the managerial formation of Engineers who eventually arrive at managerial positions in companies of the electrical energy sector during their careers. Besides bringing to light the historical and social importance of the sector, the study surveys and examines questions related to knowledge in the contemporary world and its implications in the productive sector and consequently in corporative education too. It questions the integral development of the human being in this process by emphasizing contradictions between theory and practice, intentions and objectives, technical and humanistic formation and objectives and results. To develop the study, semi-structured interviews, inventories and questionnaires were applied in order to collect data and information about the managerial formation of Engineering Managers in private or public enterprises. It is hoped that the result of the study will be contributions for the growth of knowledge of the actual reality, increasing values for the formation of future Engineers and Engineering Managers and the creation of scientific, social and cultural support for them. It is also hoped that creation of new proposals for academic as well as organizational education will be possible, promoting a systematic relationship between universities and companies. This would stimulate the transformation of managerial programs developed in the corporations, promoting a formation of Engineers and Engineering Managers that is complete and directed to forming Integral Human Beings. / O momento hist?rico atual tem se caracterizado pela forte busca de novos modelos que possam dar conta das recentes demandas humanas e sociais, cada vez mais complexas que emergem em nossa sociedade marcada por constantes transforma??es. Este trabalho visa analisar e refletir sobre a forma??o gerencial dos Engenheiros que no decorrer de sua carreira profissional rumaram para o exerc?cio da fun??o gerencial em empresas do Setor de Energia El?trica. Al?m do resgate da import?ncia hist?rica e social do Setor, procura levantar e examinar as quest?es relativas ao conhecimento no mundo contempor?neo e suas implica??es no setor de produ??o e conseq?entemente na educa??o corporativa. Problematiza a quest?o do desenvolvimento do Ser Humano Integral nesse processo, procurando salientar as contradi??es entre teoria e pr?tica; inten??es e objetivos, forma??o t?cnica e forma??o human?stica; objetivos e resultados. Para dar conta do trabalho foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, aplica??o de invent?rios, e question?rios, com a finalidade de coletar dados e informa??es sobre a forma??o gerencial dos Engenheiros-Gestores tanto nas empresas privadas ou n?o. Como resultado do estudo s?o esperadas contribui??es para a amplia??o do conhecimento da realidade atual, agregando valores para a forma??o das futuras gera??es de Engenheiros e Engenheiros Gestores, criando um aporte cient?fico, social e cultural. ? esperada tamb?m a possibilidade de gera??o de novas propostas para a educa??o tanto na academia como nas organiza??es, incitando o relacionamento sistem?tico entre universidades e empresas, estimulando a transforma??o dos programas gerenciais desenvolvidos nas corpora??es, fomentando a forma??o de Engenheiros e Engenheiros-Gestores orientados para uma forma??o plena como Ser Humano Integral.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-10-02T19:20:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio César Alvares Loro Netto.pdf: 1175357 bytes, checksum: b3db10edbf0f5ce7ad451fc9d62e3c93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T19:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio César Alvares Loro Netto.pdf: 1175357 bytes, checksum: b3db10edbf0f5ce7ad451fc9d62e3c93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Essa dissertação é norteada pela análise dos instrumentos oriundos dos tratados bilaterais e convenções internacionais que permitem a tutela dos investimentos estrangeiros diretos. A abordagem deve examinar também a eficácia das organizações internacionais e dos organismos de fiscalização das relações entre investidores e Estados hospedeiros. Desta forma, a finalidade deste estudo é a apreciação da regulação dos tratados e convenções internacionais e conclusão no sentido de êxito ou não na defesa do equilíbrio entre os agentes envolvidos nos investimentos estrangeiros no setor energético brasileiro, e de qual modo é possível a busca pelo desenvolvimento local enquanto forma de contrapartida. A metodologia aplicada será a hipotético-dedutiva, como forma de promoção do enfrentamento da eficácia das normas de tutela dos investimentos estrangeiros em face do protecionismo praticado pelos Estados. A produção desta dissertação terá por fundamento análise bibliográfica, das legislações internacionais, regionais e locais, e casos levados a cabo principalmente nos tribunais arbitrais. / This dissertation is guided by the analysis of instruments of discussion of bilateral treaties and international conventions that allow the administration of foreign direct investments. One of the approaches is the effectiveness of international organizations and oversight bodies for investor-host States relations. Therefore, the main objective is to assess whether the regulation of international treaties and conventions have been successful in defending the balance of power between the agents involved in foreign investments in the Brazilian energy sector, and to what extend it is possible to achieve local development to counterbalance the policies supported. An applied methodology is a hypothetical-deductive one, as a form of promotion of the confrontation of the effectiveness of the norms of protection of the foreign investments in the face of the protectionism practiced by the States. The development of this dissertation is based on bibliographical analysis, international, regional and local laws and cases carried out in the arbitral tribunals.

This thesis deals with the EU energy policy and its impact on the energy sector of the Czech Republic. The main objective is to analyze the implemantation and impact of the EU climate-energy package on the czech energy sector. The first part is devoted to describing the current state of the energy sector in the country.The second part is the theory of externalities due to the fact that carbon dioxid emissions are externalities, which the EU is trying tu reduce through its climate-energy measures. The third part delas with EU energy policy and the fourth one with its applications and implications in the Czech Republic.

Accurate long-term energy consumption forecasting of industrial entities is of interest to distribution companies as it can potentially help reduce their churn and offer support in decision making when hedging. This thesis work presents different methods to forecast the energy consumption for industrial entities over a long time prediction horizon of 1 year. Notably, it includes experimentations with two variants of the Recurrent Neural Networks, namely Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM). Their performance is compared against traditional approaches namely Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). Further on, the investigation focuses on tailoring the Recurrent Neural Network model to improve the performance. The experiments focus on the impact of different model architectures. Secondly, it focuses on testing the effect of time-related feature selection as an additional input to the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) networks. Specifically, it explored how traditional methods such as Exploratory Data Analysis, Autocorrelation, and Partial Autocorrelation Functions Plots can contribute to the performance of RNN model. The current work shows through an empirical study on three industrial datasets that GRU architecture is a powerful method for the long-term forecasting task which outperforms LSTM on certain scenarios. In comparison to the MLR model, the RNN achieved a reduction in the RMSE between 5% up to to 10%. The most important findings include: (i) GRU architecture outperforms LSTM on industrial energy consumption datasets when compared against a lower number of hidden units. Also, GRU outperforms LSTM on certain datasets, regardless of the choice units number; (ii) RNN variants yield a better accuracy than statistical or regression models; (iii) using ACF and PACF as dicovery tools in the feature selection process is unconclusive and unefficient when aiming for a general model; (iv) using deterministic features (such as day of the year, day of the month) has limited effects on improving the deep learning model’s performance. / Noggranna långsiktiga energiprognosprognoser för industriella enheter är av intresse för distributionsföretag eftersom det potentiellt kan bidra till att minska deras churn och erbjuda stöd i beslutsfattandet vid säkring. Detta avhandlingsarbete presenterar olika metoder för att prognostisera energiförbrukningen för industriella enheter under en lång tids förutsägelsehorisont på 1 år. I synnerhet inkluderar det experiment med två varianter av de återkommande neurala nätverken, nämligen GRU och LSTM. Deras prestanda jämförs med traditionella metoder, nämligen MLR och SARIMA. Vidare fokuserar undersökningen på att skräddarsy modellen för återkommande neurala nätverk för att förbättra prestanda. Experimenten fokuserar på effekterna av olika modellarkitekturer. För det andra fokuserar den på att testa effekten av tidsrelaterat funktionsval som en extra ingång till RNN -nätverk. Specifikt undersökte den hur traditionella metoder som Exploratory Data Analysis, Autocorrelation och Partial Autocorrelation Funtions Plots kan bidra till prestanda för RNN -modellen. Det aktuella arbetet visar genom en empirisk studie av tre industriella datamängder att GRU -arkitektur är en kraftfull metod för den långsiktiga prognosuppgiften som överträffar ac LSTM på vissa scenarier. Jämfört med MLR -modellen uppnådde RNN en minskning av RMSE mellan 5 % upp till 10 %. De viktigaste resultaten inkluderar: (i) GRU -arkitekturen överträffar LSTM på datauppsättningar för industriell energiförbrukning jämfört med ett lägre antal dolda enheter. GRU överträffar också LSTM på vissa datauppsättningar, oavsett antalet valenheter; (ii) RNN -varianter ger bättre noggrannhet än statistiska modeller eller regressionsmodeller; (iii) att använda ACF och PACF som verktyg för upptäckt i funktionsvalsprocessen är otydligt och ineffektivt när man siktar på en allmän modell; (iv) att använda deterministiska funktioner (t.ex. årets dag, månadsdagen) har begränsade effekter på att förbättra djupinlärningsmodellens prestanda.

La planification de la politique économique au Brésil a été proposée dans les années 1950 avec le but de promouvoir l'indépendance et le développement économique du pays. Cette planification serait réalisée grâce à l'intervention de l'État par le contrôle de l'économie et des marchés, et par la création des entreprises publiques et des secteurs prioritaires, y compris l'énergie. L'État a créé Petrobras dans le but d'encourager la croissance économique du pays, afin de faire croître le pays grâce au contrôle des cycles de production. C’est pourquoi le gouvernement commença à assumer la croissance et à financer les investissements nécessaires pour construire un environnement industriel pour le Brésil. La création de Petrobras se passa avant même la connaissance du sous-sol brésilien ainsi qu’au début de l'extraction pétrolière, croyant en la capacité productrice du Brésil. La planification développementaliste s’est prolongée dans tous les gouvernements, en l’adaptant afin d'évoluer, mais en devenant plus présent par le soutien du secteur privé. Grâce à la politique nationaliste et interventionniste dans l'économie, cela a été caractérisé par l'implication des parties de gauche et de droite, à savoir, le nationalisme n'a pas été dépendent de leur positionnement politique, mais plutôt de l'idéologie économique défendue. Ainsi, la création de Petrobras a été un acte de foi dans la vie politique, un élément de volonté et d’engagement de l’État en faveur du développement de l'énergie, devenant la base de l'économie du Brésil. / In the 1950s, a strategy for Brazil's economic policy was proposed with the goal of promoting economic development and independence. This goal would be accomplished through government intervention, state control of markets, and the division of state-owned and private sectors. The state created Petrobras whose purpose was to encourage economic growth within the energy sector. Through Petrobras, the government began to subsidize the infrastructure necessary to build an industrial profile. Petrobras' creation occurred prior the knowledge of the true wealth of Brazilian natural resources and prior to any active drilling. The state believed and trusted in Brazilian ingenuity and capacity for production. Subsequent administrations continued this policy with support from the private sector, though the policy itself has evolved over time to adapt to modern society. This nationalistic policy and economic interventionism was characteristic of both left and right political parties, demonstrating an economic ideology that transcended political idealism. In a sense, the creation of Petrobras was an act of faith on the part of the state to allow for the development of the energy sector, and the faith state showed in Brazilian resourcefulness was rewarded by an ensuing economic prosperity for the entire country. / O planejamento da política econômica no Brasil foi proposto nos anos 1950 com intuito de promover a independência e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Seria realizado por meio da intervenção do Estado pelo controle da economia e de mercados, e através da criação de estatais e de setores prioritários, dentre eles a energia. O Estado criou a Petrobras cuja proposta visava incentivar o crescimento econômico por meio próprio, ou seja, crescer através da detenção dos ciclos produtivos. O governo passou a assumir, então, o crescimento e a arcar com os investimentos necessários para a construção de um perfil industrial. A criação da Petrobras aconteceu mesmo antes do conhecimento sobre o subsolo brasileiro ou do início das extrações, pois acreditava-se e confiava-se na capacidade brasileira de produzir. O planejamento desenvolvimentista se estendeu por todos os governos que sucederam, adaptando à proposta à fim de evoluir, mas mantendo-se presente justamente pelo apoio do setor privado. Através da política nacionalista e do intervencionismo da economia, teve como característica o envolvimento com partidos de esquerda e de direita, ou seja, o nacionalismo não dependia de posicionamento político, mas de vertentes de ideologia econômica. De certo modo, a criação da Petrobras foi um ato de fé da política, um elemento de vontade do Estado em prol do desenvolvimento energético, como base da economia brasileira.

No description available.

Le Brésil a connu une augmentation importante de la production de canne à sucre à partir des années 2000. Le secteur sucro-énergétique la cultive afin de produire du sucre, de l’éthanol et de l’énergie électrique. L’accélération de sa production vient répondre à de nouvelles injonctions globales, comme la recherche d’alternatives aux combustibles fossiles, ou la demande alimentaire mondiale. Cette conjoncture encourage alors l’arrivée de nouveaux investisseurs sur le marché du sucre et des agrocarburants. La commode « convergence des crises » (écologique, énergétique et alimentaire) serait-elle une tentative de dissimuler une forme de renouvellement de l’image de l’agrobusiness, basée sur un « verdissement » de ses pratiques et sur la production des discours, recherchant l’acceptation sociale ainsi que la poursuite de son expansion ? Des conflits surgissent en effet depuis l’implantation du secteur dans ces territoires de frontière agricole de la canne à sucre, en l’occurrence dans la région de Dourados située au sud de l’État du Mato Grosso do Sul, et viennent soulever des contradictions. Ces conflits opposent les usines nouvellement installées aux acteurs locaux, autour de différents thèmes et impliquent une variété de groupes d’acteurs. Interroger les locaux permet également de saisir les revendications sociales des acteurs et les conséquences sur les luttes pour le territoire. L’étude des processus conflictuels permet ainsi de révéler les rapports de pouvoir et les enjeux de contrôle de l’espace à l’origine de la transformation des territoires soulevés par l’établissement d’une activité nouvelle. / Brazil registered an important increase in production of sugar cane from the years 2000. The sugar ethanol sector performs such cultivation in order to produce sugar, alcohol and electric power. The increase in production comes in response to the new global order, as the search for alternatives to fossil fuels, or the global demand for food. This situation encourages the arrival of new investors in the sugar market and the agrofuel production. So, it would be appropriate to "crises convergence" (environmental, food and energy) an attempt to conceal a way of renewing the agribusiness image, based on "greening" their practices and speeches production, seeking social acceptance and continuance of its expansion? In fact, conflict since the implementation of the sugar cane border territories agricultural sector, as occurs in the Dourados region, located in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, West-Central Brazil. These conflicts there are relation with the recently plants installed close to local actors, with different objects and involving a variety of agent’s groups. To question the local actors understand the actor’s social claims and their effect on the fight for territory. The conflicting processes study allows to reveal the relations of power and control issues of space resulting in the transformation of the territories affected by an activity establishment. / O Brasil registrou um importante aumento da produção de cana-de-açúcar a partir dos anos 2000. O setor sucroenergético realiza tal cultivo a fim de produzir açúcar, álcool e energia elétrica. A elevação da produção vem em resposta à novas injunções globais, como a busca de alternativas aos combustiveis fósseis, ou a demanda mundial por alimentos. Essa conjuntura incentiva a chegada de novos investidores no mercado do açúcar e dos agrocombustiveís. Do mesmo modo que esses investimentos, impulsionados pelo fenômeno de “corridas pelas terras” na escala mundial, provocaram expressões de preocupação de parte da sociedade civil, associações e pesquisadores em ciências sociais, a expansão da cana-de-açúcar tambem levanta questionamentos sobre os objetivos seguidos pelas empresas e as repercusões locais. Assim, seria a conveniente “convergência das crises” (ecolôgica, energética e alimentar) uma tentativa de dissimular uma forma de renovação da imagem do agronegócio, baseada na “ecologização” de suas práticas e na produção dos discursos, buscando aceitação social e continuidade de sua expansão? De fato, surgem conflito desde a implementação do setor nos territórios de fronteira agrícola da cana-de-açúcar, como ocorre na região de Dourados, localizada no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Esses conflitos confrontam as usinas recentes instaladas aos atores locais, com diferentes objetos e envolvendo uma variedade de grupos de atores. Questionar os atores locais, testemunhando as transformações que vivem os territórios, e os atores ligados ao desenvolvimento do setor, permite revelar os problemas causados pela implementação das usinas. Permite ainda, entender as reivindicações sociais dos atores e suas consequëncias sobre as lutas pelo território. O estudo dos processos conflituosos permitem revelar as relações de poder e as questões de controle do espaço originando a transformação dos territórios influenciados pelo estabelecimento de uma atividade.