[pt] Hobbes parece ser um dos autores mais controversos da Teoria Política Moderna. Desenvolveu ele um modelo de natureza humana, que trouxe para dentro da discussão filosófica uma física mecanicista cunhada em pleno século XVII e, ao mesmo tempo, uma noção de desejo ou conatus herdada de discussões renascentistas. Unindo estas duas noções, a partir de seu conceito de liberdade, produziu um sistema filosófico em que figura a progressão corpo – homem – Estado (ou corpo político). Nessa dissertação, pretende-se situar, dentro da discussão acerca da natureza humana no corpo filosófico da obra de Hobbes, os conflitos político-religiosos de que este participava e também que este atiçava, sempre tendo em mente o contexto inglês revolucionário (especialmente, o da Revolução Puritana de 1640) e o europeu do século XVII, buscando-se uma interpretação que una o viés doutrinário e aquele histórico de sua obra. Por meio da utilização da obra de consagrados historiadores ingleses e de novos intérpretes do pensamento hobbesiano, procura-se amenizar a visão negativa acerca de Hobbes, situando-o não mais como um ultra conservador absolutista, mas como um moderno/iluminista moderado, em busca de um ponto de equilíbrio para sua nova filosofia e de meio de solução para o conturbado contexto político inglês, que só poderão ser alcançados por meio da aceitação de sua visão da natureza humana. / [en] Hobbes seems to be one of the most controversial autors in Modern Political Theory. He developed a model of human nature which introduced in filosofical discussion a mecanicist physics that he created in the seventeeth century and also, at the same time, a concept of desire or conatus which he inherited from the Renaissance. Joining these two concept on his concept of liberty, he produced a filosofical system in which there is a progression from body – man – state (political body). This dissertation is intended to situate, within the discussion of human nature in Hobbes’ philosophical works, the political and religious conflict in which he took part and also the ones that he provocated, always having in mind the british revolutionary context (specially, the Puritan Revolution of 1640) and the seventeenth century Europe, in search for an interpretation that combines the doutrinary and historical views of his works. Through the study of traditional british historians and new interpreters of Hobbes’ works, this research tries to ease the negative vision of Hobbes, situating him not as a conservative supporter of absolutism, but as a moderate modern/iluminst, in search for a point of equilibrium for his new philosophy e for means to solve the problems of the complicated british political context. Both can only be found through acceptance of his point of view about human nature.

The works of Mary Wollstonecraft have been largely utilized in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries within the domain of feminist studies. They were influential throughout the 'feminist movement' of the 1960s and 1970s and Wollstonecraft is routinely given the title of 'mother' of feminism. One result of her works being classified as important feminist texts is the elision of the religious element in her works. Moreover, recent scholarship has drawn attention to the central importance of religion in eighteenth century British discourse. This thesis will primarily argue that Wollstonecraft was heavily influenced by religion, and that her writings were conceived in response to a profoundly theologico-political culture. This influence of religion has generally been overlooked by researchers and this thesis will aim to redress this absence. Four of Wollstonecraft's works - all produced within a 'similar' political climate and within a concise time period - are utilized to show that religion was a foundational element within Wollstonecraft's thought and arguments. This thesis shows that Wollstonecraft was not so much a 'feminist' thinker, but a unique intellectual determined to show that the inferior position of women went against 'God's will', teachings and the equality He had ascribed to both men and women during Creation.

如果將「現代性」發展放入辯證的邏輯思考中，我們可以理解每個階段的 思想發展都有雙重危機：一種是縱向的危機，這個危機的解決將最終導致 人的發展任務的解決；另一種是橫向危機，即在每一階段的思想發展和社 會要求的解決。這裡正好吻合了哈柏瑪斯的哲學進路，同時也是人格的， 同時也是社會的，分別代表著「現代性」新的確證一體的兩面：自我認同 和自我重建，人格與社會構成有機體。「理性」是關鍵的要素，分別表現 作「主體性原則」、「啟蒙精神」、「理性化」的三個題旨，這是這本碩 士論文鋪陳討論哈柏瑪斯與「現代性」之種種的範圍界定。以這樣的一個 問題意識和討論架框所開陳的論點入手，嚴格來說，基本上是在處理關於 文化哲學的議題，很不同於傳統哲學關於形上學、知識論或倫理學等方面 所做的窄義區分。就研究架構言，採取從哈柏瑪斯在論述關於「現代性」 的自我認同和自我重建的論點，由「『現代性』的形成和論旨」，經「『 現代性』的危機與挑戰」到「『現代性』的堅持和出路」，貫穿著從認同 危機到自我認同做一動態的、辯證的討論。

This dissertation examines Goethe’s portrayal of femininity in Die Wahlver-wandtschaften and how his depiction of all three central female characters relates to feminine ideals that were promoted through the theoretical gender debate of the late 1700s in Germany and Western Europe. I analyze Charlotte’s, Luciane’s, and Ottilie’s actions and interactions in various triadic character constellations in order to offer new insights into Goethe’s portrayal of femininity. In so doing, I argue that Goethe’s depiction of Charlotte holds the key to understanding how far Die Wahlverwandtschaften functions as (critical) commentary on the late Enlightenment gender discourse. I maintain that the actions and interactions of these three women show them as at times ‘unfit’ and/or unwilling to meet feminine ideals promoted in the late Enlightenment. I apply central concepts of Julia Kristeva’s psychoanalytic theory from the 1970s and 1980s as analytical tools to examine how far Goethe’s Wahlverwandt-schaften can be viewed as a critique of the norms and expectations commonly expressed in the late Enlightenment. I primarily focus on Kristeva’s concepts of subjectivity formation, semiotic and symbolic modalities, abjection, and her theorizing of motherhood. Kristeva’s emphasis on the pivotal role of the maternal function in the child’s identity formation and her representation of femininity as alterity allow me to explore the significance of Charlotte’s prevalence among the characters and to approach Goethe’s ambiguous and complex portrayal of unsteady, constantly shifting, and interrelated models of femininity in Charlotte, Luciane, and Ottilie as a narrative experiment in which he tests the viability of such models within the surrounding social discourse. In the main body of this dissertation, I begin by concentrating on Charlotte’s partnerships with men, and then I focus on her maternal role in relation to Luciane, Ottilie, and Otto. By making Charlotte the ‘epicenter’ of this investigation, I explore how far Goethe shapes her, Luciane, and Ottilie as characters who transgress late Enlightenment gender boundaries and thus deviate from what were considered ‘feminine ideals’ in order to underscore the arbitrary and contradictory nature of the prevalent social order.

Based on some central assumptions of the Enlightenment – particularly the ability of mankind to change and choose its future – this thesis investigates how thoughts on planning have changed since the Second World War. A Weberian ideal type of modern planning is outlined, based on the concepts of rationalism, voluntarism, utopianism and the collective good. Two main debates concerning urban and spatial planning are then studied with an argumentative discourse analysis, using the ideal type as a point of comparison. In the international academic planning debate, five different discourses are identified, with competing views on what planning is and ought to be about. In contrast to previous research, the study concludes that modern and enlightened values are still highly estimated, even in discourses formulated as ‘post-modern turns’ in planning. In the Swedish political planning debate four central policy processes are analysed: the development of the Building Act in 1947, the political background of the National Physical Planning Act adopted in 1972, the lengthy political process behind the Plan and Building Act which was finally accepted in 1987, and some reconsiderations concerning the Planning and Building Act after 1990. Previous research claims to have identified a great shift in planning thought over the time period studied. It is maintained that a rational model based on the assumption that public planning can guide or even bind the future to a blueprint has been replaced by a more incremental, communicative or post-modern planning practice. However, this thesis shows how Swedish planning policy has rather been characterized by stability and continuity. Ever since the 1960s, it has been dominated by a rational, albeit adaptable discourse, influenced by modern and enlightened values.

The paper attempts to analyze the greater influences of the Greek War for Independence through an assessment of the greater forces of the. Enlightenment, Romanticism, and Great Power politics

Of the questions concerning the many great minds of the European Enlightenment, the question of what constitutes right and proper government perhaps had the most enduring influence on the world stage. Both Thomas Jefferson and Immanuel Kant attempted to answer the question of what constitutes right government, in particular by basing the system upon the idea of human freedom as an inalienable right. This project is an attempt to compare the systems proposed by these two authors, as well as to critique each on its ability to protect and foster individual freedom. It is my opinion that neither manages to do what it is constructed to do, as each fails to fully protect individual freedom, and each has as part of it a component which conflicts with individual freedom.

In this project, I use Sir Walter Scott, William Wordsworth, and Charles Dickens to trace the emergence of what I call a poetics of private life. I argue that a literature of individualized, interior domesticity developed in response to the effacement of the Scottish Enlightenment and its local specificity at a time of British assimilation. In the eighteenth century, metropolitan Scotland, buoyed by hopes of cultural and economic renewal, developed and popularized antiquarian studies of local folk culture and theories of history positing telic models of societal development. Such concepts and practices were the intellectual fruits of the universities, learned societies, and philosophical circles that typified Scotland's heavily institutionalized Enlightenment. In the wake of the Act of Union, a new literature emerged, one exchanging models of universal human progress for narratives of private life. This arc coincides with Scott's renunciation of regional, historically inflected Scottish poetry in favor of three-volume fiction and Wordsworth's corresponding need to develop an increasingly autobiographical (and generically "British") Romanticism. These dual developments would significantly alter the shape of British literature for Scott's novelistic successors such as Dickens. Thus, this dissertation resituates the emergence of British Romanticism and the nineteenth-century three-volume novel both historically and geographically, within a narrative beginning in the eighteenth century, with Scotland's assimilation into an increasingly urban, homogenous Britain.

The strong part of Horkheimer and Adorno&rsquo / s philosophy is their critique of the Enlightenment. They argue that the consequent of the Enlightenment has been the destruction of the Enlightenment itself. There are two main reasons in the background of this destruction. First of them is the destruction of individual because of the understanding of reason in the Enlightenment. Individuals cannot define their existence beyond the determined roles of society any more. The second reason is the certain distinction between the human beings and nature. The epistemology of the Enlightenment makes nature an object of knowledge and views the world as a summation of facts. This understanding makes subjects passive in providing the objectivity of knowledge. Accordingly, the subject is alienated from his or her knowledge. Horkheimer and Adorno&rsquo / s critical thinking provides possibility for the human autonomy. It tries to understand human beings and society in a dialectical process. It considers the relation between parts and the whole as a mutual relation. According to Horkheimer and Adorno, the relation between subject and object is neither an absolute duality nor an absolute unity.

Habilitationsschrift--Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 532-558).