Esta dissertação visa realizar uma revisão historiográfica da obra Considerações sobre a França (1797), de Joseph de Maistre, que representa um dos primeiros ensaios de interpretação histórica do fenômeno revolucionário em língua francesa e do ponto de vista da contra-revolução. Neste ínterim, pretendemos oferecer uma visão de conjunto do uso que a historiografia da Revolução Francesa fez das Considerações de Maistre. Simultaneamente, empreendemos uma síntese biográfica-intelectual do saboiano, com o objetivo de sublinhar a complexa natureza de sua reação à Revolução e ao Iluminismo reação esta caracterizada por uma excêntrica interação entre jesuitismo, iluminismo e filosofia das Luzes. Por fim, apresentamos ao público uma tradução dessa obra, ainda inédita em língua portuguesa. / The purpose of this study is to present a historical revision of Joseph de Maistres Considérations sur la France (1797), which represents a pioneering attempt of historical interpretation of the revolutionary phaenomenon in French language and from the point of view of the counter-revolution. In doing so, we intend to offer a panoramic view of the use made of Joseph de Maistres most famous pamphlet in the historiography of the French Revolution. It also provides a brief intellectual biography of the savoyard which tries to underline the complexity of the Maistrean reaction to the Enlightenment and the Revolution - marked by an eccentric interaction with certain currents of jesuitism, iluminism and the Enlightenment. Last but not least, we present a translation of the pamphlet, heretofore neglected in Portuguese.

Em 10 de março de 1762, o protestante Jean Calas, suposto assassino de seu filho, sofre o suplício da roda após um julgamento espúrio do Parlamento de Toulouse. Voltaire assume as rédeas do caso. Para ele tratava-se de um crime motivado pelo fanatismo religioso, algo impensável em pleno século das Luzes. Por meio do estudo de um conjunto de cartas redigidas em defesa da reabilitação de Jean Calas, interessa discutir como Voltaire conduziu a \"guerra\" pelo advento da Razão. Descobre-se, à medida que se avança, desde as manobras nos bastidores à eloqüência do advogado em suas denúncias, o que ele denominou de \"crime contra o gênero humano\". Pretende-se mostrar, igualmente, as astúcias do texto voltairiano para atrair leitores de diferentes esferas sociais. Nesta tese, trata-se de questionar como o Autor prepara o terreno para a divulgação de seu livro Traité sur la tolérance (1763), arma decisiva contra os autodenominados seguidores de Cristo. Nessa obra compósita, analisam-se as variadas formas discursivas utilizadas por Voltaire para convencer o leitor de que os dogmas e as superstições não passam de criações humanas. Perguntamo-nos quais características, no conjunto desses textos, o autor privilegia a fim de conferir brilho à batalha contra o obscurantismo, além de nos debruçarmos sobre as fontes nas quais Voltaire se inspirou para sua argumentação. Percebe-se como a preocupação de instruir os cidadãos ia de par com a vontade de proporcionar prazer, peça-chave da estética desse poeta-filósofo que, para dizer com Roland Barthes, dava ao combate pela Razão \"o aspecto de uma festa\". / On March 10th 1762, the Prostestant Jean Calas, charged with the alleged murder of this own son, was submitted to the torture of the wheel, after a spurious trial at the Toulouse Parliament. Voltaire takes over the affair. For him, it was a matter of a crime due to a religious fanaticism, something unacceptable in the century of Enlightenment. The observation of a bunch of letters written to assert Jean Calas´s rehabilitation allowns the debate about how Voltaire waged the \"war\" to prevail Reason. Il also allows us to observe from the backstage ploys to the lawyer´s eloquence, in his denounces to what he denominated \"a crime against the humanity\". It is also possible to see the acuity of Voltaire´s text to appeal to the readers of different social levels. The thesis is supposed to question how the author prepares the ground to the issue of his book Traité sur la tolérance (1763) an incisive weapon against the so-called Christ´s followers. In this composite work several discursive ways are analyzed to convince the reader that the dogmas and the superstitions aren´t but human creations. The main question is: what characteristics the author pick and choose among his writings in order to highlight the battle against obscurantism and what were the sources that inspired his argumentation. One may notice how the concern about informing the citizens has gone along with his will to provide pleasure, a touchstone of this philosopher-poet´s aesthetics, whom, to mention Roland Barthes, rendered \"a configuration of a party\" to the struggle for Reason.

Esta dissertação discute o verbete Geografia Física, elaborado por Nicolas Desmarest e publicado na Encyclopédie de Diderot e DAlembert em 1757, o qual apresenta uma proposta de se fazer e pensar Geografia diferente das interpretações comumente aceitas pela História da Geografia para o pensamento geográfico do século XVIII. Elaborado pelo homem de letras Nicolas Desmarest, no seio do Iluminismo e do enciclopedismo francês, este trabalho analisou o verbete no contexto deste movimento e das tradições científicas que teorizaram a Terra e seus fenômenos na primeira metade do século XVIII. Diante da discussão realizada, constatou-se a existência de uma legítima Geografia teorizada pelas Luzes e propagada pela Encyclopédie, bem como o papel central assumido por Nicolas Desmarest para o desenvolvimento deste saber. Além disso, revelou a existência de uma importante controvérsia científica entre a Geografia Física e a Teoria da Terra, a qual foi debatida por Nicolas Desmarest e Buffon no limiar do nascimento das chamadas Geologia e Geografia modernas. / In this work we discuss about the article Physical Geography, that was created by Nicolas Desmarest and published in the Diderot and DAlemberts Encyclopedia in 1757. The article introduced a proposal to do and to think Geography different from what is commonly accepted by the History of Geography to the 18th century geographical thought. It was elaborated by the man of letters Nicolas Desmarest, in the middle of the Enlightenment and the French encyclopedism. This work analyzed the article in the context of this movement and in the scientific traditions that theorized the Earth and its phenomena in the 18th century first half. In front of this discussion, we noted the existence of a genuine Geography theorized by the Enlightenment and propagated by the Encyclopedia, which Nicolas Desmarest assumed a central position to the development of this knowledge. Furthermore, this work revealed an important scientific controversy between the Physical Geography and the Theory of the Earth that was discussed by Nicolas Desmarest and Buffon, in the dawn of so-called modern Geology and Geography.

Uma comparação atenta entre o Tratado da natureza humana, obra de estreia de David Hume, e as Investigação sobre o entendimento humano e Investigação sobre os princípios da moral nas quais a primeira obra foi reeditada, revela uma diferença considerável na escrita do filósofo. Provavelmente levado por uma profunda decepção com sua obra inicial, Hume as reescreve adotando mudanças estilísticas e no foco de suas discussões para torná-las mais próximas de suas convicções filosóficas. Como instrumento nesse processo, Hume se utiliza conscientemente da retórica, optando nas duas investigações, pela adoção de evidentes recursos retóricos que variam desde alterações no foco e no objetivo final dessas obras, até a opção por um discurso conciso em detrimento daquele difuso utilizado na escrita do Tratado. Tais mudanças obedecem a padrões estéticos bem definidos, porém fundamentalmente tentam aproximar a escrita humiana dos preceitos filosóficos básicos do autor, representados por conceitos como os de crença e de imaginação. Assim, utilizando-se da retórica como uma tentativa de respeitar os fundamentos de sua própria filosofia, Hume desenvolve o que poderíamos chamar de uma espécie de filosofia da escrita / A close comparison between David Hume\'s first work A Treatise of Human Nature, and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, in which the first work was reedited, reveals a considerable difference on the writings of the philosopher. Most likelly taken by a deep deception upon his early work, Hume rewrites them adopting changes on his style and on the focus of his discussions in order to make them closer to his philosophical convictions. As a tool on this process, Hume makes a conscious use of rhetoric, chosing in his investigations to utilize evident rhetorical resources which vary from focus and final goal of these works, to the choice for a concise speech, over the diffuse one utilized on the writing of the Treatise. Such changes follow well defined aesthetic patterns, however they fundamentally try to approximate the humian writing to the author\'s basic philosophical precepts, represented by concepts such as creed and imagination. Thus, making use of rhetoric as an attempt to respect the fundamentals of his own philosophy, Hume develops what may be called a kind of philosophy of writing

Entre 1808 e 1814 o Império Hispânico esteve envolvido por uma grande crise, iniciada pelo sequestro do rei Fernando VII por Napoleão Bonaparte. Com a invasão francesa, uma parte do povo espanhol resistiu aos conquistadores, e entre eles havia um grupo de ilustrados que se reuniam normalmente em uma tertúlia. Sob o comando do poeta Manuel Quintana, este grupo decidiu escrever o Semanario Patriótico, um jornal pioneiro, que interpretava a crise militar como uma crise constitucional e tentava comandar uma revolução. Em meio às dificuldades peninsulares, a questão americana foi motivo de preocupação e esperança, e nesse ponto houve um dos maiores debates do período, que dizia respeito tanto à posição das antigas colônias na nova ordem quanto em como combater as crescentes insurgências. Diante dos problemas políticos e militares, o grupo fundador do Semanario Patriótico se separou, não apenas fisicamente, mas também politicamente, e fundou novos jornais. Enquanto a maior parte dos seus redatores integrou o grupo liberal durante as Cortes de Cádis, outros se afrancesaram ou então emigraram para a Inglaterra. Conforme tentaremos comprovar ao longo da dissertação, o grupo também se dividiu quanto à resolução dos problemas advindos do Antigo Regime e da Crise, propondo diferentes soluções não apenas para a Europa, mas igualmente para o Império Americano. Esse trabalho é, portanto, um estudo de como um grupo ilustrado tentou manejar a crise do Antigo Regime na Espanha ao mesmo tempo em que tentava manter o Império Atlântico, porém sob novas condições, e não repetindo a estrutura de colônia e metrópole. / Between 1808 and 1814 the Hispanic Empire was involved in a major crisis, which begun by the arrest of Fernando VII by Napoleon Bonaparte. With the French invasion, a section of the Spanish people resisted to the conquerors, and amid them there was a group of illustrated that made up, before, a tertulia. Under the leadership of Manuel Quintana, this group decided to publish the Semanario Patriótico, a precursor newspaper that interpreted the military crisis as a constitutional crisis and was trying to do a revolution. Among the peninsular difficulties, the American problem was the whole time a reason to be worried and to hope. At this point, there was one of the hardest discussions of the period, which related both to the status of the ancient colonies in the new order and to how to face the growing insurgences. In the face of the political and military issues, the founding band of the Semanario Patriótico split up, not only territorially, but also politically, and started new journals. While the majority of its redactors helped do define what was the new liberal party during the Cortes de Cádiz, others frenchfyed themselves or emigrated to England. According to what we will defend along the dissertation, the group also split up about the resolution of the problems coming from the Ancient Regime and from the Crisis, developing different resolutions, not only for Europe, but likewise to the American Empire. This work is, therefore, a study of how a handful of illustrated tried to handle the crisis of the Ancient Regime in Spain at the same time as they were trying to keep the Atlantic Empire, but under new conditions, and not repeating the old structure of colony and metropolis.

La philosophie de Kant a souvent été lue comme une doctrine de l’objectivité visant à fonder la connaissance, telle qu’elle est mise en œuvre par la science. Le présent travail se propose à la fois d’éclairer l’autre aspect de la philosophie kantienne, à savoir le pôle de ce qui résiste au procès d’objectivation, et d’étudier l’articulation qu’entretiennent ces deux aspects, objectivation et inobjectivable, au sein de la philosophie kantienne. Il convient d’abord de revenir sur le sens et la spécificité du geste objectivant kantien en l’inscrivant, d’une part, dans la genèse du concept d’objet à partir de son inauguration scotiste et de sa prolongation cartésienne ; d’autre part, en déployant ses conditions d’émergence au sein de la problématique proprement kantienne. L’inobjectivable, que Kant thématise à partir de la Critique de la Faculté de juger se définit par la figure de l’excès, c'est-à-dire par la disproportion possible du concept et de l’intuition. Ce pôle inobjectivable, dont les caractères propres font écho à ceux qui définissent l’objectivité, contraint à élargir la définition du transcendantal pour y voir ce qui conditionne un sens plus existentiel de l’expérience, consistant en un dysfonctionnement et une disproportion. Cette discordance est attestée, au niveau phénoménologique, par l’expérience phénoménologique du beau et du sublime, liée à la représentabilité ; au niveau génétique, par l’idée d’un objet qui se nie comme objet : le vivant et l’événement historique de la Révolution française. / Kant's philosophy has often been perceived as a doctrine of objectivity, a theory for establishing scientific knowledge. In the present work, we attempt to shed light on the other pole of Kantian philosophy – what cannot be subjected to this objectivation – as well as to examine the interplay between objectivation and the inobjectifiable within Kantian philosophy. We start by examining the meaning and uniqueness of Kant’s objectivation process: first by retracing the concept of object from its Scotist genesis to its Cartesian development; then by detailing its conditions of emergence within Kant’s own philosophy. The inobjectifiable, which Kant begins conceptualising in the Critique of Judgment, is defined by the figure of excess, that is, by the possible disproportion of concept and intuition. This inobjectifiable realm, whose specific characteristics echo those which define objectivity, forces us to widen the notion of the transcendental to refer to what conditions a more existential sense of experience, consisting of dysfunction and disproportion. This discordance is demonstrated, at the phenomenological level, by the phenomenological experience of the beautiful and the sublime, linked to representability; at the genetic level, by the idea of an object that denies itself as object: the living and the historical event of the French revolution.

The thesis deals with general public's awareness of the issue of hearing impairment. The theoretical part introduces the classification of hearing handicaps; it describes groups of people with hearing disabilities, their means of communication as well as attitudes and prejudice of the public towards such people. It offers an account of how the relationship of the public to the people with hearing impairments changed over time and discusses causes of the prejudice and stereotypes. The thesis similarly presents a number of options for obtaining information on the issue and focuses on the possibilities regarding teaching of sign language. The empirical part investigates the level of public awareness regarding the issue of hearing handicap, whether they are satisfied with the level of understanding, and whether they are interested in receiving information via an educational event in their surrounding or a short informative video providing basic information. KEYWORDS: public's awareness, hearing impairment, prejudice, enlightenment.

Né à Chieti en 1728, Ferdinando Galiani – économiste, diplomate et philosophe – est un auteur prolifique des Lumières dont la carrière s’est déroulée entre l’Italie et la France. Après avoir reçu une formation humaniste et philosophique à Naples, de 1735 à 1759, Galiani est nommé, par le ministre Berardo Tanucci, secrétaire de l’ambassade napolitaine à Paris. Durant ces années parisiennes, de 1759 à 1769, il entre en contact avec les philosophes et les encyclopédistes, fréquente les salons de la capitale et en devient l’un des hôtes les plus prisés. Lorsqu’il doit rentrer définitivement à Naples, où il restera jusqu’à sa mort en 1787, le « petit abbé » reste en contact épistolaire avec les milieux parisiens, ne serait-ce que pour être informé des nouvelles politiques et littéraires. Depuis le XIXème siècle, l’historiographie a étudié ce penseur selon deux directions antagonistes : alors que de nombreux travaux ont privilégié une perspective économico-politique – en analysant notamment Della Moneta (1750) et les Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770) –, d’autres études ont insisté sur l’esprit « libertin » de cet animateur des salons parisiens. De ces aspects antinomiques, l’historiographie retient « deux Galiani », autrement dit le « sérieux » et le « léger ». Cette thèse se propose de dépasser cette dichotomie en prenant en considération diverses sources encore inexplorées et inédites en favorisant une approche transdisciplinaire. En effet, tout en occupant de hautes fonctions, Galiani produit un savoir philosophique important qui accompagne, nourrit et complète ses projets politiques. Notre recherche propose une analyse systématique de la pensée de Galiani en fonction des contextes historico-culturels dans lesquels celle-ci se développe, Naples et Paris, ainsi que l’étude de sa trajectoire sociale, notamment au sein de la République des Lettres, qui va de pair avec la construction d’un statut d’auteur. / Born in Chieti in 1728, Ferdinando Galiani - economist, diplomat and philosopher - is a prolific author of the Enlightenment whose career took place between Italy and France. After receiving a humanistic and philosophical education in Naples, from 1735 to 1759, Galiani was appointed, by Minister Berardo Tanucci, secretary of the Neapolitan Embassy in Paris. During these years, from 1759 to 1769, he made contact with philosophers and encyclopedists, frequented the salons of the capital and became one of the most sought-after guests. When he finally returned to Naples, where he lived until his death in 1787, the "little abbot" remained in epistolary contact with the Parisian circles to be informed of the political and literary news. Since the nineteenth century, historiography has studied this thinker in two opposing views: many studies have favored an economic-political perspective - analyzing in particular Della Moneta (1750) and the Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770) -; other studies have insisted on the "libertine" spirit of this animator of the Parisian salons. From these antinomic aspects, historiography retains "two Galiani", in other words, the "serious Galiani" and the "light-hearted Galiani". This thesis offers to go beyond this dichotomy, while taking into consideration various sources still unexplored and unpublished, by favoring a transdisciplinary approach. Galiani produces an important philosophical knowledge that accompanies, nourishes and completes his political projects. Our research offers a systematic analysis of Galiani's thought according to the historical-cultural contexts in which it develops, Naples and Paris; as well as an analysis of its social trajectory, specifically within the Republic of Letters, which goes hand and hand with the creation of his identity as an author.

This thesis presents an account of the development of Scots criminal law which concentrates on the influence of the Scottish moral tradition, as epitomised by Calvinist theological doctrine and Scottish Enlightenment moral philosophy. It argues that there are several crucial but seldom-acknowledged points of similarity between the Calvinist aim of creating a holy community and key tenets of eighteenth century Scottish moral thought, which rest upon community-oriented conceptions of the nature of morality and society. Both these shared conceptions and the particular ways they are expressed in Calvinist creed and Enlightenment philosophy are shown to have had a bearing on the way that Scots criminal law changed over time. The areas in which this influence is demonstrated are: the scope and principles of the law, i.e. the type of conduct that was punishable and the arguments that were put forward to justify its prohibition; the attribution of criminal responsibility (and non-responsibility); and the importance of mental state. It is argued that in each of these discrete areas changing perspectives on the nature of morality and human agency had a palpable impact on both legal doctrine and practice. When these different areas of the law are viewed as a whole and in historical perspective, the formative force of the Scottish moral tradition becomes clear and its influence can be seen to have extended into the contemporary law. The thesis therefore provides an original interpretation of the history of Scots criminal law by considering its sources and institutions from hitherto unexplored theological and moral perspectives, whilst simultaneously enhancing scholarly appreciation of certain aspects of the contemporary law that appear unusually moralistic. It also makes a broader contribution to socio-historic scholarship and strengthens its position as a recognised and worthwhile discipline by illustrating, using a concrete legal system, how legal history can enhance debates within criminal law theory and vice versa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Efraim.pdf: 289783 bytes, checksum: 50465e7a9322e886404b65f5ecd61295 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The utmost purpose of this dissertation is the full understanding of the hypothesis presented by Adorno and Horkheimer in their book Dialectic of Enlightenment, which approaches the relationship between the concepts of nature and the women s world, and seek to make evidence, through weaving an activity common to all the females portrayed in the Odyssey, the work analyzed by these authors, followers of the School of Frankfurt theories of a second viable means to highlight the relevant role of women in the Antiquity. So as to attain such objective, two main paths have been followed: the first one aimed at studying the theory brought about by Adorno and Horkheimer while, simultaneously going deeper into the interpretation such authors have made of Homer s epopee. When describing the Dialectic of Enlightenment, the authors had, as their prime purpose, the investigation of the bond between reason and domination and used The Odyssey to set the grounds for their theory; nevertheless, due to the allegoric means they based their work upon, they ended up by inserting domination into the roots of rational thought. Ulysses, under their viewpoint, was the model of a bourgeois man who should govern Nature and himself on behalf of self-preservation. Adorno and Horkheimer introduced such a strict theory that finds parallel only in the conceptual strictness they criticized. In the narrow bond they created between reason and domination, the women represented in the Dialectic of Enlightenment by two essential figures, the wife and the prostitute, do not manage to find any other way of behavior, besides being in full compliance with the rules of their time. The second path intruded into the weaving and construed it as a way-out for the scheme proposed by Adorno and Horkheimer. By virtue of this (cultural) activity, described as a female talent, a quite different approach from the one that bound nature and women s role could be found. Therefore, weaving, which contains in itself an etymological bond with the word "text", stands out as a possibility of the feminine way of speaking, an amplification of women's voice in the Antiquity, besides being their means of participation in the outside world, a world that is so different from the home environment to which they usually belong / A presente dissertação teve como objetivos principais a compreensão da hipótese apresentada por Adorno e Horkheimer, em seu livro A Dialética do Esclarecimento, sobre as relações entre os conceitos de natureza e feminino, bem como, buscar por meio da tecelagem, atividade comum a todas as figuras femininas da obra analisada pelos autores frankfurtianos, a Odisseia, um segundo caminho viável para a participação das mulheres na Antiguidade. Para tanto dois eixos principais foram desenvolvidos. O primeiro consiste em uma aproximação em relação à teoria de Adorno e Horkheimer, assim como da interpretação que os autores fazem da epopeia homérica. Ao escreverem a D.E., os autores tinham como objetivo principal investigar o vínculo entre razão e dominação e fizeram uso da Odisseia para fundamentar a sua teoria; entretanto, por meio da interpretação alegórica que fazem da obra, findam por inserir a dominação nas bases do pensamento racional. Fazendo de Ulisses modelo do homem burguês, que deve dominar a natureza, bem como a si mesmo em nome da autoconservação, Adorno e Horkheimer estabelecem uma teoria tão rígida quanto à rigidez conceitual que criticam. No liame estreito que criam entre razão e dominação, as mulheres, representadas na D.E. por duas figuras essenciais, a esposa e a prostituta, também não encontram nenhuma outra via de atuação que não a de dominada. O segundo eixo do trabalho trata da tecelagem como saída para o esquema proposto por Adorno e Horkheimer. Por meio desta atividade (cultural), apresentada como um dom feminino, foi possível encontrar uma abordagem diferenciada daquela que vincula natureza e feminino. O tecer, que contém um vínculo etimológico com a palavra texto, aparece, portanto, como uma possibilidade de palavra feminina, uma amplificação da voz das mulheres na antiguidade, assim como, uma forma de participação exterior ao âmbito doméstico ambiente em que essas são usualmente ligadas