O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do emurchecimento da forragem associado ou não ao uso do aditivo bacteriano-enzimático na ensilagem do capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). Foi realizada avaliação de perdas nos painéis das silagens experimentais, assim como da composição bromatológica e do tamanho de partículas das mesmas. Ocorreram observações periódicas de comportamento ingestivo, consistência ruminal, consumo voluntário, parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, taxa de passagem de sólidos e líquidos ruminais em novilhos que receberam rações contendo 80% desses volumosos na base seca. Foram utilizados sete novilhos da raça Nelore, distribuídos ao acaso em um experimento do tipo quadrado latino 7 x 7. Os tratamentos avaliados foram resultantes da combinação de 3 concentrações de matéria seca (MS) na silagem do capim Tifton 85 (25, 45 e 65%) associadas (CA) ou não (SA) ao aditivo bacteriano-enzimático. Um tratamento adicional contendo 55% MS sem aditivo também foi avaliado. O aditivo utilizado foi o produto comercial SIL–ALL®, contendo cepas de Streptococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici e as enzimas hemicelulase, celulase e amilase, aplicadas na dosagem de 250 g de SIL–ALL® diluídas em 50 litros de água por tonelada de forragem, imediatamente antes da ensilagem. A técnica de emurchecimento possibilitou elevar o teor de matéria seca mas, da mesma maneira que a adição do inoculante bacteriano-enzimático, provocou alterações pouco pronunciadas na composição química da silagem. Nas silagens SA o aumento da concentração de MS foi acompanhado de elevação no teor de FDN resultando em redução do teor de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). A fração protéica B3 nas silagens apresentou tendência de aumento com a elevação na concentração de MS, em função da progressiva elevação da fração N insolúvel no FDN, simultaneamente à redução N insolúvel no FDA. A avaliação dos silos após abertura, indicou aumento de perdas com a elevação da concentração de MS que, entretanto, podem ter sido decorrentes de uma menor taxa de utilização dos fardos contendo silagens com menor umidade. Tanto a consistência ruminal, avaliada como o tempo de ascensão do pêndulo no interior do rúmen (1194 seg.), como os parâmetros de cinética de passagem de sólidos (3,09% hora -1 ) e de líquidos (4,37% hora -1 ) foram similares para os tratamentos avaliados. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais não foi alterado com a elevação da concentração de MS da silagem, sendo observados tempos (minutos dia -1 ) e taxas (min kg MS –1 ) de ingestão de MS (324; 47), ruminação (518; 75) e mastigação (841; 123), respectivamente. O consumo diário de MS das rações, pelos animais, foi semelhante para os tratamentos avaliados, resultando em média de 6,95 kg equivalente a 1,88% do peso corpóreo. As concentrações molares (mM) individuais e totais (140,29) dos ácidos graxos voláteis, a relação acetato:propionato (4,2:1), concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (6,31 mg dL -1 ) e o pH (6,76), do fluido ruminal, não foram alterados pelos tratamentos estudados. As digestibilidades da matéria orgânica (71,5%), proteína bruta (69,1%), FDN (71,3%), FDA (64,9%) e hemicelulose (83,3%) não foram, em geral, fortemente influenciadas pela concentração de MS da silagem do capim Tifton 85, aditivadas ou não. No entanto, a digestibilidade da MS (71,0%) apresentou um comportamento quadrático (P<0,05), com ligeira elevação ao redor de 45% de concentração de MS, nas silagens. Diante destas observações, pode-se concluir que o emurchecimento da forragem e o uso de aditivo bacteriano-enzimático não resultaram em alterações expressivas nos parâmetros ruminais, digestivos e no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. / The present trial aimed to study the effects of forage wilting associated or not with a bacterial-enzymatic inoculant on ensiling Tifton 85 grass. Front panel of experimental silos (325 kg square wrapped bales) were daily scored for fungi development and weekly sampled for chemical composition analysis and particle chop length measurements. In a randomized 7 x 7 Latin square design, seven ruminal cannulated growing beef steers were assigned to diets (treatments) containing 80% silage. Periodically chewing behavior, feed intake, ruminal mat consistency, ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility and ruminal rate of passage of solids and liquids phases were evaluated. Treatments combined 3 planned dry matter (DM) concentrations (25, 45 and 65%) of Tifton 85 grass silage associated (CA) or not (SA) with the bacterial-enzymatic (BE) inoculant source. An additional treatment containing wilted silage (55% DM) without (BE) was also studied. SIL-ALL®, the BE source used, was sprayed onto chopped forage just before silage packing at a rate of 250g diluted in 50L of deionized water per ton of wet forage. The commercial BE showed the following composition: Streptococus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici plus hemicellulase, cellulase and starch degrading enzymes. The wilting of forage allowed to increase the DM concentration of silages, however, as well as BE addition, it was not effective to promote major changes on chemical composition of silages. On SA silages, higher NDF levels were observed as the DM level of the wilted silage increased, which resulted in lower non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) fraction. The B3 protein fraction (NDIN minus ADIN) showed an increase as the DM concentration of wilted silage was raised, probably as result of an opposite trend between neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) across DM levels. Silage losses, measured as both, fungi scored at bale front panel and percentage of spoiled silage, indicated higher levels associated with increased DM concentration. It might be explained by the lower bale unloading rate observed during the feeding trial, mainly in higher DM wilted silages. Both, ruminal mat consistency, measured as time required to weight ascension into the rumen (1194 sec.) as well as ruminal kinetics, evaluated as passage rate of solid (3.09% hour -1 ) and liquid (4.37% hour -1 ) phases were similar for all treatments. Animal ingestive behavior measured as total time (minutes day -1 ) and rate (minutes DM kg -1 ) was not changed across silages DM concentration, averaging DM eating (324; 47), DM ruminating (518; 75) and DM chewing (841; 123), respectively. Residual daily time was spent with drinking and idling activities. The DM intakes observed among experimental diets, containing wilted silages, were not statistically different and averaged 6.95 kg day -1 or 1.88% as body weight basis. Individual and total (140.29) molar concentration (mM) of volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate:propionate ratio (4,2:1), ammonia-N (6.31 mg dL -1 ) and average daily pH (6.76) of ruminal fluid were similar across silages diets. Nutrient digestibilities were, also, not significantly affected by the increased DM concentration in wilted silages or by the BE inoculation, as follows: organic matter (71.5%), crude protein (69.1%), NDF (71.3%), ADF (64.9%) and hemicellulose (83.3%). DM digestibilities, however, performed a quadratic pattern (P<0.05), with a slight increase at 45% DM concentration in silages. According to the results it may be concluded that neither the increase of DM concentration of grass silages nor the addition of bacterial-enzymatic inoculant changed animal ingestive behavior or improved ruminal and digestive parameters analyzed.

MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / The study evaluated the nutritive value of orange pulp- buffalo grass (OPBG) silage as a po-tential pig feed. In experiment 1, OPBG was ensiled in 58 one-litre jars, split into Reno-zyme® enzymes (containing α-amylases and β-endo 1, 3; 1, 4 beta glucanase) (denoted OPBGE) and 18 without enzyme (denoted OPBG). Samples were collected from the lab on days 7, 15 and 30 in a three by two factorial design (period by treatment). In Experiment 2, 12 South African Windsnyer-type (SAWIP) (27.2±3.9 kg) and 12 Large White- Landrace crosses (LW x LR) (28±9.8 kg) were fed diets containing different levels of bulk-ensiled OPBG ad libitum for 30 days, in a 2 X 3 (breed by level of OPBG (control, low (15% OPBG) and high (30% OPBG))) factorial arrangement. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the pigs was measured during week 3 of feeding. The average body gain ABG average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), average gain to feed ratio (AG: F) were measured weekly. Serum glucose (GLU) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREAT), cholesterol, (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured during week 4 of the experiment. The levels of CP, EE, NDF, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) and pH were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 7. However the OPBGE concentra-tions of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, HEMI, WSC, LA and pH were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. The OPBGE was lower (P<0.05) on EE and ADF, compared to OPBG on day 7. The levels of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, ADF, HEMI, LA and WSC were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 30. However the OPBGE levels of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, LA and WSC were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. ASH, EE and HEMI were lower (P<0.05) on day 30. There were significant diets x day interactions (P<0.05) for DM, ASH, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, HEMI, WSC, and LA, but not for pH. The aerobic stability study was inconclusive. The digestibility levels of OM and NDF were different (P<0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP, where LW x LR ATTD on OM and NDF was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. The LW x LR ADG was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. There was a diet x breed interaction effect (P <0.05) on ADG whereby the BUN and CREAT were different (P <0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP. The SAWIP BUN was higher (P<0.05), but the CREAT and TG were lower (P<0.05) compared to LW x LR for all diets fed. In conclusion, OPBG inclu-sion in pig feed enhanced the quality of feed, digestibility, performance and blood metabo-lites profile. / NRF

Minas Gerais possui o maior rebanho bovino leiteiro e é também o maior produtor de leite do Brasil. Neste estado, destaca-se o município de Patos de Minas, terceiro maior produtor de leite brasileiro. Dentre os alimentos volumosos utilizados em dietas de vacas leiteiras, a silagem de milho (Zea mays) tem se destacado, por apresentar boa produtividade, boa ensilabilidade, além de vários estudos que garantem o avanço tecnológico desta cultura, em comparação a outras plantas forrageiras. Porém, a maioria dos estudos sobre a cultura do milho para produção de silagem tem sido feitos em condição laboratorial, e poucos apresentam dados obtidos a campo. Considerando a importância do município na atividade leiteira e o impacto do volumoso nesta atividade, o objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar as silagens de milho e as práticas de manejo com as silagens utilizadas nas propriedades leiteiras do município de Patos de Minas, MG. Foram visitadas 31 propriedades leiteiras escolhidas aleatoriamente no município, onde foi aplicado um questionário com questões relacionadas à propriedade, ao processo de ensilagem e à utilização deste volumoso. Os silos foram medidos e o painel da silagem foi observado para constatar homogeneidade e camadas deterioradas. Foram coletadas amostras representativas das silagens para avaliação do teor de matéria seca e tamanho de partículas. Os silos foram dimensionados para cálculo da área de painel. Também foram aferidas as temperaturas médias dos silos. Foi realizada análise de cluster para fazer o agrupamento das propriedades avaliadas. As variáveis contínuas dos grupos de fazendas foram submetidas à análise de variância em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, enquanto que as médias das variáveis discretas foram comparadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado, com decorrência do erro tipo I. A temperatura média encontrada dentro dos silos das propriedades leiteiras de Patos de Minas, MG, são superiores à temperatura ambiente. As propriedades com baixa produção de leite são caracterizadas por ausência de consultoria técnica e tendem a apresentar painéis de silos desuniformes, com retirada manual, resultando em maior descarte (perda) de silagem. / Minas Gerais has the largest milk producer in Brazil. In this state, stands out the county of Patos de Minas, the third largest producer of Brazilian milk. Among the bulky foods used in diets of dairy cows, the corn silage (Zea mays) has been highlighted, due to its good productivity, good ensilability, besides several studies that guarantee the technological advance of the crop, compared to other forage plants. However, most of the studies on corn crop for silage production have been done in laboratory conditions, and few field data. Considering the value of the county in the milk activity and the impact of the silage on the activity, the objective of this study was evaluated the corn silages and as management practices with silages used in the dairy properties of the city of Patos de Minas, MG. A total of 31 randomly selected dairy farms were visited in the county, where was applied a quiz with questions related to ownership, the silage process and the use of this voluminous. The silos were measured and the silage panel was observed to verify homogeneity and deteriorated layers. Representative samples of the silages were collected to evaluate the dry matter content and particle size. Metric evaluations of the silos were done to calculate the panel area. The middle temperatures of the silos were also measured. The cluster analysis was performed to group the evaluated properties. The continuous variables of the farm groups were submitted to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design and the averages were compared by the Tukey test, while the means of the discrete variables were compared by the chi-square test, due to the type I error. The average temperature found within the silos of the dairy properties of Patos de Minas, MG, is higher than the ambient temperature. The properties with low milk production are characterized by lack of technical advice and tend to present panels of silos disuniforms, with manual withdrawal, resulting in greater discarding (loss) of silage. / Dissertação (Mestrado)