1959 m. užtvenkus Nemuną ir pastačius hidroelektrinę, susidarė didžiausias dirbtinis vandens telkinys Lietuvoje – Kauno marios, kurios greitai tapo pagrindine Kauno ir aplinkinių vietų gyventojų trumpalaikio poilsio vieta. Siekiant racionaliai tvarkyti ir organizuoti esamą ir būsimą poilsio ir turizmo mastą, viena pirmųjų šioje srityje 1973 m. Lietuvos statybos ir architektūros mokslinio tyrimo institute buvo paruošta kompleksinė Kauno marių poilsio zonos planavimo schema. 1992 m. įkurto Kauno marių regioninio parko viena iš paskirčių – sudaryti sąlygas plėtoti rekreacinę veiklą, pažintinį turizmą bei poilsiavimą tam tikrose vietose. Kauno marių pakrantėse vyrauja bendrosios rekreacijos formos: savaitgalio iškylavimas, stovyklavimas be nakvynės, maudymasis, pasivaikščiojimas. Kitos populiarios rekreacijos formos – pažintinė rekreacija ir ekskursijos. Kauno mariose palankios sąlygos įvairioms vandens rekreacijos formoms. Baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti Kauno marių regioninio parko rekreaciniai ištekliai. Taip pat trumpai apžvelgiami Arlaviškių kadagyno, Rumšiškių miško, Vaišvydavos apylinkių bei Kamšos miško gamtotvarkos planai. Parko aplinkosauginė reikšmė yra išsaugoti gamtinės ekosistemos stabilumą, biotos komponentus, savitą augaliją ir gyvūniją, svarbias vandens paukščių perėjimo ir poilsio migracijų metu vietas. Gamtos apsaugos sprendiniai įvertinami, regioninio parko teritorijos dalims parengtais gamtotvarkos planais. / The essential accent of Kauno marios regional park is Kauno marios (6350 ha), established in 1959 by damming up the river Nemunas. Kauno marios regional park was established in 1992 with the purpose to protect the unique lower landscape of Kauno marios, it nature ecosystem, cultural heritage and to manage such values in the right way. The purpose of this regional park: to protect the unique landscape complex of Kauno marios, the greatest rock exposures and flooded outfalls of the river Nemunas; to protect the unique architectural complex of Pažaislis monastery, the Palemonas mound and the museum of Lithuanian mode of life; to keep the stability of Kauno marios nature ecosystem, to protect the biotope's components, especially the valuable Gastilioniai forest; to restore damaged natural, cultural complexes and objects, to reinforce the slopes of Kaunas lagoon. This landscape reserve protects the distinct space of Kauno marios with high valley slopes of the river Nemunas, great rock exposures in Rumšiskes forest and forests characteristic for sites with such slopes (Vaisvydava and Rumsiskes forest edges). The park is very rich in vegetation and fauna, there are especially rare mammals in Lithuania – grand dormice. In the forests near 100 of bird species are nesting. Here you can find many bird species which are included into Lithuanian Kauno marios – the biggest water body (reservoir) in Lithuania by man and the most popular recreation zone of Kaunas city. The present article... [to full text]

Esta pesquisa visa contribuir para a produção de conhecimentos sobre processos educacionais voltados à compreensão dos problemas sócio-ambientais e à atuação na proteção dos sistemas naturais e na melhoria da qualidade de vida. O problema trabalhado foi a degradação ambiental e a alienação de jovens em relação às condições dos seus ambientes – do subjetivo e corporal ao entorno e global. Fundamentado na multirreferencialidade e na complexidade, este trabalho pretendeu avaliar as possíveis relações entre o problema apresentado e quais seriam as possibilidades de processos educativos colaborarem na superação dessas questões. Para tanto foi realizada uma intervenção educacional, num bairro de periferia da cidade de Piracicaba, visando o estímulo à atuação de jovens em seu ambiente. O ensino da fotografia pin hole, de forma criativa e operativa, foi utilizado nas intervenções para estimular a percepção dos problemas ambientais e se mostrou uma técnica eficaz para a elevação da auto-estima e para a valorização e proteção do ambiente. / This research aims to contribute to the production of knowledge on educational processes directed to the understanding of the social-enviroment problems and increase the performance of natural systems protection and improvement of life quality.The study is on the ambient degradation and the youth alienation in relation to the conditions of its environments - from subjective and corporal to around and global. Based on multireference and complexity, this study intends to avail the possible relations between the environment issue and what would be the possibilities of educational processes to collaborate on the overcoming of these questions. To do so, an educational intervention was carried through, in a quarter of Piracicaba periphery aiming at the stimulation to the performance of young in its environment. The teaching of "pin-hole" photograph, on a creative and operative way, was used on interventions to stimulate the perception of environment problems. It turned in to an efficient technique to increase of self-esteem and the care and protection of the environment.

Les produits phytopharmaceutiques, communément appelés pesticides, sont utilisés pour lutter contre les organismes nuisibles aux plantes et, ce faisant, assurer les rendements agricoles et les approvisionnements alimentaires. L'encadrement juridique français de ces produits s'est donc d'abord intéressé à garantir leur efficacité. Dans un second temps seulement, il a cherché à limiter les risques qu'ils présentent pour la santé et l'environnement. Depuis la stratégie thématique communautaire sur l'utilisation durable des pesticides, l'objectif qui lui est assigné est plus ambitieux, car il s'agit de réduire la dépendance de l'agriculture aux pesticides. Au-delà de la réduction des quantités de produits utilisées, il devient alors nécessaire d'adopter de nouvelles pratiques de lutte et, plus encore, de nouvelles méthodes agronomiques permettant de prévenir l'apparition et le développement des nuisibles. Or, les règles relatives à la mise sur le marché des produits phytopharmaceutiques, coeur du dispositif juridique, si elles réduisent le niveau de risque acceptable pour la santé et l'environnement des pesticides, peinent à atteindre cet objectif. Il en va de même du nouvel encadrement de l'utilisation des pesticides, pourtant plus prometteur. Pour réorienter les pratiques agricoles, il s'avère nécessaire de faire appel aux ressources de l'ensemble du droit agricole. Or, qu'il s'agisse du recours aux instruments de marché ou du cadre très structurant de la politique agricole commune, l'intégration, certes croissante, des préoccupations sanitaires et environnementales reste à un niveau encore insuffisant pour modifier substantiellement les pratiques. / Plant protection products, also known as pesticides, are used to fight against offensive organisms on plants. By doing so, they also guarantee crop yield and food supplying. French legal framework has been genuinely built to ensure market efficiency to these products even before trying to limit their impact on health and environment. With the community thematic strategy on sustainable use of pesticides, its objective gets more aspiring as it now concerns the reduction of farming dependency on pesticides. But more than reducing the use of these products, it becomes necessary to implement new practices. Moreover, new agronomical methods have to be set up against pest emergence and its uncontrolled growth. Although market rules on plant protection products, which are in the core of the legal package, do lower the risk on health and environment, they hardly reach this goal. It is the same analysis with the yet promising legal framework on pesticides use. Calling on the entire resources of agricultural law becomes necessary in order to redirect farming practises. In spite of the help from both market instruments and the very structuring framework of the common agricultural policy, the growing integration of health and environmental concern stays at an unsufficient level to substantially change these practices.

Judicial Protection of a Right to the Protection of Health and Favourable Environment with focus on the Region of Ostrava Abstract This diploma thesis deals with legal means of legal protection of the right to the protection of health and favourable environment with focus on the Ostrava region. The aim of this work is to map out judicial means of protection and analyze whether these means are in accordance with their purpose of ensuring the protection of persons against interference with their rights and the public interest in protection of health and the environment. The main methods used in this diploma thesis were the research of legal literature, case law of Czech and foreign courts and legal regulations. Subsequent use of synthesis and the analysis of the acquired information and the use of linguistic, systematic, logical and theological interpretative methods led to the generalization of the main and partial conclusions. This diploma thesis is divided into an introduction and a conclusion and six main chapters, some of which are further divided into subchapters and individual points. The first chapter deals with on the constitutional basis of health protection and a favourable environment. The second chapter focuses on the current condition of the environment in the Ostrava region, its causes and...

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My thesis deals with town and country planning as a tool for environmental protection. It is necessary to take into consideration the environment impacts by procurement and issuing the planning documents and to make available tools to protect the environment in this process. The second chapter defines the term town and country planning and describes its objectives and tasks. I described the history of legislation and focused on the principles of the current legislation. The last part of this chapter considers with the powers in town and country planning activities. The third chapter contains the characteristics of individual tools of town and country planning and process of procurement and issuing of these documents. It includes the planning materials, the spatial development policy as a statewide conception, spatial development principles issued on regional level, local plan as a basic instrument determining conception of municipality development and protection of its values and the regulatory plan. I also described individual kinds of planning permissions and planning provisions. The fourth chapter deals with the review of these documents. Fifth, sixth and sevenths chapter I rate as the main part of my thesis. It considers with the connections between the town and country planning process and the...

O novo contexto do Direito Internacional tem buscado acomodar interesses econômicos às exigências de proteção ambiental, em linha com o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse particular, o investimento estrangeiro é elemento-chave e contribui para a aproximação entre Direito Internacional do Investimento Estrangeiro e Direito Internacional Ambiental, tanto em relação à elaboração de normas substantivas quanto aos processos de adjudicação. Embora já existam diversos trabalhos voltados a demonstrar como os investimentos estrangeiros podem contribuir com a preservação ambiental, pouco se tem escrito sobre os aspectos mais práticos dessa interação. Durante muito tempo, o caráter vago e impreciso da redação dos tratados ambientais dificultava sua aplicação às operações dos investidores. Contudo, a crescente consciência de parcela significativa da população mundial sobre a proteção ao meio ambiente está dando vida a cláusulas com conteúdo ambiental até então dormentes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar empiricamente qual o tratamento concedido às questões ambientais suscitadas nos casos decididos pelos tribunais do Centro Internacional para Resolução de Disputas de Investimento (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes), o ICSID, no período entre 2000-2013. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi dividida em três partes. A primeira parte é dedicada ao contexto histórico que permitiu a aproximação entre Direito Internacional do Investimento Estrangeiro e do Direito Ambiental Internacional. Na segunda parte o ICSID é apresentado, de modo a compreender sua organização e funcionamento e, principalmente, de que forma as questões ambientais podem ser suscitadas no âmbito das disputas de investimento. E, por fim, os resultados obtidos a partir da pesquisa empírica das decisões proferidas pelos tribunais do ICSID são apresentados, sistematizando os argumentos apresentados pelas partes, bem como aqueles utilizados pelos tribunais ao decidir os litígios de investimento compreendendo a matéria ambiental. / The new context of International Law pursues the accommodation of economic interests to the needs of environmental protection, in line with the sustainable development. To that particular, the foreign investment is a key element and contributes to a closer relation between the Foreign Investment International Law and the Environmental International Law, inasmuch as in relation to the enactment of substantive laws, as towards to enforcement procedures. Although there are several studies aiming at demonstrating how foreign investments may contribute to the environmental protection, few has been written about the most practical aspects of such interaction. For a long time, the vague and imprecise character of the provisions in environmental treaties turn harder their enforcement towards the investment transactions. However, the growth in conscience on environment protection of a substantial portion of the world population has given life to clauses with environmental content that were dormant until recently. In this context, the objective of this study is to make an empiric analysis on the treatment granted to environmental matters raised in cases decided by the tribunals of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, the ICSID, in the period between 2000 and 2013. For that, this research is divided in three parts. The first one is dedicated to the historical context that allowed the approximation between Foreign Investment International Law and Environmental International Law. In the second part the ICSID is presented, to allow a better comprehension of its organization and functioning and, mainly, the forms in which environmental matters can be raised within the scope of investment disputes. And, finally, the results obtained with the empiric research on the decisions enacted by the ICSID tribunals are presented, with a systematization of the arguments used by the involved parties, as well as the arguments adopted by the tribunals to decide the investment disputes comprising environmental matters.

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本研究以Kirkpatrick等人提出的「公共財的終結過程模式」，結合Geva-May的「終結策略」為研究架構，分析國光石化彰化開發案的停建過程。透過文獻分析和人物訪談，逐步找出停建過程中，遭遇到哪些抗拒因素而妨礙停建的進行，決策者又運用什麼策略來化解抗拒因素以達到停建目的。停建原因部分，興建理由先受到部分人士質疑，預期效益存在性降低，設廠的價值改變了，在少數環保團體的強力運作下，彰化案的公共能見度提高了，吸引更多有力人士加入終結聯盟，再透過媒體持續報導提高能見度，又再度強化終結聯盟和社會主流意識形態，形成巨大民意壓力，構成執政黨政治危機，迫使決策者改變政策方向為停建，改以其他變化的政策計畫滿足原先希望達成的政策目的。本案並未動工興建，並無明顯因素抵擋終結發生，但本案是受社會倡議影響而被動終結，政府的心理抗拒比重較大，惟決策者最終採取終結方案，可解釋為目的是解決政治危機，只是此方法多了順應民意的「包裝」，政治誘因的缺乏不再是終結限制，質變後的「政治誘因」反而是馬總統宣布本案停建的推手。馬總統做為決策者，在宣布停建前就放出政策可能改變的風向球，展現誠懇謙卑態度迎合民意，親自召開記者會宣布停建，保證補償措施避免反動，隨後的大城振興方案和國光至大馬投資計畫，都屬於終結策略安排的一環。 / Based on the Kirkpatrick’s model and Geva-May’s theory, the study constructed a new model to analyze the discontinuation of Kuokuang petrochemical project and explain the relationships among the reasons, the constraints and the strategy of policy termination in this case. Some people questioned the expected benefits about Kuokuang petrochemical project in Changhua(彰化), then the media visibility increased under the powerful environmental groups’ operation. More and more people joined the terminal alliance to end the project. The mainstream ideology in society formed a huge pressure to government. President Ma faced the political crisis, so he changed the decision from constructing to discontinuation in the end. Actually, the construction of Kuokuang petrochemical project in Changhua did not begin at all, so there were no obvious constraints to resist discontinuation, except intellectual reluctance and lack of political incentive. Both of them were intellectual factors, because discontinuation was not the result what government wanted to do. Taking discontinuation meant the construction was a failure decision. President Ma, as a decision maker, released the trial balloon about the policy may change before announcing discontinuation. At the press conference, he showed humility and sincere attitude to answer mainstream ideology and convince vested interest groups. The Dacheng(大城) economic power-up plan and Malaysia investment for Kuokuang company were termination strategies what President Ma used in this case.

Natūralus gamtinis kraštovaizdis dažnai yra naikinamas, keičiamas, arba sukuriamas naujas kultūrinis kraštovaizdis. Esant tokiai situacijai, būtina išsaugoti teritorijas, turinčias ekologinę, socialinę bei kultūrinę reikšmę. Įvertinta Šiaulių apskrityje esančių kraštovaizdžio vertybių naudojimo ir apsaugos sistema bei jų tvarkymo organizavimas. Analizės rezultatai parodė, kad problematiškiausios yra kultūros paveldo ir gamtos vertybių teritorijos. Vykstant žemės grąžinimo procesams, savavališkų statybų invazijai, dėl žmonių žemo ekologinės savimonės lygio, šios teritorijos gali prarasti vertybinį funkcionavimo pagrindą, skatinti didesnę ar mažesnę natūralaus kraštovaizdžio biodegradaciją. Norint apsaugoti kraštovaizdžio vertybių kultūrinę vertę, sustabdyti gamtinio kraštovaizdžio nykimą gamtinio karkaso bei saugomose teritorijose, atliekamas Šiaulių apskrities generalinio plano koncepcijos strateginių pasekmių vertinimas; rengiami saugomų teritorijų planavimo dokumentai; kompleksiškai organizuojama saugomų teritorijų priežiūra; vykdomi NATURA 2000 saugomų teritorijų tinklo gamtotvarkiniai projektai. / Natural landscape very often is being destroyed, replaced or created as a new cultural landscape. In such a situation it is very important to preserve areas, which has got it’s own ecological, social and cultural significance. The main purpose of this work is to estimate the valuable landscape’s, located in Šiauliai district, usage, protection system and how it’s regulation is being organized. As results of the analysis show, the biggest problems meet cultural heritage and valuable natural areas. While land rehabilitation is being in progress, illegal building is being held, because of people misbehavior, these areas may loose they own natural values, bigger or smaller natural landscape destruction may began. Trying to protect natural landscape’s cultural values, stop its disappearance and destruction in natural frame and conservation areas, general (long term) plan concept ional strategies consequences in Šiauliai district estimation is being held, conservation areas planning documents being created, conservation areas completed supervision being organized, NATURA 2000 conservation area’s network landscape management projects being arranged.