Os impactos ambientais do transporte assumem diversas formas e têm efeitos locais, regionais e globais. A crescente dimensão do tema desperta interesse mundial, expresso em inúmeras propostas voltadas à moderação dos impactos em áreas urbanas e em rodovias, bem como à integração entre transporte e sustentabilidade. O referencial teórico mostra que a recomendação de ações para redução de impactos ambientais depende de conhecimento do cenário de intervenção e também da compatibilidade entre propostas, características da área e necessidades da população local, ao passo que a análise do estado-da-arte em cidades globais baliza possíveis metas a atingir. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos criar uma metodologia de avaliação de impactos ambientais e investigar a relação entre transporte, qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida em alguns locais de São Paulo. Tendo como norte os conceitos de transporte sustentável e desenho ambiental, foi elaborado um modelo de diagnóstico de qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida. Para tanto, duas pesquisas foram aplicadas: uma subjetiva, caracterizando a demanda por infra-estrutura urbana e a qualidade de vida da população; e a outra objetiva, cujos resultados permitiram avaliar os impactos ambientais. As pesquisas ocorreram em 3 Subprefeituras do Município de São Paulo, sendo que a avaliação dos resultados teve como base o uso de alguns indicadores de qualidade ambiental e uma calculadora de externalidades, especialmente desenvolvidos para o estudo. A metodologia mostrou ser viável para diagnosticar a qualidade de vida da população local, as características físicas pontuais e os impactos ambientais resultantes do tráfego local. O levantamento facilitou a sugestão de uma série de intervenções pontuais, constituindo um instrumento de avaliação flexível e replicável em outras localidades. / The environmental impacts of transport take a myriad of forms and spread locally, regionally and globally. The growing dimension of the issue raises worldwide interest, translated into a series of proposals focused on the mitigation of such impacts in urban areas and motorways, as well as the integration between transport and sustainability. The theoretical framework has shown that the suggestion of mitigation measures requires knowledge about the target scenario, and also balance among proposals, features of the area and the local population?s needs, whereas the analysis of transport in global cities provide some state-of-the-art examples likely to be pursued. The main objectives were to create a methodology for the environmental impact assessment and to investigate the relationship among transport, environmental quality and quality of life at specific spots in the City of São Paulo. Taking into account the concepts of sustainable transport and environmental design, a model for the diagnosis of environmetal quality and quality of life was prepared. For this purpose, two different surveys were carried out: one concerning subjective aspects, featuring the demand for urban infrastructure and the population?s quality of life; and another concerning objective aspects, whose analysis enabled the assessment of environmental impacts. These surveys took place at three administrative regions in the City of São Paulo. The analysis relied on some environmental quality indicators and a simple calculator, especially devised for this project. The methodology has proved to be feasible for the appraisal of the local population?s quality of life, the physical characteristics of the sampled spots and the environmental impacts resulting from local traffic. The survey has facilitated the recommendation of a series of local interventions, making up a flexible and easily adaptable assessment tool.

This study explores issues arising from the adoption of the term 'clean and green' for marketing New Zealand dairy products. Three dimensions of environmental quality were investigated: that of sustainable dairying and best practice for the benefit of farmers and the industry; resource management legislation and being a 'good neighbour'; and export marketing opportunities and issues. The study was undertaken during a time of major structural upheaval in the dairy industry, including yearly company amalgamations in the study area, rapid conversion of farmland to dairying, as well as factory expansion to process the increasing supply of product. The focus of the study was on the individual farmer, how perceptions and preferences are formed, and how in turn, these influence farm practice. World views drawn from Cultural Theory were adopted as the basis for analysis. Farmers were classified according to particular world views and the symbolic and reflexive use of concepts such as 'clean and green' was analysed. A model of overlapping ecological, agricultural and social systems was used to develop a wider understanding of preference formation. Through a mixed methodology, focusing on a case study approach, farmer and stakeholder world views were compared on key themes, including the 'clean green' pastoral myth, 'cues for care' and environmental issues. Media discourse as well as consumer views were used to expand understanding of the context. The study found that both farmers (within their groups) and stakeholders held different objectives and opinions on environmental issues and options for change, based on their various world views and preferences. There was general agreement both among farmers and stakeholders on the New Zealand 'clean green' image and 'cues for care', or signs that indicate good farm management. The reason for this was demonstrated to be the way in which these two aspects are communicated; through symbolic images that each individual perceived in terms of their respective world view. A symbolic form of action, an environmental management system, was trialled with farmers. Analysis indicated that national aspirations created by the 'clean green' pastoral myth required farmers to respond to environmental expectations, but that an image that symbolized environment as care and quality, rather than as place was needed to provide a less ambiguous goal. The findings of the trial were integrated with theory to interpret context and develop policy, strategy and action proposals for a system for environmental quality for the industry. The study has implications for non-regulatory mechanisms relevant to sustainable dairy farming, communication within the rural community, and branding.

All life forms require the nutrient phosphorus and it cannot be substituted by any other element. The global cycle of phosphorus is special among the major biogeochemical cycles, since it has no significant gaseous compounds and only closes every 10-100 million years. However, human activities, as application of mineral fertilizers, conversion of natural ecosystems to arable land and releases of untreated waste, intensify remarkably thephosphorus flows. The problems with linear flows of a limited resource leading to eutrophication of aquaticenvironments, for instance, have generated national environmental quality objectives for phosphorus in Sweden. The main objective of this master thesis is to get a holistic overview of how phosphorus is moving through Gothenburg today, using Material Flow Analysis as method. The spatial system boundary is the municipality of Gothenburg and the temporal system boundary is the year of 2009. One way of dealing with the linear flows ofphosphorus might be to develop the wastewater systems used in Gothenburg today. Possible changes in phosphorus flows, if kitchen grinders or urine-diverting toilets were installed in Gothenburg, are evaluated. In order to make the phosphorus management more sustainable, the linear flows have to be closed to a larger extent than today. One way towards this ambition is to emphasize other fertilizers than the mineral ones, like urine and low-contaminated sludge. The MFA shows that the absolutely largest input of phosphorus to Gothenburg is via the food. The two large outputs of the same magnitude are the digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of Rya and the ashes from the waste-fuelled district heating power plant of Sävenäs. About 7% of the phosphorus input to Gothenburg continues into the aquatic environment. According to this study, urine diversion and separate collection of food seem prospective in order to decrease the phosphorus flows in digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant, ashes and aquatic deposition. An additional advantage would be generation of recycled fertilizing products with good quality. / Näringsämnet fosfor är nödvändigt för alla levande organismer och kan inte ersättas av något annat grundämne. Den globala fosforcykeln är speciell då den inte innehåller några gasformiga föreningar och sluts var 10-100 miljonte år. Användning av konstgödsel, omvandling av tidigare orörda ekosystem till odlingsmark och utsläppav förorenat avfall är exempel på mänskliga aktiviteter som intensifierar fosforflöden. Problemet med att linjäraflöden av denna begränsade resurs leder till övergödning av vattenmiljöer har genererat nationella miljömål i Sverige för fosfor. Det huvudsakliga målet med detta examensarbete är att få en översikt av hur fosfor rör sig genom Göteborg idag med hjälp av substansflödesanalys. Den rumsliga systemgränsen är kommungränsen för Göteborg och den tidsmässiga avgränsningen är året 2009. Ett sätt att förbättra de linjära fosforflödena kan vara att utveckla deavloppssystem som idag används i Göteborg. Förändringarna som uppstår i fosforflödena vid installation av urinsorterande toaletter alternativt köksavfallskvarnar undersöks. Linjära flöden måste bli återcirkulerade i en högre utsträckning än idag ifall fosforhushållningen ska gå mot hållbarhet. Ett sätt att nå denna ambition är att lyfta fram andra gödselprodukter än konstgödsel, exempelvis urin och renare slam. Flödesanalysen visar att det definitivt största inflödet av fosfor till Göteborg är via livsmedel. De två största fosforutflödena, båda i samma storleksordning, är rötat slam från Ryaverket och aska från sopförbränningsanläggningen Sävenäs. Cirka 7% av den fosfor som flödar in i Göteborg fortsätter vidare ut i vattenmiljön. Enligt denna studie verkar urinsortering och separat insamling av matavfall vara goda lösningar för en framtid med mindre fosfor i slammet från Rya och i aska samt till vattenmiljön. En ytterligare fördel skulle vara erhållandet av hållbara gödselprodukter med god kvalitet. / <p>This master thesis has also been published as a technical report at Chalmers with Report No. 2011:124.</p>

Understanding the patterns and processes that create differences among individuals in components of fitness, like the probability of survival or reproductive rates, is essential to our knowledge of population dynamics and for informing conservation efforts. For organisms in seasonal environments, early-breeding individuals regularly attain higher fitness than their late-breeding counterparts. Two primary hypotheses, related to quality and date, have been proposed to explain lower reproductive success of late breeders, but the veracity of these ideas has not been fully resolved. I tested predictions associated with these hypotheses to assess the effects of indices of parental and environmental quality on nestling quality and survival in an insectivorous passerine, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), at two widely separated breeding locations in western Canada. I combined experiments and statistical modelling of observational data to evaluate two mechanisms proposed to contribute to seasonal decline in environmental quality: an increase in nest parasite abundance and a decrease in food abundance with later breeding dates. A parasite reduction experiment revealed a disproportionate benefit of parasite removal on length of primary feather for early-hatched nestlings, suggesting greater energetic constraints early in the breeding season. Furthermore, late-hatched nestlings from parasite-reduced nests had longer head-bill lengths than their control counterparts, and developed head-bills of similar length to those of early-hatched nestlings. Other than these findings, there were few detectable effects of parasites on nestling size, growth and immunity, as has been reported from several previous studies. Indeed, negative effects of parasites were only apparent when food (i.e., insect) biomass was considered. In a second series of experiments in which parental quality was controlled, I also tested whether food abundance declined during the breeding season, as predicted if environmental conditions deteriorate seasonally (i.e., date). Reduced reproductive success of late-breeding individuals was causally related to a seasonal decline in environmental quality. Declining insect biomass and enlarged brood sizes resulted in nestlings that were lighter, in poorer body condition, had shorter head-bills, shorter and slower growing ninth primary feathers and that were less likely to survive to fledge. Next, I asked whether results obtained from long-term mark-recapture data corroborated findings of short-term manipulations. I examined seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival to investigate the relative influence of large-, small- and individual-scale factors associated with the quality and date hypotheses. Although parental quality was an important predictor of first-year apparent survival of tree swallows, my results further suggested that quality of parents was not the primary factor influencing seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival. Rather, findings were most consistent with the date hypothesis. The relationship between apparent survival and a direct measurement of environmental quality indicated that annual variation in moisture had important consequences for first-year apparent survival of tree swallows in Saskatchewan. First-year apparent survival probabilities were higher during wet years and wetter conditions are generally linked to greater insect abundance. In British Columbia, nestlings from larger broods were less likely to survive, possibly as a result of receiving less food. Apparent survival probabilities were also higher when food was more abundant. I demonstrated that both parental and environmental quality influenced seasonal variation in fitness-related traits of tree swallows. However, the strongest evidence suggests that environmental quality, and in particular food abundance, had the greatest effect on seasonal variation in nestling quality, reproductive success and first-year apparent survival in tree swallows. My results highlight the importance of considering regional precipitation trends when projecting effects of climate change on demography of aerial insectivores.

The overall aim of this thesis is to present a model for rational goal-setting and to illustrate how it can be applied in evaluations of public policies, in particular policies concerning sustainable development and environmental quality. The contents of the thesis are divided into two sections: a theoretical section (Papers I-IV) and an empirical section (Papers V-VII). Paper I identifies a set of rationality criteria for single goals and discusses them in relation to the typical function of goals. It is argued that goals are typically set to enhance goal achievement. A goal that successfully furthers its achievement is “achievement-inducing”. It holds for each of the identified criteria that, ceteris paribus, improved satisfaction of a criterion makes a goal better in the achievement-inducing sense.Paper II contains an analysis of the notion of goal system coherence. It is argued that the coherence of a goal system is determined by the relations that hold among the goals in the system, in particular the relations of operationalization, means and ends, support, and conflict. Paper III investigates the rationality of utopian goals. The paper analyzes four arguments that support the normative criterion of attainability: that utopian goals are (1) too imprecise and (2) too far-reaching to guide action effectively, (3) counterproductive, and (4) morally objectionable. A tentative defence of utopian goal-setting is built on counter-arguments that can be put forward to weaken each of the four objections. Paper IV investigates the nature of self-defeating goals. The paper identifies three types of situations in which self-defeating mechanisms obstruct goal achievement: (1) situations in which the goal itself carries the seeds of its own non-fulfilment (self-defeating goals), (2) situations in which the activity of goal-setting contributes to goal failure (self-defeating goal-setting), and (3) situations in which disclosure of the goal interferes with progress (self-defeating goal disclosure). Paper V provides a brief description of the Swedish system of environmental objectives and a preliminary inventory of the management difficulties that attach to this goal system.Paper VI contains an investigation into the rationality of five Swedish environmental objectives through an application of the rationality criteria identified in Papers I-II. The paper identifies and discusses some difficulties that are associated with management by objectives and the use of goals in environmental policy. Paper VII analyses the rationality of the Swedish environmental quality objective A good built environment. Among the conclusions drawn in the paper are that some of the sub-goals to the objective are formulated in terms that are unnecessarily vague from an action-guiding standpoint and that others are problematic from the viewpoint of evaluability. / QC 20100715

This study aimed to assess the relationships (if any) between air pollutant measurements in the Durban South Basin (DSB) and (i) local meteorology, (ii) community reports of pollution incidents in Durban, and (iii) air quality and meteorology in Cape Town on the days preceding the Durban South Basin events. With the use of daily synoptic charts and various meteorological variables at an hourly resolution, it was established that air pollution events were better associated with local meteorological events than a community complaint database. Visual analyses of graphed meteorological conditions during the course of air pollution events revealed three clear meteorological scenarios associated with these: 1. A pre-frontal scenario; 2. A scenario showing inversion conditions but no approaching front, and generally low wind speeds; and 3. A post-frontal scenario, likely to be associated with stack downwash under higher wind speeds with the passing of a front. ANOVA revealed significant differences between peak PM10 and average PM10 across scenarios, with Scenario 3 showing highest average and peak PM10. At the Wentworth monitoring station, 24.4% of pollution incidents fell under Scenario 1, 64.2% under Scenario 2, and 5.7% under Scenario 3 between 2006 and 2010. A further 5,7% of the air pollution incidents did not fall under these three scenarios. The latter were not associated with fronts, and did not show inversion conditions, and are likely to be associated with intermittent industrial pollution events. Further statistical analysis assessed the relationships (if any) between various meteorological variables, traffic levels and air pollution concentrations at the Wentworth station between 2006 and 2010. Findings show that delta temperature (change in temperature with height) is the strongest explanatory variable with respect to PM10, wind speed the second strongest, and traffic levels the third strongest. On average, PM10 concentrations increased with increasing delta temperature, decreasing wind speed, and increasing traffic levels. The pressure minimum at Durban associated with an approaching front showed a negative relationship with PM10 during pre-frontal events, but this variable was not significant at the 95% confidence level. This tentatively suggests that even when controlling for frontal influences on delta temperature, lower pressure minima (i.e. stronger frontal systems) are associated with higher pollution levels. Pollution maxima at various Cape Town stations and pressure minima in Cape Town prior to the incident in the DSB showed no relationships with incident PM10 levels at Wentworth. As such, pollution concentrations and meteorology in Cape Town as a front approaches do not appear to be effective predictors of pollution conditions in the DSB when the front approaches there. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

O Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro, região sudeste do Brasil, é formado pelas lagunas de Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca e Marapendi. Estas lagunas estão interligadas ao mar pelo canal da Joatinga e têm como afluentes rios e canais que vertem dos maciços da Tijuca e da Pedra Branca. Recebem esgotos sanitários e efluentes industriais, além de contribuições difusas de águas de drenagem e circulação das massas de águas de várias origens, com elevada carga de poluição. A eutrofização cultural aliada aos processos de evolução de ecossistemas costeiros produziu um estado de degradação destas águas com constantes florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência das cianobactérias (Classe Cyanophyceae) no Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá e corroborar a hipótese de serem boas indicadoras de qualidade ambiental de águas salobras. Foi realizado um monitoramento ambiental nas lagunas de Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca e Marapendi, nos anos de 2004 a 2006, sendo analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a dominância e a persistência das cianobactérias em elevadas concentrações de nutrientes, caracterizando a hipereutrofização dessas lagunas. As estratégias ecológicas das cianobactérias garantiram sua dominância em quase todo o período amostral e demonstraram ser um refinado sensor das variáveis ambientais. A salinidade não foi um fator de limitação ao desenvolvimento desses microorganismos. Desta forma, este estudo, oferece subsídios para gestão de recursos hídricos, corroborando com a legislação CONAMA 357/05-MMA, na sugestão de indicação deste parâmetro de qualidade ambiental também para ambientes salobros na classe 1. / The Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex, located in the state of the Rio of Janeiro, in Southeast of Brazil, is formed by the lagoons of Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca and Marapendi. These lagoons are interconnected to the sea by the Joatinga canal and receive contribution from tributary rivers and channels that come from Tijuca and Pedra Branca massifs. They receive industrial and domestic effluents, including diffuse contributions of the drainage basin, as well as water circulation from several origins, with a high pollution load. The cultural eutrophication associated with coastal ecosystems evolution processes, have produced a state of degradation of these waters with frequent waterblooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the presence of Cyanobacteria (Class Cyanophyceae) in the Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex and also to corroborate the hypothesis of using them as a good bioindicators of environmental quality in brackish waters. An environmental monitoring program has been carried out in the lagoons of Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca and Marapendi from 2004 to 2006, including physical, chemical and biological parameters analysis. The results showed the dominance and persistence of Cyanobacteria at high concentrations of nutrients, characterizing the hypereutrofication of these lagoons. The ecological strategies of Cyanobacteria were responsible for their dominance in almost the whole period of study and demonstrated that they can be used as a good sensor of environmental variables. The salinity did not demonstrate to be a limiting factor to the development of these microorganisms. In this way, this study provides subsidies for water resources management, corroborating with Brazilian legislation (CONAMA 357/05- MMA) suggesting the inclusion of Cyanobacteria as a parameter of environmental quality in brackish environments classified as Class 1.

The aim of this research was to investigate the genesis and the features of the thermic and hygrometric field of the air in the city of Caldas Novas. From a geographical point of view, it was searched to understand the relation between the urban space with the climatic elements, starting from a topoclimatic and microclimatic characterization in the area of study. It is involving thus a diagnosis supported for the whole of information, essential for the elaboration of possible prognostics. It was searched a theoretical backup in the jobs developed by several researchers of the subject, specially in Monteiro (1975) and Mendonça (1994; 2003). The data collection in field enclosed the installation of fixed stands and mobile taking and it was done in two stages: the first one in the winter, was extended between July 21st and 30th of 2.008 (mobile transect) and September 6th and 7th in the same year (fixed stands). The second stage was realized in the summer of 2.009, between March 9th and 18th (mobile transect) and between March 21st and 22nd (fixed stands). The meteorological station of INMET located in Morrinhos (GO) was used as local controller of the climatic elements. The obtained data were analyzed in a comparative way, in chronological sequence, considering the meteorological of the day, associated to the kind of weather and the space features. The results permitted to detect that the urban area of Caldas Novas not always shows higher temperatures in regard to its rural environment or the peripheric areas to the city. In the internal space occurred modifications in the variations of the climatic elements between districts and streets, sometimes associated to urban features (buildings size, density of soil occupation, presence or not of vegetation, etc.), sometimes to natural factors (topography, orientation of declivity, atmospheric systems, kinds of weather etc.). So, it was verified that the structure and the special arrangement of the consonant districts in the local features and the air circulation influenced in the environmental quality and of thermic well-being of the city. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a gênese e as características do campo térmico e higrométrico do ar na cidade de Caldas Novas. A partir de um ponto de vista geográfico, buscou-se compreender a relação do espaço urbano com os elementos climáticos, a partir de uma caracterização topoclimática e microclimática na área em estudo. Envolvendo, portanto, um diagnóstico apoiado no conjunto de informações, essencial na elaboração de possíveis prognósticos. Buscou-se respaldo teórico nos trabalhos desenvolvidos por diversos pesquisadores da área, notadamente em Monteiro (1975) e Mendonça (1994; 2003). A coleta de dados em campo incluiu a instalação de postos fixos e tomadas móveis e foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, no inverno, se estendeu entre os dias 21 e 30 de julho de 2008 (transecto móvel) e dias 6 e 7 de setembro do mesmo ano (postos fixos). A segunda etapa foi realizada no verão de 2009, entre 9 e 18 de março (transecto móvel) e entre 21 e 22 de março (postos fixos). A estação meteorológica do INMET, sediada em Morrinhos (GO), foi utilizada como controle local dos elementos climáticos. Os dados produzidos foram analisados de forma comparativa, em seqüência cronológica, considerando as condições meteorológicas do dia, associados ao tipo de tempo e às características do espaço. Os resultados permitiram detectar que a área urbana de Caldas Novas nem sempre apresenta temperaturas mais elevadas em relação ao seu entorno rural ou às áreas periféricas à cidade. No espaço interno ocorreram modificações nas variações dos elementos climáticos entre bairros e ruas, ora associadas a fatores urbanos (porte dos edifícios, densidade de ocupação do solo, presença ou não de vegetação etc.), ora a fatores naturais (topografia, orientação das vertentes, sistemas atmosféricos, tipos de tempo etc.). Assim, constatou-se que a estrutura e o arranjo espacial dos bairros consoantes às características locais e de circulação do ar, influenciaram na qualidade ambiental e de conforto térmico da cidade. / Mestre em Geografia

År 2018 ska betydelsen av biologisk mångfald och värdet av ekosystemtjänster vara allmänt kända och integreras i ekonomiska ställningstaganden, politiska avväganden och andra beslut i samhället där så är relevant och skäligt. Så lyder ett av etappmålet som beslutades av regeringen år 2012. Idag vet vi att endast delar av målet kommer kunna nås. Denna studie omfattar en kartläggning av begreppet ekosystemtjänst i Sveriges samtliga översiktsplaner och fördjupade översiktsplaner. Vidare har en granskning av tre bostadsbyggnadsprojekt i Stockholms län genomförts, där ekosystemtjänster i planeringen från översiktsplan till genomförande varit fokuspunkt. Av studiens första del, kartläggning av begreppet, framgick det att 116 av 290 kommuner har använt begreppet ekosystemtjänst i sin översiktsplan. De senaste tre åren är det totalt fler antagna översiktsplaner där begreppet behandlas än utan. I studiens andra del granskades översiktsplaner, planhandlingar och genomförandeavtal från projekt i Täby, Nacka och Haninge kommun. Granskningen är baserad på textanalys och platsbesök, resultatet visade att kommunerna har en hög ambition gällande arbetet med ekosystemtjänster. Det finns samband mellan visioner i översiktsplan och bestämmelser i detaljplan. I avtalen för genomförandet av detaljplanerna binds exploatörerna till att arbeta efter gestaltningsprogram och hållbarhetsprogram vilka reglerar hänsynstagandet av ekosystemtjänster. Begreppet ekosystemtjänst används för att visa den nytta människan får från naturens arbete. Vi är beroende av att ekosystemen fortsätter producera tjänster, de är livsviktiga för vår folkhälsa och vårt välbefinnande. Ett gemensamt arbete och hänsynsfullt nyttjande behövs för att säkerställa ekosystemtjänsterna. Det kan resultera i stora samhällsvinster att bevara, utveckla och nyskapa tätortsnära natur och grönområden. Att integrera ekosystemtjänster i den fysiska planeringen är ett steg på vägen. Översiktsplaneringen visar inriktningen för kommunens samhällsplanering och konturerna av den framtida fysiska strukturen, den vägleder kommande detaljplaner och bygglov. Översiktsplanen spelar en nyckelroll för ekosystemtjänsternas framtid eftersom det där finns stora möjligheter att belysa deras mycket betydelsefulla värde. För att uppnå visionerna i översiktsplaneringen krävs möjlighet att förverkliga dessa i detaljplanen. För att säkra ekosystemtjänsternas producerande förmåga krävs en tydlig och ändamålsenlig lagstiftning. Kunskapen och medvetenheten om dess livsviktiga förmåga måste öka. Alla måste se sin del i det gemensamma ansvaret och arbeta för ett hållbart samhälle. / In 2018 the meaning of biodiversity and the value of ecosystem services should be general knowledge and integrated into economical standpoints, political considerations and other decisions where relevant and reasonable. This is one of the milestone targets that the Swedish government decided in 2012. We know today that only parts of this target will be reached. This study includes a survey regarding the concept of ecosystem service in Sweden, all the local authority comprehensive planning, and an examination of three housing projects in Stockholm’s county where ecosystem services were the focal point during the comprehensive planning. In the first part of the study, which concentrates on surveying the concept of ecosystem services, it can be shown that 116 of 290 municipalities have been using the concept in their local authority comprehensive planning. Furthermore, the concept is used more often than not during the last three years in local authority comprehensive planning. In the second part of the study the outline planning was examined, plan handlings and implementation contracts from projects in Täby, Nacka and Haninge municipality. The research was based on text analysis and on-site inspection. The results from the research showed that the municipalities have a high ambition regarding working with ecosystem services, and that there exist a correlation between the visions in the local authority comprehensive planning and regulations in the detailed developed plan. In the agreement the developers are bound to work according to implementation contracts and sustainability program which regulate the considerations of ecosystem services. The concept of ecosystem services is used to show which benefits we humans receive from nature’s work. We are dependent on continual ecosystem services, which are also essential to the public health and wellbeing. Joint effort and a considerate use of ecosystem services is needed to keep them intact. It can result in large profit for society to preserve, develop and recreate nature and green areas in population centers. To integrate ecosystem services in the physical planning is a step in the right direction. The local authority comprehensive planning show the direction for the municipality’s community planning, and the outline of the future physical structure, it also serves to guide upcoming detailed development plans and building acts. The local authority comprehensive planning plays a key part in the ecosystem services future, since its importance can be illustrated within. To reach the visions of the local authority comprehensive planning and the opportunity to actualize it in the detailed development plan is required. To secure the continued functionality of the ecosystem services, a clear and purposive legislation is required. An increase in knowledge and awareness of ecosystem services is essential, and everyone must see their part in the in our common responsibility and work toward a sustainable society.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T14:12:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thiago_souza_moreira.pdf: 1734068 bytes, checksum: ea248d192b7f0e26dac05fb258af5ff2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T16:52:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thiago_souza_moreira.pdf: 1734068 bytes, checksum: ea248d192b7f0e26dac05fb258af5ff2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T16:52:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thiago_souza_moreira.pdf: 1734068 bytes, checksum: ea248d192b7f0e26dac05fb258af5ff2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Considerando o movimento de cidades/munic?pios saud?veis como uma estrat?gia para promo??o da sa?de, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as a??es da administra??o p?blica municipal que influenciam nos determinantes de sa?de ambiental da popula??o do munic?pio de Pirapora (MG). Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e qualitativo, descritivo e documental. Os indicadores de qualidade em sa?de ambiental correspondem a crit?rios para a avalia??o da qualidade da assist?ncia ? sa?de a popula??o, seja em termos de procedimentos espec?ficos ou de uma rede de servi?os. Portanto, a avalia??o em sa?de ? essencial para o estabelecimento de pol?ticas p?blicas e prioridades melhor ajustadas ?s necessidades de sa?de da popula??o. A partir da situa??o problema apresentada, buscou-se verificar a efici?ncia da aplica??o da abordagem multicrit?rio na avalia??o da qualidade de vida da popula??o do munic?pio em estudo. Foram identificadas as a??es em sa?de que s?o ofertadas pelo munic?pio a caracteriza??o e defini??o dos elementos que descrevem as condi??es de qualidade de vida, por meio de indicadores, a avalia??o de forma integrada dos indicadores de qualidade de vida de acordo com o multicrit?rio e a an?lise da qualidade de vida em sa?de da popula??o do referido munic?pio. De acordo com o resultado disposto nesta pesquisa, o melhor ano em rela??o ?s a??es realizadas para a popula??o foi o de 2015. Pode-se verificar ainda uma melhora na situa??o entre os anos 2012 e 2013 e logo ap?s melhoras significativas, mas no geral, pode-se dizer que o crescimento dos resultados mostrou-se constante, ou seja, a cada ano, a situa??o dos indicadores selecionados melhorou para a popula??o. Ao final, foi ainda realizada uma an?lise de sensibilidade, com o intuito de demonstrar que, ainda que fossem alterados os pesos aplicados ? cada indicador, conforme entendimento do tomador de decis?o, os resultados permaneceriam praticamente iguais, tendo o ano de 2015 os melhores resultados. Em ordem de qualidade, ter?amos a promo??o da sa?de e qualidade de vida, seguida das pol?ticas p?blicas de preven??o em sa?de e por ?ltimo, as pol?ticas p?blicas de saneamento b?sico. Nossos resultados indicam que a an?lise dos dados obtidos no munic?pio adotada pelo gestor de maneira diversificada aliada ?s informa??es atualizadas do munic?pio, pode se constituir em ferramenta eficiente para a gest?o p?blica. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / Considering the movement of healthy cities / municipalities as a strategy for health promotion, this study aims to evaluate the actions of the municipal public administration that influence the determinants of environmental health of the population of the municipality of Pirapora (MG). It is a quantitative and qualitative, descriptive and documentary study. The indicators of quality in environmental health correspond to criteria for the evaluation of the quality of health care to the population, either in terms of specific procedures or a network of services. Therefore, health evaluation is essential for the establishment of public policies and priorities better adjusted to the health needs of the population. From the situation presented, we tried to verify the efficiency of the application of the multicriteria approach in the evaluation of the quality of life of the population of the municipality under study. The actions in health that are offered by the municipality have been identified the characterization and definition of the elements that describe the conditions of quality of life, through indicators, the integrated evaluation of the indicators of quality of life according to the multicriteria and the analysis Of the quality of life in health of the population of said municipality. According to the results of this research, the best year in relation to the actions performed for the population was 2015. There is still an improvement in the situation between 2012 and 2013 and soon after significant improvements, but overall, It can be said that the growth of the results showed to be constant, that is, each year, the situation of the selected indicators improved for the population. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to show that, even if the weights applied to each indicator were changed, according to the decision-maker's opinion, the results would remain practically the same, with 2015 having the best results. In order of quality, we would have the promotion of health and quality of life, followed by public health prevention policies and, finally, public sanitation policies. Our results indicate that the analysis of the data obtained in the municipality adopted by the manager in a diversified manner allied to the updated information of the municipality, can constitute an efficient tool for public management. / Teniendo en cuenta el movimiento de ciudades / municipios saludables como estrategia para la promoci?n de la salud, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las acciones del gobierno municipal que influyen en los determinantes de la salud ambiental pirapora poblaci?n municipal (MG). Esta es una cuantitativa y cualitativa, descriptiva y documental. Los indicadores de calidad en materia de salud ambiental corresponden a los criterios para la evaluaci?n de la calidad asistencial de la poblaci?n, en t?rminos de procedimientos espec?ficos o de servicios de red. Por lo tanto, la evaluaci?n de la salud es esencial para el establecimiento de pol?ticas y prioridades mejores p?blica ajustada a las necesidades de salud de la poblaci?n. A partir de la situaci?n del problema presentado, hemos tratado de evaluar la eficacia de la aplicaci?n del enfoque de m?ltiples criterios para evaluar la calidad de vida de la poblaci?n local en estudio. Las acciones de salud se han identificado que son ofrecidos por la caracterizaci?n municipio y definici?n de los elementos que describen las condiciones de calidad de vida a trav?s de indicadores, evaluaci?n de manera integrada la calidad de los indicadores de vida de acuerdo a m?ltiples criterios y an?lisis la calidad de la salud de la vida de la poblaci?n del municipio. De acuerdo con los resultados de esta investigaci?n, el mejor a?o en materia de acciones en poder de la poblaci?n era de 2015. Todav?a se puede ver una mejora en la situaci?n entre los a?os 2012 y 2013 y despu?s de las mejoras significativas, pero en general, se puede decir que el crecimiento de los resultados fue constante, es decir, cada a?o, la situaci?n de los indicadores seleccionados mejorado para la poblaci?n. Por ?ltimo, un an?lisis de sensibilidad tambi?n se llev? a cabo con el fin de demostrar que, a pesar de que los pesos se cambiaron aplican a cada indicador, como la comprensi?n de la que toma las decisiones, los resultados siguen siendo casi el mismo, con el a?o 2015 los mejores resultados. En orden de calidad, queremos promover la salud y calidad de vida, seguida de las pol?ticas p?blicas de prevenci?n de la salud y, por ?ltimo, las pol?ticas p?blicas de saneamiento. Nuestros resultados indican que el an?lisis de los datos obtenidos en el municipio adoptada por el gestor de diversa manera combinada con la informaci?n actualizada del municipio, puede constituir herramienta eficaz para la gesti?n p?blica.