Introdução: Intoxicação ambiental por chumbo é uma questão extensamente investigada em diversos países. No Brasil existem poucos estudos sobre o tema, em sua maioria realizada em locais com relato prévio de contaminação do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo é a determinação da prevalência de intoxicação por chumbo em crianças de uma Vila na cidade de Porto Alegre sem relatos prévios de contaminação do meio ambiente por chumbo e com fatores de risco descritos na literatura. Além disso, foram avaliados fatores associados e possíveis fontes de contaminação. Metodologia: Estudo transversal de prevalência com amostra randomizada de crianças de 0 a 5 anos, em que foi medido o nível de chumbo no sangue e aplicado um questionário para avaliação de fatores associados. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma avaliação ambiental preliminar com análise direta do solo e indireta da poluição atmosférica, utilizando bioindicadores, na tentativa de averiguar possíveis fontes de contaminação. Resultados: 97 crianças participaram do estudo (83.6% da amostra selecionada), com prevalência de intoxicação por chumbo encontrada de 16.5% ([Pb] sanguíneo >= 10,0?g/dL). Reciclagem de lixo, nível educacional do pai e idade estiveram relacionados a um aumento na concentração de chumbo no sangue. Foram encontrados níveis elevados de chumbo no solo e pouca indicação de poluição atmosférica por este metal. Discussão: Encontrou-se uma prevalência significativa de intoxicação por chumbo e as possíveis fontes de contaminação nesta comunidade parecem ter relação com atividades de reciclagem de lixo. Outros estudos sobre a questão com a população infantil em geral devem ser conduzidos, bem como avaliações de possíveis fontes locais e gerais, para que se possa dimensionar corretamente essa questão no Brasil. / Introduction: Environmental lead intoxication is an extensively investigated issue in several countries. In Brazil, there are only a few studies on the theme, most of which were carried out in places with previous reports of environmental lead contamination. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of lead intoxication in children, from a neighborhood of the city of Porto Alegre without previous descriptions of environmental lead contamination, but with risk factors described in the literature and additionally to evaluate associated factors and possible local sources of contamination. Methodology: Cross-sectional study of prevalence with random sample of children aged 0 to 5, in which the level of lead in the blood was measured and a questionnaire was applied to evaluate associated factors. Afterwards, a preliminary environmental evaluation was carried out with direct analyses of soil and indirect analyses of air pollution, using bioindicators, in an attempt to verify possible local sources of contamination. Results: 97 children participated in the study (83.6% of the selected sample), with 16.5% of the sample showing intoxication (blood [Pb] >= 10.0 ?g/dL). Waste recycling at home, father\'s educational level and age were factors related to an increase in the concentration of lead in the blood. High levels of lead were found in the soil and there was little indication of lead deposition through atmospheric emissions. Discussion: A significant prevalence of lead intoxication was found and the possible sources of contamination in this community seem to be related to activities of waste recycling. Other studies on this matter in children in the general Brazilian population should be carried out, as well as assessments of possible sources and local risk factors.

En influençant le degré de compaction de la chromatine ainsi que ses interactions avec différents partenaires protéiques, les modifications post-traductionnelles des histones sont impliquées dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Avec les différents variants d’histones incorporés dans la chromatine, ces modifications dynamiques et sensibles à l’environnement sont constitutives du code histone. Ce travail présente une approche globale de criblage baptisée approche histonomique, visant à révéler une perturbation épigénétique à l’échelle des histones. Cette approche originale offre une comparaison rapide et fiable des abondances relatives des variants d’histones et de leurs modifications post-traductionnelles dans des cellules humaines en une seule analyse LC-MS. Comme preuve de concept, des cellules BeWo issues de choriocarcinome humain ont été exposées au butyrate de sodium, un inhibiteur non spécifique d’histones désacétylases. Les histones extraites des échantillons témoins ou traités au butyrate de sodium à 1 ou 2,5 mM ont été analysées par chromatographie liquide ultra performante couplée à un spectromètre de masse de type Q-TOF. Les analyses statistiques multivariées ont permis de discriminer les échantillons témoins des échantillons traités sur la base des différences de degrés d’acétylation observés sur plusieurs formes d’histones. La même approche a ensuite été appliquée à des cellules exposées au B[a]P à 1 μM et a révélé deux principaux marqueurs caractéristiques d’un remodelage de la chromatine induit par les effets génotoxiques duB[a]P. En résumé, cette approche histonomique globale pourrait se révéler être un outil complémentaire très utile pour explorer une potentielle perturbation du code histone lors d’exposition à des xénobiotiques environnementaux. / While acting upon chromatin compaction, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in modulating gene expression through histone–DNA affinity and protein–protein interactions. These dynamic and environment-sensitive modifications are constitutive of the histone code that reflects the transient transcriptional state of the chromatin. Here we describe a global screening approach for revealing epigenetic disruption at the histone level. This original approach enables fast and reliable relative abundance comparison of histone PTMs and variants in human cells within a single LC-MS experiment. As a proof of concept, we exposed BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells to sodium butyrate (SB), a universal histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Histone acide xtracts equally representing 3 distinct classes, Control, 1 mM and 2.5 mM SB, we reanalyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupoletime-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Multivariate statistics allowed us to discriminate control from treated samples based on differences in the acetylation level of several histone forms. We then applied the same procedure to cells treated with 1 μMB[a]P and suceeded in revealing two markers of chromatin remodeling in relation withgenotoxic properties of B[a]P. Indeed, this untargeted histonomic approach could be auseful exploratory tool in many cases of environmental xenobiotic exposure when histone code disruption is suspected.

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial de utilização de fungos filamentosos na degradação de poluentes ambientais, no entanto, ainda são escassos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial biotecnológico de 174 fungos filamentosos isolados a partir de seis espécies de esponjas marinhas, os quais foram submetidos ao screening em meio sólido contendo corante RBBR e guaiacol; a ensaios em meio líquido, na presença dos corantes preto sulfuroso, índigo blue e reativo black 5, na avaliação da produção das enzimas lacase, manganês peroxidase (MnP) e lignina peroxidase (LiP), utilizando siringaldazina, álcool veratrílico e o vermelho de fenol como substratos enzimáticos, respectivamente; a ensaios de degradação de pireno e benzo[a]pireno; a delineamentos experimentais; e à análise de metabólitos formado na degradação. O fungo selecionado Chaunopycnis alba CBMAI 1346 apresentou 94,54% de degradação em 35 de salinidade, evidenciando o potencial biotecnológico deste fungo em processos de degradação de poluentes ambientais em condições salinas. / Several studies have demonstrated the potential use of filamentous fungi in the degradation of environmental pollutants, however, are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the biotechnological potential of 174 filamentous fungi isolated from six species of marine sponges, which were subjected to screening on solid medium containing RBBR dye and guaiacol; the tests in liquid medium in the presence of sulfur black, indigo blue and reactive black 5 dyes, the evaluation of the production of enzymes laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP), using syringaldazin, veratryl alcohol and phenol red as enzyme substrates, respectively; tested for degradation of pyrene and benzo [a] pyrene; the experimental designs; and analysis of metabolites formed in the degradation. The fungus selected Chaunopycnis alba CBMAI 1346 showed 94.54% of pyrene degradation in 35 salinity, highlighting the biotechnological potential of this fungus in the process of degradation of environmental pollutants in saline conditions.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are known to cause endocrine disruption (ED), developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), infertility and impaired embryo development. EDCs do therefore impose a threat to humans, wildlife and the environment. The present study investigated the effects of the reference compounds dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, benzo(a)pyrene, rosiglitazone, as well as the EDCs bisphenol F and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid at various concentrations on zebrafish embryos. The scientific questions of the study were to investigate how these environmental pollutants impact the development of zebrafish, what their molecular mechanisms are and what the link between ED and DNT is. Zebrafish embryos were exposed for 5 days to the compounds and various parameters on development were collected at different time points. The expression of 41 genes (qPCR) related to ED and DNT, and the levels of 23 steroids (LC-MS/MS) were determined. Gene correlations were determined with Pearson’s correlation test and paired t-tests were used to determine significantly altered gene activities. The significant gene expression changes were further related to the pathways of steroids in order to connect how gene activity impacted steroid levels. Exposure to estradiol, dihydrotestosterone and bisphenol F induced cyp19a1b expression which can affect personality traits. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid interferes with thyroid hormone transport by binding to TTR causing profound effects on neurodevelopmental processes and cognitive functions. The compounds influenced genes that can disrupt endocrine systems which can cause neurodevelopmental impairments.

No description available.

[ES] Como parte de los métodos de asimilacíon de datos, los métodos basados en conjuntos han ganado popularidad en hidrogeología dada su capacidad para manejar grandes cantidades de datos observados simultáneamente. Recientemente, se ha comenzado a emplear este método para la identificacíon de fuentes de contaminacíon en casos sintéticos. Basándonos en estos trabajos anteriores, hemos dado un paso adelante evaluando su rendimiento en experimentos de tanque de laboratorio. La tesis se puede dividir en cuatro partes. En la primera parte, el filtro de Kalman de conjuntos con reinicio (r-EnKF) se utiliza para la identificacíon espacio-temporal de una fuente puntual de contaminantes en un experimento en tanque de laboratorio, junto con la identificacíon de la posicíon y longitud de una placa vertical insertada en el tanque que modifica la geometría del sistema. Los resultados muestran que el r-EnKF es capaz de identificar tanto la fuente como los parámetros relacionados con la geometría del acuífero. La segunda parte muestra una aplicacíon del filtro de Kalman de conjuntos con anamorfosis normal y reinicio (NS-EnKF) y con inflacíon de la covarianza en un experimento de laboratorio con conductividad heterogénea. El método se prueba primero utilizando un caso sintético que imita el experimento del tanque para establecer el número mínimo de miembros del conjunto y la mejor técnica para evitar el colapso del filtro. Luego, su aplicacíon a los datos del tanque muestra que el NS-EnKF con reinicio puede beneficiarse de la inflacíon de Bauser para reducir el tama ñ o del conjunto y llegar a una buena identificacíon conjunta tanto de la fuente de contaminantes como de la heterogeneidad espacial de las conductividades. En la tercera parte, el filtro de Kalman de conjuntos suavizado con asimilacíon múltiple de datos (ES-MDA) se emplea para la identificacíon simultánea de una fuente de contaminantes y la distribucíon espacial de la conductividad hidráulica utilizando el r-EnKF como punto de referencia. El resultado muestra que el ES-MDA puede superar al r-EnKF, marginalmente, para el caso sintético específico analizado con el mismo consumo de CPU, y puede funcionar mucho mejor que el r-EnKF a cambio de un mayor costo de CPU. La cuarta y última parte investiga el rendimiento del ES-MDA en un problema de identificacíon de una inyeccíon de contaminante que varía en el tiempo. Se analiza la influencia de diferentes intervalos de observacíon y esquemas de inflacíon de la covarianza en la determinacíon de la curva de inyeccíon. El resultado muestra que el ES-MDA funciona muy bien en la identificacíon de la curva de inyeccíon cuando la discretizacíon de la misma no es muy alta, pero encuentra problemas de fluctuacíon en los casos con discretizaciones altas. La frecuencia con la que se muestrean los datos de observacíon es un factor influyente, mientras que el número de iteraciones o los métodos de inflacíon de la covarianza tienen menos efecto. / [CA] Com a part dels mètodes d'assimilació de dades, els mètodes basats en conjunts han guanyat popularitat en hidrogeologia donada la seua capacitat per a manejar grans quantitats de dades observades simultàniament. Recentment, s'ha començat a emprar aquest mètode per a la identificació de fonts de contaminació en casos sintètics. Basant-nos en aquests treballs anteriors, hem fet un pas avant avaluant el seu rendiment en experiments de tanc de laboratori. La tesi es pot dividir en quatre parts.En la primera part, el filtre de Kalman de conjunts amb reinici (r-EnKF) s'utilitza per a la identificació espaciotemporal d'una font puntual de contaminants en un experiment en tanc de laboratori, juntament amb la identificació de la posició i longitud d'una placa vertical inserida en el tanc que modifica la geometria del sistema. Els resultats mostren que el r-EnKF és capaç d'identificar tant la font com els paràmetres relacionats amb la geometria de l'aqüífer. La segona part mostra una aplicació del filtre de Kalman de conjunts amb anamorfosis normal i reinici (NS-EnKF) i amb inflació de la covariància en un experiment de laboratori amb conductivitat heterogènia. El mètode es prova primer utilitzant un cas sintètic que imita l'experiment del tanc per a establir el nombre mínim de membres del conjunt i la millor tècnica per a evitar el col·lapse del filtre. Després, la seua aplicació a les dades del tanc mostra que el NS-EnKF amb reinici pot beneficiar-se de la inflació de Bauser per a reduir la grandària del conjunt i arribar a una bona identificació conjunta tant de la font de contaminants com de l'heterogeneïtat espacial de les conductivitats. En la tercera part, el filtre de Kalman de conjunts suavitzat amb assimilació múltiple de dades (ES-MDA) s'empra per a la identificació simultània d'una font de contaminants i la distribució espacial de la conductivitat hidràulica utilitzant el r-EnKF com a punt de referència. El resultat mostra que l'ES-MDA pot superar al r-EnKF, marginalment, per al cas sintètic específic analitzat amb el mateix consum de CPU, i pot funcionar molt millor que el r-EnKF a canvi d'un major cost de CPU. La quarta i última part investiga el rendiment de l'ES-MDA en un problema d'identificació d'una injecció de contaminant que varia en el temps. S'analitza la influència de diferents intervals d'observació i esquemes de inflació de la covariància en la determinació de la corba d'injecció. El resultat mostra que l'ES-MDA funciona molt bé en la identificació de la corba d'injecció quan la discretització no és massa alta, però troba problemes de fluctuació amb discretitzacions massa fines. La freqüència amb la qual es mostregen les dades d'observació és un factor influent en aquesta aplicació, mentre que el nombre d'iteracions o els mètodes d'inflació de la covariància tenen menys efecte. / [EN] As part of the data assimilation methods, the ensemble-based methods have gained popularity in hydrogeology given their ability to deal with huge amounts of observed data simultaneously. More recently, researchers have started to employ these methods to deduce contamination source information in synthetic cases. Based on these previous work, we take a step further to evaluate their performance in sandbox experiments. The main objective of this thesis is to verify the capacity of the ensemble-based methods in identifying contaminant sources and complex geological heterogeneity. The thesis could be divided into four parts. In the first part, the restart ensemble Kalman filter (r-EnKF) is used for the spatiotemporal identification of a point contaminant source in a sandbox experiment, together with the identification of the position and length of a vertical plate inserted in the sandbox that modifies the geometry of the system. The results show that the r-EnKF is capable of identifying both contaminant source information and aquifer-geometry-related parameters. The second part shows an application of the restart normal-score ensemble Kalman filter (NS-EnKF) with covariance inflation in a heterogenous conductivity laboratory experiment. The method is first tested using a synthetic case that mimics the sandbox experiment to establish the minimum number of ensemble members and the best technique to prevent filter collapse. Then, its application to the sandbox data shows that the restart NS-EnKF can benefit from Bauser's inflation to reduce the ensemble size and to arrive to a good joint identification of both the contaminant source and the spatial heterogeneity of conductivities. In the third part, the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) is employed for the simultaneous identification of a contaminant source and the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity while using the r-EnKF as a benchmark. The outcome shows that the ES-MDA is able to outperform the r-EnKF, marginally, for the specific synthetic case analyzed with almost the same CPU consumption, and it can perform far better than the r-EnKF just with a cost of larger CPU usage. The forth and last part investigates the performance of the ES-MDA in a time-varying release history identification problem. The influence of different observation intervals and inflation factor schemes on the determination of the release curve are discussed. The outcome shows that the ES-MDA performs great in recovering release history when the history curve is discretized in not too many steps, and that it fails when the discretization is large. The frequency at which observation data are sampled is an influential factor in this application, while the number of iterations or the inflation scheme have less effect. / Thanks to the institutions that financed my studies. The support to carry out my work was received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project CGL2014-59841-P, and from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports through a fellowship for the mobility of professors in foreign research and higher education institutions to my supervisor, reference PRX17/00150 / Chen, Z. (2020). Stochastic Identification of Pollutant Sources in Aquifers by the Ensemble Kalman Filter [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/160628

A artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) constitui um grupo heterogêneo de doenças que se caracteriza por inflamação crônica em uma ou mais articulações, com diagnóstico em menores de 16 anos de idade. A poluição atmosférica tem sido responsabilizada pelo aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em doenças cardiorrespiratórias, mas poucos estudos avaliaram os efeitos da exposição prolongada sobre doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Alguns estudos demonstram associação entre fumo e início da doença reumatológica em adultos e outros mostram associação de mães fumantes durante a gravidez com desenvolvimento de AIJ nos filhos. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos na literatura avaliando a exposição à poluição do ar e AIJ. Objetivo: avaliar a influência de poluentes ambientais inalatórios como fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da AIJ em pacientes residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, acompanhados em um serviço terciário de Reumatologia Pediátrica. Metodologia: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, do tipo caso-controle, que incluiu 66 pacientes com AIJ e 124 controles saudáveis, semelhantes em idade e gênero, residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, desde a gestação até o diagnóstico da doença. Um questionário estruturado e com alto índice de confiabilidade (índice kappa para teste-reteste 0,80) avaliou dados demográficos, fatores relacionados à gestação e ao período perinatal, exposição ocupacional materna durante a gravidez a partículas inaláveis e/ou vapor volátil, exposição ao tabaco e exposição à inalação ambiental durante a gravidez e após o nascimento (presença de atividades industriais, pedreiras ou postos de gasolina perto do domiícilio/ trabalho/ creche/ escola). Foram também analisados poluentes troposféricos nos dois períodos: material particulado (PM10), dióxido de enxofre (SO2), dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2), ozônio (O3) e monóxido de carbono (CO). Resultados: Durante a gravidez, o fumo fetal (OR= 3,43, IC 95%: 1,45-8,12, p=0,005) e a exposição ocupacional materna (OR= 13,69, IC95%: 4,43-42,27, p < 0,001) se mostraram fatores de risco independentes para AIJ. Em contrapartida, o fato de a mãe trabalhar fora de casa (OR= 0,06, IC 95%: 0,02- 0,16, p < 0,001) e o ganho de peso ideal da mãe (OR = 0,36, IC 95%: 0,16-0,83, p= 0,017) apresentaram associação negativa. Para o período após o nascimento até o diagnóstico de AIJ, fumo passivo (OR= 3,6, IC 95%: 1,76- 7,31, p < 0,0001) e exposição ao ozônio durante o segundo ano de idade (OR= 2,76, IC 95%: 1,20-6,37, p= 0,017) foram fatores de risco independentes e significativos para o diagnóstico da AIJ. Conclusão: O fumo passivo, a exposição ao ozônio no segundo ano de vida e a exposição ocupacional materna são destacados como importantes fatores de risco para a AIJ / Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation in one or more joints with onset in children under 16 years of age. Air pollution has been blamed for increased morbidity and mortality in cardiorespiratory diseases, but few studies have evaluated the effects of prolonged exposure on chronic inflammatory diseases. Some studies show an association between smoking and onset of rheumatologic illness in adults, and others show an association of smoking mothers during pregnancy with the development of JIA in children. However, there are few studies in the literature to date evaluating exposure to air pollution and JIA. Objective: To evaluate the influence of exposure to inhalable environmental factors during pregnancy and after birth until JIA diagnosis in residents of the São Paulo metropolitan area. Methods: Case-control study comprising 66 JIA patients and 124 healthy controls matched by age and gender, living in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area until JIA diagnosis, and whose mothers had resided in this region during pregnancy. A structured and reliable questionnaire (kappa index for test-retest was 0.80) assessed demographic data, gestational and perinatal-related factors, mothers\' work-related exposure during pregnancy to inhalable particles and / or volatile vapor, exposure to inhalable elements during pregnancy and after birth (work-related exposure to inhalable particles and/or volatile vapor, exposure to tobacco and the presence of industrial activities, quarries or gas stations near the home/ work/ daycare/ school). Tropospheric pollutants included: particulate matter (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO). Results: During pregnancy, fetal smoking (OR=3.43, 95%CI: 1.45-8.12, p=0.005) and mothers\' work-related exposure (OR=13.69, 95%CI: 4.43-42.27, p < 0.001) were independent significant risk factors for JIA diagnosis. In contrast, working mother (OR=0.06, 95% IC: 0.02-0.16, p < 0.001) and ideal mother weight gain (OR=0.36, 95% IC:0.16-0.83, p=0.017) presented a negative association. After birth until JIA diagnosis, secondhand smoking (OR=3.6, 95% IC: 1.76-7.31, p < 0.0001) and exposure to O3 during the second year of age (OR=2.76, 95% IC: 1.20-6.37, p=0.017) were independent and significant risk factors for JIA diagnosis. Conclusion: Secondhand smoking, exposure to O3 during the second year of age and mothers\' work-related exposure are highlighted as important risk factors to JIA

A artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) constitui um grupo heterogêneo de doenças que se caracteriza por inflamação crônica em uma ou mais articulações, com diagnóstico em menores de 16 anos de idade. A poluição atmosférica tem sido responsabilizada pelo aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em doenças cardiorrespiratórias, mas poucos estudos avaliaram os efeitos da exposição prolongada sobre doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Alguns estudos demonstram associação entre fumo e início da doença reumatológica em adultos e outros mostram associação de mães fumantes durante a gravidez com desenvolvimento de AIJ nos filhos. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos na literatura avaliando a exposição à poluição do ar e AIJ. Objetivo: avaliar a influência de poluentes ambientais inalatórios como fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da AIJ em pacientes residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, acompanhados em um serviço terciário de Reumatologia Pediátrica. Metodologia: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, do tipo caso-controle, que incluiu 66 pacientes com AIJ e 124 controles saudáveis, semelhantes em idade e gênero, residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, desde a gestação até o diagnóstico da doença. Um questionário estruturado e com alto índice de confiabilidade (índice kappa para teste-reteste 0,80) avaliou dados demográficos, fatores relacionados à gestação e ao período perinatal, exposição ocupacional materna durante a gravidez a partículas inaláveis e/ou vapor volátil, exposição ao tabaco e exposição à inalação ambiental durante a gravidez e após o nascimento (presença de atividades industriais, pedreiras ou postos de gasolina perto do domiícilio/ trabalho/ creche/ escola). Foram também analisados poluentes troposféricos nos dois períodos: material particulado (PM10), dióxido de enxofre (SO2), dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2), ozônio (O3) e monóxido de carbono (CO). Resultados: Durante a gravidez, o fumo fetal (OR= 3,43, IC 95%: 1,45-8,12, p=0,005) e a exposição ocupacional materna (OR= 13,69, IC95%: 4,43-42,27, p < 0,001) se mostraram fatores de risco independentes para AIJ. Em contrapartida, o fato de a mãe trabalhar fora de casa (OR= 0,06, IC 95%: 0,02- 0,16, p < 0,001) e o ganho de peso ideal da mãe (OR = 0,36, IC 95%: 0,16-0,83, p= 0,017) apresentaram associação negativa. Para o período após o nascimento até o diagnóstico de AIJ, fumo passivo (OR= 3,6, IC 95%: 1,76- 7,31, p < 0,0001) e exposição ao ozônio durante o segundo ano de idade (OR= 2,76, IC 95%: 1,20-6,37, p= 0,017) foram fatores de risco independentes e significativos para o diagnóstico da AIJ. Conclusão: O fumo passivo, a exposição ao ozônio no segundo ano de vida e a exposição ocupacional materna são destacados como importantes fatores de risco para a AIJ / Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation in one or more joints with onset in children under 16 years of age. Air pollution has been blamed for increased morbidity and mortality in cardiorespiratory diseases, but few studies have evaluated the effects of prolonged exposure on chronic inflammatory diseases. Some studies show an association between smoking and onset of rheumatologic illness in adults, and others show an association of smoking mothers during pregnancy with the development of JIA in children. However, there are few studies in the literature to date evaluating exposure to air pollution and JIA. Objective: To evaluate the influence of exposure to inhalable environmental factors during pregnancy and after birth until JIA diagnosis in residents of the São Paulo metropolitan area. Methods: Case-control study comprising 66 JIA patients and 124 healthy controls matched by age and gender, living in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area until JIA diagnosis, and whose mothers had resided in this region during pregnancy. A structured and reliable questionnaire (kappa index for test-retest was 0.80) assessed demographic data, gestational and perinatal-related factors, mothers\' work-related exposure during pregnancy to inhalable particles and / or volatile vapor, exposure to inhalable elements during pregnancy and after birth (work-related exposure to inhalable particles and/or volatile vapor, exposure to tobacco and the presence of industrial activities, quarries or gas stations near the home/ work/ daycare/ school). Tropospheric pollutants included: particulate matter (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO). Results: During pregnancy, fetal smoking (OR=3.43, 95%CI: 1.45-8.12, p=0.005) and mothers\' work-related exposure (OR=13.69, 95%CI: 4.43-42.27, p < 0.001) were independent significant risk factors for JIA diagnosis. In contrast, working mother (OR=0.06, 95% IC: 0.02-0.16, p < 0.001) and ideal mother weight gain (OR=0.36, 95% IC:0.16-0.83, p=0.017) presented a negative association. After birth until JIA diagnosis, secondhand smoking (OR=3.6, 95% IC: 1.76-7.31, p < 0.0001) and exposure to O3 during the second year of age (OR=2.76, 95% IC: 1.20-6.37, p=0.017) were independent and significant risk factors for JIA diagnosis. Conclusion: Secondhand smoking, exposure to O3 during the second year of age and mothers\' work-related exposure are highlighted as important risk factors to JIA

<p>Uvod: Ftalati su vrsta endokrinih disruptora koji se &scaron;iroko koriste kao plastifikatori i rastvarači ali i kao aditivi brojim proizvodima koji se svakodnevno koriste. Prema dosada&scaron;njim studijama na eksperimentalnim životinjama, ali i u humanoj populaciji, diestri ftalne kiseline utiču na reproduktivni sistem, učestvuju u nastanku insulinske rezistencije i gojaznosti. Sindrom policističnih ovarijuma (PCOS) je najče&scaron;ći endokrinolo&scaron;ki poremećaj reproduktivnog sistema žena u generativnom periodu. Insulinska rezistencija i centralna gojaznost, kao faktori kardiometaboličkog sindroma imaju značajnu ulogu u etiologiji PCOS. Ciljevi: Utvrditi prisustvo metabolita ftalne kiseline kod žena u reproduktivnom periodu u na&scaron;oj sredini, kao i da li postoji povezanost ovih endokrinih disruptora sa antropometrijskim parametrima, parametrima glikoregulacije, lipidima i lipoproteinima seruma, gonadotropinima, polnim hormonima, leptinom i indeksima kardiometaboličkog rizika kod žena sa sindromom policističnih jajnika. Metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatalo 61 ženu sa sindromom policističnih jajnika koje su podeljene u dve podgrupe: 31 ispitanica sa PCOS i prisutnim ftalatnim metabolitima u urinu i 30 ispitanica sa PCOS bez ftalatnih metabolita u urinu. Kontrolnu grupu je činilo 30 zdravih žena. Kod svih ispitanica vr&scaron;ena su antropometrijska merenja (TV, TM, OS) i određivane vrednosti parametara glikoregulacije (glikemija i insulinemija, izačunat je HOMA index), lipidi i lipoproteini seruma (ukupan holesterol, trigliceridi, LDL i HDL holesterol), gonadotropini (LH i FSH), polni hormoni (estradiol i testosteron) i leptin. U proceni kardiometaboličkog rizika kori&scaron;ćena su dva indeksa LAP i VAI. Iz jutarnjeg uzorka urina određivano je prisustvo i koncentracija 10 ftalatnih metabolita: Mono-metil ftalat- MMP, Mono-etil ftalat - MEP, Mono-n-butil ftalat - MBP, Mono-n-propil ftalat- MPP, Mono-izo-amil ftalat - MiAP, Mono-n-amil ftalat - MnAP, Mono-cikloheksil ftalat - MCHP, Monobenzil ftalat- MBzP, Mono-(2-etilheksil) ftalat- MHEP, Mono-n-octil ftalat-MOP. Za statističku obradu podataka kori&scaron;ćeni su odgovarajući parametarski i neparametarski testovi. Rezultati: Kod 51 % ispitanica sa PCOS potvrđeno je prisustvo ftalatnih metabolita u urinu. Najzastupljeniji ftalatni metabolit je bio MEHP, zatim MEP, ali je potvrđeno i prisustvo MMP, MPP i MOP. Kod ispitanica sa PCOS su potvrđene statistički značajne korelacije između ukupnih ftalatnih metabolita i BMI, obima struka, glikemije, insulinemije, HOMA indeksa, ukupnog holesterola, triglicerida, LDL holesterola, leptina i testosterona. Analizom pojedinačnih ftalatnih metabolita utvrđene su pozitivne korelacije između MMP i obima struka, parametara glukoznog metabolizma, ukupnog holesterola, LDL holesterola, triglicerida, LAP i VAI indeksa. Zaključak: Kod žena sa PCOS u reproduktivnom periodu u na&scaron;oj sredini je potvrđeno prisustvo ftalanih metabolita. Najvi&scaron;e koncentracije su verifikovane za MEHP i MEP, ukazujući na visoku ekspoziciju di-etilheksil ftalatu (DEHP) i di-etil ftalatu (DEP). Ukupni ftalati značajno povećavaju vrednosti parametara koje učestvuju u razvoju metaboličkog sindroma kod PCOS, ali i povećavaju kardiovaskularni rizik ovih bolesnica. Direktna, značajna veza je potvrđena između MMP i testosterona, parametara i indeksa kardiometaboličkog sindroma.</p> / <p>Introduction: Phthalates are a type of endocrine disruptor widely used as plasticizers and solvents but also as additives to many products that are used daily. According to previous studies in experimental animals, but also in the human population, phthalic diesters affect the reproductive system, participate in the onset of insulin resistance and obesity. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the reproductive system of women in the generative period. Insulin resistance and central obesity, as factors of cardiometabolic syndrome, have a significant role in the etiology of PCOS. Objectives: To determine the presence of phthalic acid metabolites in women in the reproductive period in our environment, and whether there is a connection between these endocrine disruptors with anthropometric parameters, glycoregulation parameters, lipids and serum lipoproteins, gonadotrophins, sex hormones, leptin and indexes of cardiometabolic risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methods: The study included 61 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome divided into two subgroups: 31 subjects with PCOS and present phthalate metabolites in urine and 30 subjects with PCOS without phthalate metabolites in urine. The control group consisted of 30 healthy women. In all subjects, anthropometric measurements were carried out (TV, TM, WC) and the values of glycoregulation parameters (glycemia and insulinemia, HOMA index), lipids and serum lipoproteins (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL I HDL cholesterol), gonadotropins FSH), sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone) and leptin. In the assessment of cardiometabolic risk LAP and VAI indexes were determined. From the morning urine sample, the presence and concentration of 10 phthalate metabolites were determined: Mono-methyl phthalate-MMP, Mono-ethyl phthalate-MEP, Mono-n-butyl phthalate-MBF, Mono-n- propyl phthalate- MPP, Mono-iso-amyl phthalate &ndash; MiAP, Mono-n-amyl phthalate &ndash; MnAP, Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate-MCHP, Monobenzyl phthalate-MBzP, Mono- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-MHEP, Mono-n-octyl phthalate-MOP. For statistical data processing, appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests were used. Results: 51% of subjects with PCOS confirmed the presence of phthalate metabolites in urine. The most common phthalate metabolite was MEHP, then MEP, but the presence of MMP, MPP and MOP also was confirmed. In subjects with PCOS, a statistically significant correlations between total phthalate metabolites and BMI, waist circumference, glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, leptin and testosterone were confirmed. By analyzing individual phthalate metabolites, a positive correlations between MMP and waist circumference, glycoregulation parameters, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, testosterone and LAP and VAI index were determined. Conclusion: In women with PCOS in the reproductive period, the presence of phthalic metabolites in our environment was confirmed. The highest concentrations were verified for MEHP and MEP, indicating a high exposure of DEHP and DEP. Total phthalates significantly increase the values of parameters involved in the development of metabolic syndrome in PCOS, but also increase the cardiovascular risk of these patients. A direct, significant association was confirmed between MMP and testosterone, parameters and index of cardiometabolic syndrome.</p>

L'hexaclorobenzè (HCB) és un compost organoclorat àmpliament distribuït per tot el planeta, altament lipofílic que s'acumula als sistemes biològics. Els nounats s'exposen a aquests compostos organoclorats (OCs) a través de la placenta i de la lactància materna. Tot i que l'HCB és un dels OCs més comuns, la seva transferència a través de la placenta de la mare al fetus durant la gestació i a través de l'alletament matern està poc documentada. El coneixement sobre els seus possibles efectes sobre la salut infantil és també bastant limitat. A Flix, un poble de la Ribera d'Ebre, es van detectar nivells molt elevats d'HCB a l'atmosfera degut a la seva proximitat a una empresa electroquímica. Els objectius del present treball són els d'avaluar l'exposició a OCs a través de la placenta i de la lactància materna i els seus efectes sobre la salut infantil durant el primer any de vida en el conjunt de nounats d'aquesta població. / Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine compound widely spread in the environment, highly lipophyilic which accumulates in all biological systems. Newborns are exposed to organochlorine compounds (OCs) through placenta and via breastfeeding. Although HCB is one of the most common OCs, its transference from the mother to the child through placenta and via breastfeeding is poorly documented. The knowledgement of the possible adverse effects on infant's health is also limited. In Flix, a small village in the Ribera d'Ebre area, high levels of HCB were detected in the atmosphere of the village due to the vicinity of an electrochemical factory. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate OCS exposition through placenta and breastfeeding and its effects on infant's health during the first year of life.