Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissVCA.pdf: 1488080 bytes, checksum: 3f83766a73891de9788a76715a817fc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-26 / Com a globalização, o mercado tende a ser cada vez mais competitivo. Assim, as empresas devem fornecer produtos inovadores e de qualidade ou, rapidamente, perdem os clientes para os concorrentes. Com isso, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos de lavanderia tornou-se um grande desafio para as empresas e para as equipes de projeto e, consequentemente, a usabilidade de interfaces tornou-se um fator competitivo, uma vez que causa grande impacto na satisfação do usuário. Esse estudo buscou sistematizar o processo de desenvolvimento da usabilidade de interfaces, baseando-se em duas metodologias: a primeira, aplicada aos modelos de desenvolvimento de projeto de produtos, e a segunda, aplicada à análise ergonômica do trabalho. O modelo proposto foi desenvolvido em uma empresa de linha branca, Multibrás SA Eletrodomésticos. O principal ganho com a metodologia foi o envolvimento do usuário nas fases de Market e conceituação de projeto, o que trouxe melhoria para o processo e para a qualidade da usabilidade de interfaces.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5927.pdf: 1158172 bytes, checksum: da512af227afdf83a621e75580a2a3de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The changing in the labor dynamics of the sugarcane harvesting, occasioned by integration of mechanical harvesters, has subjected workers to new working conditions, increasing the interactions with machines, and consequently causing new diseases and work accidents. For improving the performance of work so that this becomes less destructive of human capabilities, is important the use of instruments that allow the identification of risks from man-labor ratio, which are identified through the study of literature in Ergonomics. This study aimed to verify the applicability of the checkpoints of the instrument Ergonomic Checkpoints in Agriculture to the work situation in the context of mechanized harvesting of cane sugar. A review of the relevant issues related to the study was accomplished, considering the themes: Ergonomics, ergonomic analysis tools and working conditions; process of mechanized production of cane sugar, with a focus on the process of harvesting and working conditions; and, finally, the study of the instrument Ergonomic Checkpoints in Agriculture. Subsequently, the analysis of the instrument was accomplished, which was constituted of the following principal stages. Initially, the checkpoints of the instrument were classified considering the workloads, and the similarity of content. Posteriorly, the checkpoints were analysed with respect the applicability in the job functions found in mechanical harvesting of cane sugar process. As a result, 84 checkpoints were classified into 23 clusters and 16 checkpoints were not grouped, among which 11 clusters and 8 checkpoints, which represent 53% of the content of the instrument, were identified with potential of application in the sugarcane mechanical harvesting. The checkpoints identified may assist in the evaluation and implementation of better working conditions, considering the ergonomic point of view, in the mechanical harvesting of sugarcane. / A mudança na dinâmica de trabalho no processo de colheita da cana-de-açúcar, através da crescente inserção de colhedoras mecânicas, tem submetido os trabalhadores a novas condições de trabalho, que inclui a interação com máquinas e equipamentos, ocasionando doenças ocupacionais. Para melhoria das condições de realização do trabalho de forma que esse se torne menos destrutivo das capacidades humanas, é necessária a utilização de instrumentos que permitam a identificação de riscos provenientes da relação homem-trabalho, que são identificados através do estudo da literatura em Ergonomia. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a aplicabilidade dos pontos de verificação do instrumento Ergonomic Checkpoints in Agriculture à situação de trabalho no contexto da colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar. Foi realizada uma revisão sobre os temas relevantes que envolvem o estudo, isto é: Ergonomia, instrumentos de análise ergonômica e condições de trabalho; processo de produção mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar, com enfoque no processo de colheita e nas condições de trabalho advindas deste processo; e, estudo do instrumento Ergonomic Checkpoints in Agriculture. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise do instrumento, que se constituiu das etapas de classificação dos pontos de verificação do instrumento por cargas de trabalho, por similaridade de conteúdo, e da análise da aplicabilidade dos pontos de verificação considerando as características e as funções de trabalho encontradas no processo de colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar. Como resultados, 84 pontos de verificação foram classificados em 23 agrupamentos e 16 pontos de verificação não foram agrupados, dentre os quais foram identificados 11 agrupamentos e 8 pontos de verificação aplicáveis, que representam 53% do conteúdo do instrumento. Os pontos de verificação identificados podem auxiliar na avaliação e implementação de melhores condições de trabalho, do ponto de vista ergonômico, na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar.

In today's market, many companies find themselves in a situation where customers place higher demands on companies. This is a challenge for companies to meet these demands effectively, one way to do it is to implement Lean which can lead to increased productivity, lower costs and better quality. One of the most effective and important tools for streamlining production within Lean is value stream mapping, which identifies the most important activities where they are categorized as value-creating, non-value-creating and waste. There is a clear trend for companies to implement new ways of working that focus on reducing non-value-creating activities. However this can lead to an increased workload, where repetitive tasks are performed at a higher rate without break or variations. However, there is still lack of a knowledge addressed in research and studies on manufacturing organizations, which have contributed to the development of various models for conducting value stream mapping that take ergonomic factors into account.  The purpose of this study is to investigate how an ergonomic value stream mapping can contribute to creating a future production flow with reduced waste and a reduced ergonomic strain in the manufacturing industry. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate how the ergonomic value stream mapping can be used as a basis for a machine investment. The study's primary information has been collected through interviews and observations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three respondents as well as structured and unstructured observations.  The results and conclusions of the study show that the proposed changes in the production flow will be able to contribute to a more efficient future production flow with reduced ergonomic load. The ergonomic strain is reduced both at the activity level and for the entire production process. The study confirms that ergonomic value stream mapping can be used as a basis for a machine investment by identifying how changes affect the ergonomic strain and production efficiency.

A good work environment is important for the individual, for industry and for society. The work environment research has, predominantly, targeted identification of problems and the measurement of the size of these problems. Innovations to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal disorder, MSD, have been introduced in different branches of industry, but with limited success. Few of the ergonomic innovations developed for the building and construction industry have reached a sufficient level of adoption. Ergonomic innovations in the health care sector are of an incremental character and seem to have similar problems of adoption as the ones in the building and construction industry. Three examples of ergonomic innovation are examined in the thesis: a glue spreader for floor layers a four-wheel walker with a lifting device a sonographer’s scanning support device The studies show that an ergonomic innovation is not adopted for prevention of occupational injury unless the innovation also has other relative advantages apart from the ergonomic ones. For the group who already has sustained an injury, it is enough that the ergonomic problems are solved, while the other, symptom-free group, requires other advantages in order to adopt the innovation; increased production economy seems to be the most prominent potential advantage. / <p>QC 20150114</p>

Today's challenge for workforce management lies in providing a healthy, safe and productive working culture where people are valued, empowered and respected. Workforce diversity is becoming an essential aspect of the global workforce, and ageing is the most prominent and significant factor in this regard. Diversity brings many opportunities and challenges, as workers with different backgrounds, cultures, working attitudes, behaviours and age work together, and in future, the key to organizational effectiveness and sustainability will heavily depend on developing and sustaining inclusive work environments where people with their differences can co-exist safely and productively. Manufacturing organizations expect the highest levels of productivity and quality, but unfortunately the manufacturing system design process does not take into account human variability issues caused by age, skill, experience, attitude towards work etc. This thesis focuses on proposing an inclusive design methodology to address the design needs of a broader range of the population. However, the promotion and implementation of an inclusive design method is challenging due to the lack of relevant data and lack of relevant tools and methods to help designers. This research aims to support the inclusive design process by providing relevant data and developing new design methodologies. The inclusive design methodology suggested in this thesis is a three step approach for achieving a safe and sustainable work environment for workers, with special concern for older workers. The methodology is based on the provision of relevant human capabilities data, the capture and analysis of difference in human behaviour and the use of this knowledge in a digital human modelling tool. The research is focused on manual assembly through a case study in the furniture manufacturing industry and joint mobility data from a wide-ranging population has been analysed and the task performing strategies and behaviours of workers with different levels of skills have been recorded and analysed. It has been shown that joint mobility significantly decreases with age and disability and that skilful workers are likely to adopt safer and more productive working strategies. A digital human modelling based inclusive design strategy was found to be useful in addressing the design needs of older workers performing manufacturing assembly activities. This strategy validates the concept of using human capabilities data for assessing the level of acceptability of any adopted strategy for older workers, and suggests that the strategies adopted by skilful workers are more likely to be equally acceptable for older and younger workers keeping in view differences in their joint mobility. The overall purpose of this thesis is to present a road map towards the promotion and implementation of the inclusive design method for addressing workforce challenges and in future the same strategies might be implemented within a variety of other industrial applications. The proposed three step inclusive design methodology and getting a reasonable understanding of human variability issues along with the use of human capabilities data (joint mobility in this case) in a human modelling system for design assessment at a pre-design stage can be considered as the major contributions of this research.

[pt] Esta pesquisa apresenta uma avaliação ergonômica dos aspectos físicos de praças urbanas, desenvolvida com base na opinião da população. Buscou compreender a relação entre o mobiliário urbano e seus usuários, e ainda, a importância desta troca na vivência do espaço denominado Praça - espaços livres públicos, de lazer, de estar, de contestar, de viver. O cenário desta análise foi a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, facilitando assim a pesquisa de campo. A partir de uma seleção prévia, algumas praças cariocas foram avaliadas através da utilização de técnicas, com o objetivo de entender o seu sistema e sua funcionalidade. Por fim, uma única praça foi selecionada como objeto de estudo: a Praça Edmundo Bittencourt. A partir dos resultados obtidos através dos métodos aplicados durante a pesquisa foi possível avaliar a real importância e influência do mobiliário urbano no ambiente construído observado. Foi identificada uma dificuldade da parte dos usuários em compreender o espaço público como um conjunto de objetos. O design, o conforto e a qualidade dos mobiliários ficaram em segundo plano, diante da acessibilidade, da limpeza e do conforto ambiental. / [en] This research presents an ergonomic evaluation the physical aspects of urban squares, developed based on the opinion of the population. Furthermore try to comprehend the relation between the urban furniture and the square visitors, and its importance in the existence of the space called Square - public open spaces, leisure, living, to challenge, to live. This analysis took place in Rio de Janeiro, turning easier the process of field research. From an initial selection, some carioca squares where evaluated through the application of techniques, with the objective of understanding its system and functionality. Eventually only one square was chosen as the object of study: the Edmundo Bittencourt Square. From the results obtained through the methods applied during this research, it was possible to evaluate the real importance and influence of the urban furniture in the considered environment in which it was built. It was identified a difficulty among part of users to understand the public space as a set of objects. The design, comfort and quality of the urban furniture remained in the background, in front of accessibility, cleanliness and the environments comfort.

Os avanços tecnológicos levam a novas formas de relação entre o usuário e o equipamento, e a interface com os artefatos informatizados adquire maior complexidade em suas condições de uso. Em vista das diversas possibilidades que os recursos computadorizados oferecem, a facilidade de uso é um requisito fundamental no projeto desse tipo de equipamento, especialmente para pessoas com dificuldade de acesso aos computadores. Proporcionar a inclusão digital é uma forma de reduzir as diferenças sociais através do acesso à informação e aos serviços digitais, tornando-se um fator a ser considerado pelo projetista. Desenvolver um produto requer a observação de uma variedade de condições, que tendem a tornarem-se cada vez mais complexos com as novas funções e possibilidades de uso que os produtos têm adquirido. A diversidade de formação e características culturais dos usuários apenas reforça a necessidade de uma maior atenção às condições humanas no projeto de equipamentos. O repertório informacional que cada indivíduo adquire ao longo de sua vivência influencia na capacidade de cognição e compreensão das informações, fazendo com que a experiência do usuário interfira na condição de uso do equipamento. A ergonomia, através de seus estudos sobre as relações entre o homem e a máquina, mostra-se uma importante base metodológica para a pesquisa de situações de interação entre o usuário e o artefato. Baseada nos estudos da ergonomia cognitiva, esta pesquisa realiza uma análise da máquina de autoatendimento de informações sobre serviços públicos do Poupatempo, de forma a analisar as condições cognitivas de seu uso, e obter dados que auxiliem no processo de concepção do equipamento informatizado. / Technological advances lead to new forms of relations between the user and equipment, and the interfaces with computerized devices get complexity in their condition of use. Given the numerous possibilities that computerized resources offer, the ease use of the device is a fundamental requirement in designing computerized equipment, especially for people with difficult access to computers. This digital inclusion provides a way to reduce social differences through access to information and digital services. Developing a product requires to consider a variety of factors, which tend to become increasingly complex with new functions incorporated and possibilities of using these products. The variations of the users background and their cultural characteristics only reinforce the need for greater attention to human conditions in designing a computerized equipment. The information repertoire that each person acquires over their experience reflects on the ability to understand and its cognitive associations, making the user experience interfere with the use condition of the equipment. The ergonomics, through its studies of the human-machine relationship shows up as an important methodological basis for the research of the situations of interaction between the user and the device. Based on studies of cognitive ergonomics, this research performs an analysis of the self-service information machine at the public services of Poupatempo in order to analyze the cognitive conditions of use and obtain data that help in designing computerized equipment.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a avaliação ergonômica da cabine de seis modelos de máquinas florestais utilizadas na extração de madeira (quatro "forwarders" e dois "skidders"), quanto ao posicionamento de comandos e instrumentos e o campo visual do operador, com base nas características antropométricas do operador brasileiro. As análises foram feitas em máquinas operando em áreas de colheita de madeira pertencentes a duas empresas florestais, localizadas nos municípios de Mogi Guaçu e Lençóis Paulista, Estado de São Paulo. Para a avaliação do posicionamento dos órgãos de comando foram determinadas as distâncias dos mesmos a partir do Ponto de Referência do Assento nas três dimensões (x, y e z), além de uma avaliação qualitativa com os operadores dos tratores florestais em estudo, que, através de notas, manifestaram sua satisfação com relação à localização dos comandos e outras variáveis ergonômicas. A avaliação antropométrica dos operadores foi feita por duas medidas, uma em pé e outra por meio de uma cadeira especial desenvolvida pela Fundacentro, obtendo-se, a partir dela, as áreas de máximo e ótimo acesso quanto à localização dos órgãos de comando. O campo visual do operador foi determinado com o auxílio de um dispositivo de iluminação com a demarcação da área sombreada, considerada como campo de visibilidade nula. Concluiu-se que a melhor máquina, quanto ao posicionamento de comandos, foi o "forwarder" Valmet 890.2, seguido pelo "skidder" Caterpillar 545, sendo os únicos tratores que apresentaram mais da metade dos comandos bem posicionados, 66,7% e 54,5% respectivamente. O "forwarder" Valmet 890.2 também apresentou o melhor campo visual, sendo que, neste quesito, todos os modelos de "forwarders" foram superiores aos "skidders". Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram um projeto ergonômico da disposição de comandos nas cabines dos tratores florestais não muito favorável ao conjunto de operadores brasileiros analisados. / The objective of this work was the cab evaluation of four forwarders and two skidders models, considering the positioning of commands and instruments and the operator visual area, on the basis of the anthropometrics characteristics of a sample of Brazilians operators. The analyses had been made in machines operating in relevant areas of wooden forest from two forest companies, located in Mogi Guaçu and Lençóis Paulista municipalities, State of São Paulo. The command position was determined in three dimensions (x, y and z), considering the operator’s seat reference point as the origin. A qualitative evaluation with the operators of the forest tractors was also done, revealing their satisfaction about several ergonomics factors related with the forest machines. The anthropometric evaluation of the operators was made by means of a special chair developed by the Fundacentro, resulting in the areas of maximum and excellent access for the commands localization. The visual area of the operator was determined with a illumination device and the landmark of the shaded area, considered as a field of null visibility. The machine with the best commands position, in accordance with the biotype of this set of Brazilians operators, was the forwarder Valmet 890,2, followed by the skidder Caterpillar 545, being the only tractors that had presented more than half of the commands, 66.7% and 54.5% respectively, well positioned. The forwarder Valmet 890,2 also presented the best visual field, with all forwarders models being superiors, in this evaluation, to the skidders. The results of this study had demonstrated, in terms of commands position, ergonomic projects of those forest machines not very favorable to the set of analyzed Brazilians operators.

Orientador: Luís Carlos Paschoarelli / Banca: Antônio Martiniano Fontoura / Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Resumo: O design ergonômico estuda a relação entre os usuários e a tecnologia, objetivando a melhoria das interfaces e usabilidade dos produtos. Os calçados são produtos que interagem diariamente com seres humanos e objetivam protejer e adornar (através da moda) a extremidade dos membros inferiores, cuja estrutura física e fisiológica parece ser influenciada pelo uso de calçados com salto alto e suas dimensões. Este estudo objetivou compreender como se dá a percepção de desconforto/conforto pelo público feminino e analisar as caracteristicas antropométricas das Extremidades dos Membros Inferiores (EMIs) deste público. A metodologia atendeu aos aspectos éticos; foram utilizados protocolos padronizados e equipamentos específicos (Brannock) para a medição dos pés. Os resultados da abordagem perceptiva indicaram que o desconforto está associado ao uso de calçados com saltos alto, mas o uso desse produto ainda é preferido pelas usuárias. Quanto aos aspectos antropométricos, concluiu-se que as dimensões dos pés direito e esquerdo apresentam diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p '<OU=' 0,01), reiterando a necessidade de uma melhor adequação dimensional dos calçados aos parâmetros antropométicos específicos para a população feminina brasileira / Abstract: Ergonomic design studies the relationship between users and technology, aiming to improve product interface and usability. Footwear is a product that has an influence on human beings, and its purpose, by means of fashion, is to protect and to make women's feet more beautiful, whose physical and physiological structure seems to be influenced by the use of high-heeled shoes and their dimensions. the study herein aims to understand how women perceive discomfort and comfort as well as to analyze their related to ends of the lower limbs (EMI) anthropomorphic features. Methodology used is in compliance with ethical aspects; standard protocols and specific equipment (Brannock) were used for feet measure purposes. Perception-oriented approach results indicate that discomfort is associated with the use of high-heeled shoes; nonetheless users still prefer to use them. Concerning anthropomorphic features, conclusion is that right and left foot size present significant statistical differences (p '<OU=' 0,01), reinfrocing the need to better dimensionally fit footwear to Brazilian women population anthropomorphic-related parameters / Mestre

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o ruído e a vibração ocupacional para a função de operador de máquina agrícola. As análises foram realizadas em dois tratores, um de 55,2 kW e outro de 80,9 kW, sendo utilizados três tipos de pistas: uma de asfalto, uma de concreto e uma de solo firme; quatro pressões de inflação dos pneus dos tratores: 103,4 kPa, 137,9 kPa, 172,4 kPa e 206,8 kPa; e em três marchas de operação: II-2, II-3 e II-4, que correspondem às respectivas velocidades médias de 1,0 m/s, 1,4 m/s e 1,9 m/s. A análise da vibração foi feita no corpo inteiro, na posição sentada e nos membros superiores, utilizando um acelerômetro. A vibração no corpo inteiro foi obtida por meio de um acelerômetro fixado ao assento do operador, e a vibração nos membros superiores foi obtida por meio da fixação do acelerômetro no pulso do operador. O aumento da vibração foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento da potência no trator. O tempo levado para entrar no nível de alerta vibracional, assim como no nível limite, é inversamente proporcional à velocidade de deslocamento do trator. A velocidade média de 1,9 m/s não permitiu o trabalho por oito ou mais horas diárias. As pistas de asfalto e solo firme absorveram mais as vibrações geradas pelo trator do que a pista de concreto. A velocidade média de 1,0 m/s gera menor vibração ao operador. A pressão de inflação do rodado agrícola de 206,8 kPa absorve em maior quantidade a vibração gerada pelo trator. A sensação de conforto do operador do trator piorou quando houve o aumento da velocidade de deslocamento e da potência do motor e a diminuição da pressão de inflação do rodado agrícola. O nível de pressão sonora gerada pelo trator não foi influenciado pelo tipo de solo, pressão de inflação dos pneus agrícolas e da velocidade média, sendo apenas 2 influenciado pela potência do motor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this research was to study the occupational noise and vibration to the agricultural machine operator. The analyses took place in two types of tractors, one with 55,2 kW, and other with 80,9 kW, in three different soil surfaces: asphalt, concrete and hard soil; with four different tire inflation pressure in the tractors tires: 103,4 kPa, 137,9 kPa, 172,4 kPa and 206,8 kPa; with three different gears: II-2, II-3 and II-4, each one corresponding to the respectively media velocity of 1,0 m/s, 1,4 m/s and 1,9 m/s. The vibration analysis was made over the whole body and hands-arms. The noise level was measured through the sounding pressure in time and transformed by the equivalent noise level. The whole body vibration was obtained using the accelerometer in the seat, and the hands-arms vibration was obtained using the accelerator in the operator's fist. The vibration rise was proportional to the tractor power rise. The time it took to enter the in vibration alert level, and so to enter the limit level, is indirectly proportional to the tractor dislocation velocity. The media velocity of 1,9 m/s did not allow 8 hours of work in a day. The asphalt and hard soil surfaces absorbed more vibrations generated by the tractor than the concrete soil. The media velocity of 1,0 m/s generates minor vibration to the operator. The 206,8 kPa tire inflation pressure absorbs a bigger vibration amount generated by the agricultural machine. The 4 operator comfort got worse with the increasement of dislocation velocity and engine power, and with the tire inflation decrease in the agricultural machine. The noise sound pressure generated by the tractor was not influenced by the type of soil, neither tire inflation of the agricultural machine, nor the average velocity, but I has been influenced by the engine power and if the tractor had or not a cabin, and the existence or not of this cabin was the most important factor to the operator noise exposition. / Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Coorientador: João Alberto Borges de Araújo / Banca: Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva / Banca: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra / Banca: Flávio Rielli Mazetto / Banca: Fabrício Leite / Doutor