Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T20:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Karinna Bannach Reis.pdf: 3955087 bytes, checksum: fbfd1023491588a9a5495cd281d72a41 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T20:06:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Karinna Bannach Reis.pdf: 3955087 bytes, checksum: fbfd1023491588a9a5495cd281d72a41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-15T20:06:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação Karinna Bannach Reis.pdf: 3955087 bytes, checksum: fbfd1023491588a9a5495cd281d72a41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / Ruta graveolens has been successfully applied for many human diseases treatment and promises a well succeed alternative for plant diseases control because it has also phytoalexins in its composition. The aim of this study was to standardise the R. graveolens liquid extract and evaluate its potential for controlling rice (Oryza sativa) leaf blast (Magnaporthe oryzae). The drug has been characterized, the liquid extract obtained and the methodology for quantifying the standards components, furanocoumarins psoralen and bergapten, validated by high performance liquide chromatography. The components of essential oil obtained from standardized liquid extract were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In a completely randomized design, conducted in artificial hydrophobic surface with three replications and eleven treatments composed of M. oryzae conidial suspension (105 con.ml-1) mixed with R. graveolens standardized extract (0.01 to 0.10 g.mL-1), or furocoumarins psoralen (0.18 to 1.82 μg. mL-1), or bergapten (0.29 to 2.91 μg. mL-1), or water (control). It was evaluated the inhibition of conidial germination and appressorium formation and the median lethal dose (LD50). A second assay, in a completely randomized design in three replications was conducted in greenhouse conditions. It was composed of 21 days old rice plants, which were sprayed with a mixture containing M. oryzae conidial suspension (3x105 con.ml-1) and R. graveolens extract, without dilution, or furocoumarins psoralen (18.26 μg. mL-1), or bergapten (29.14 μg. mL-1), or water (control). Nine days after inoculation, leaf blast severity was scored with a diagrammatic scale, the data were statistically analyzed and means compared. The standardized plant extract inhibited M. oryzae conidial germination (LD50=0.237mg) and appressorium formation (LD50=0.121 mg) up to 100% and reduced 80.84% of leaf blast. By fluorescence microscopy it was possible to observe that standardized plant extract did not damage M. oryzae cell wall and plasma membrane, indicating another type of interaction to inhibit conidia development. Isolated standards furanocoumarins psoralen and bergapten did not inhibit conidial germination and appressorium formation and reduce leaf blast severity proportionally, suggesting that synergistic interactions between extract and essential oil components were responsible for the success of R. graveolens in suppressing rice disease, making it an alternative to compose rice blast management. / Ruta graveolens é utilizada com sucesso no tratamento de diversas patologias humanas e possui potencial para o controle alternativo de fitopatógenos, pois também apresenta fitoalexinas em sua composição. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar o extrato vegetal líquido de R. graveolens e avaliar seu potencial para o controle da brusone foliar. O material vegetal foi caracterizado, o extrato líquido obtido e a metodologia para a quantificação dos padrões psoraleno e bergapteno foi validada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os componentes do óleo essencial obtidos a partir do extrato líquido padronizado foram caracterizados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. No ensaio conduzido em superfície hidrofóbica artificial, com três repetições e onze tratamentos, 10 μL da suspensão de conídios de Magnaporthe oryzae (105 con/mL) foram misturadas com o extrato vegetal padronizado (0,01 a 0,10 g/mL), ou as furanocumarinas psoraleno (0,18 a 1,82 μg/mL) e bergapteno (0,29 a 2,91 μg/mL), ou água (controle). Avaliou-se a inibição da germinação conidial e da formação dos apressórios determinando-se a dose letal capaz de inibir 50% dos indivíduos (DL50). No experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação e com três repetições, plantas de arroz com 21 dias após plantio foram pulverizadas com uma suspensão de conídios de M. oryzae (3x105 com/mL) misturada com extrato vegetal padronizado sem diluição, ou psoraleno (18,26 μg/mL), ou bergapteno (29,14 μg/mL), ou água (controle). Após nove dias da inoculação, avaliou-se a severidade de brusone foliar com uma escala de 10 graus, os dados foram analisados estatisticamente e as médias comparadas. O extrato vegetal padronizado inibiu a formação de tubo germinativo (DL50= 0,237 mg) e a formação de apressório (DL50= 0,121 mg) de M. oryzae em até 100%, e reduziu a severidade de brusone nas folhas em 80,84%. Através de microscopia de fluorescência, não foi observada ação do extrato padronizado em membrana plasmática e parede celular de M. oryzae, o que indica outro tipo de interação para inibir o desenvolvimento do conídio. Os padrões psoraleno e bergapteno não inibiram proporcionalmente a germinação e a formação de apressório, como também não reduziram a severidade de brusone nas folhas em sua forma isolada, o que sugere que interações sinérgicas entre os diversos componentes do extrato e do óleo essencial de R. graveolens foram responsáveis pelo sucesso do extrato padronizado em suprimir a brusone foliar, tornando-o uma alternativa para compor o manejo de brusone em arroz.

CAPES / Due to the environmental impact generated by the continued use of inert material derived exclusively from petroleum, there was an increase in research aimed at developing of films for packaging based on biopolymers, because they are degraded in composting conditions, not harm the environment. Films produced by biopolymer based perform support nutrients functions, preservation of bioactive, improved nutritional and sensory food characteristics of bringing with their quality and shelf life. In this context, the polysaccharides as an alternative because they are able to form solid polymeric matrices. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize flexible biodegradable films from natural polymers from renewable sources (starch), incorporated acerola pulp and clove essential oil (OEC) as antioxidant additives, antimicrobials, sources of vitamin C and carotenoids, prepared by casting process, aiming the choice of the best formulation for production of bioplastics by extrusion and pressing process. The filmogenic solutions were prepared at fixed concentrations of cassava starch (4%), acerola pulp (34.54%) and varying concentrations of glycerol (30; 22,5; 15; 7,5 and 0%) and OEC (0; 7,5, 15, 22,5 and 30%). One step of this study was to evaluate the bacteriostatic ability of the OEC and composite films with him against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus of Gram-positive group and Salmonella tiphymurium of the Gram-negative group, and the fungus Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus flavus. All formed films were visually transparent and homogeneous. The substitution of glycerol for OEC caused no statistically significant difference in the properties of thickness, water activity (AW) and to water vapor permeability (WVP). The reduced glycerol content, proportional to the increase in concentration of OEC, increased total solids, vitamin C, carotenoids, ?-carotene and antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS and the reduction of the moisture content. The reduction of the glycerol content until 15% favored increased stress and strain at tensile and puncture and young modulus, after this limit has shown a drastic reduction in these properties. The desirability function used in the optimization process for selecting the best film produced by casting, to reproduce by extrusion and pressing. The extruded and compressed bioplastic obtained under the same conditions (starch concentration, pulp, glycerol and OEC) that formed by casting, was flexible, visually homogeneous and showed lower values for total solids, tensile deformation, puncture force, vitamin C, carotenoids and ?-carotene contents, and higher values in moisture and antioxidant activity by DPPH. Losses of bioactive were analyzed between each step of the casting process and extrusion, separately. Therefore, the incorporation of pulp acerola and clove essential oil in cassava starch biofilms gave a pronounced protective effect of the bioactive, altering the physical, chemical and mechanical properties. / O impacto ambiental gerado pelo uso cont?nuo de material inerte, oriundo exclusivamente de derivados de petr?leo, tem favorecido o aumento nas pesquisas visando o desenvolvimento de filmes para embalagem a base de biopol?meros, pois estes em condi??es de compostagem s?o reincorporados ao ambiente. Al?m disso, os filmes a base de biopol?meros podem desempenhar fun??es de suporte de nutrientes, preserva??o de bioativos, melhoria das caracter?sticas nutricionais e sensoriais dos alimentos, elevando sua qualidade e vida ?til. Neste contexto, os polissacar?deos apresentam-se como alternativa, pois s?o capazes de formar matrizes polim?ricas cont?nuas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes flex?veis biodegrad?veis ativos a partir de amido, incorporados de polpa de acerola e ?leo essencial de cravo (OEC) como aditivos antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, fontes de vitamina C e carotenoides, elaborados pelos processos de casting, extrus?o e termoprensagem. Nos filmes por casting, as solu??es filmog?nicas foram elaboradas em concentra??es fixas de amido de mandioca (4%), polpa de acerola (34,54%) e concentra??es variadas de glicerol (30; 22,5; 15; 7.5 e 0%) e OEC (0; 7,5; 15; 22,5 e 30%) em rela??o ao peso do amido. Sendo, os aditivos glicerol e OEC representados por 30% na base de amido. Uma etapa deste estudo consistiu em avaliar a capacidade antimicrobiana do OEC e dos filmes compostos adicionados deste. Esta avalia??o foi realizada por meio do teste de difus?o em ?gar com as bact?rias Staphylococcus aureus do grupo Gram-positivo e Salmonella tiphymurium do grupo Gram-negativo e dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus flavus. Os filmes formados foram visualmente transparentes e homog?neos. A substitui??o do glicerol por OEC n?o provocou diferen?a estatisticamente significativa nas propriedades de espessura, atividade de ?gua (Aw) e permeabilidade ao vapor de ?gua (PVA). A redu??o do teor de glicerol, proporcional ? eleva??o da concentra??o de OEC, aumentou o teor de s?lidos totais, vitamina C, carotenoides totais, ?-caroteno, atividade antioxidante e a redu??o do teor de umidade. A redu??o do teor de glicerol at? 15% favoreceu o aumento da tens?o e deforma??o nos ensaios de tra??o e de perfura??o, bem como do m?dulo de elasticidade, ap?s este limite, foi evidenciada uma redu??o dr?stica nestas propriedades. A fun??o desejabilidade foi utilizada no processo de otimiza??o para sele??o do filme ideal (elevado teor de vitamina C, carotenoide e ?-caroteno, maior resist?ncia e deforma??o nos ensaios de tra??o e perfura??o, elevada capacidade antioxidante e m?dio m?dulo de elasticidade) elaborado por casting, para reprodu??o por extrus?o e prensagem. O biopl?stico extrusado e prensado obtido nas mesmas condi??es (concentra??o de amido, polpa, glicerol e OEC), que o formado por casting, foi flex?vel, visualmente homog?neo e apresentou menores valores para deforma??o na tra??o, for?a na perfura??o, teor de vitamina C, carotenoides, ?-caroteno e capacidade antioxidante por DPPH. Foram analisadas as perdas de bioativos entre cada etapa dos processos casting e extrus?o, separadamente. Possivelmente, a incorpora??o de ?leo essencial de cravo conferiu um pronunciado efeito protetor dos bioativos da polpa de acerola nos biofilmes de amido de mandioca, alterando as propriedades f?sico-qu?micas e mec?nicas.

Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-07-27T22:22:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_Robson Dias.pdf: 1622045 bytes, checksum: 199cc0a1bb678a7d768d85efa421b8b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-27T22:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_Robson Dias.pdf: 1622045 bytes, checksum: 199cc0a1bb678a7d768d85efa421b8b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-29 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / The Lamiaceae family has great economic importance as a source of essential oils, in addition to being well studied from a chemical standpoint. Pharmacological studies reports are also extensive in the scientific literature because the specimens of this family are found in various parts of the world. This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition and antinociceptive activity in mice of the essential oils obtained from the leaves of Oocephalus nubicola and Leptohyptis macrostachys. The plant material was collected in the semiarid region of Bahia. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h), on a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry. Two general pharmacological tests were used to assess possible effects of the extracts on the central nervous system of animals: the screening behavioral pharmacology and the rota-rod test. Antinociceptive effects were assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin test. Both oils were presented as a mixture of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and Oocephalus nubicola showed predominance of sesquiterpene components, while in the Leptohyptis macrostachys monoterpenes were major. The pharmacological evaluations demonstrated that the samples did not affect motor coordination of animals, besides their antinociceptive properties in the three experimental doses, with evidence of central effects. / A fam?lia Lamiaceae tem grande import?ncia econ?mica por ser fonte de ?leos essenciais arom?ticos, al?m de ser bem estudada do ponto de vista qu?mico. Relatos de estudos farmacol?gicos tamb?m s?o extensos na literatura cient?fica, pois as esp?cimes desta fam?lia s?o encontradas em v?rias partes do mundo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a composi??o qu?mica e a atividade antinociceptiva em camundongos dos ?leos essenciais obtidos das folhas de Oocephalus nubicola e Leptohyptis macrostachys. O material vegetal foi coletado na regi?o do semi?rido do Estado da Bahia. Os ?leos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestila??o (3 h), em um aparelho do tipo Clevenger. Os ?leos foram analisados por cromatografia capilar gasosa, usando detec??o de ioniza??o de chama e espectrometria de massas. Dois testes farmacol?gicos gerais foram aplicados para avalia??o de poss?veis efeitos das amostras no Sistema Nervoso Central dos animais: triagem farmacol?gica comportamental e teste da barra girat?ria. Para avalia??o da atividade antinociceptiva foram empregadas duas metodologias: o teste das contor??es abdominais induzidas pelo ?cido ac?tico e o teste da formalina. Ambos os ?leos apresentaram-se como uma mistura de monoterpenos e sesquiterpenos, sendo que Oocephalus nubicola apresentou predomin?ncia dos constituintes sesquiterp?nicos, enquanto que em Leptohyptis macrostachys os monoterpenos foram majorit?rios. As avalia??es farmacol?gicas demonstraram que as amostras n?o afetam a coordena??o motora dos animais, al?m de possu?rem propriedades antinociceptivas nas tr?s doses experimentais, com ind?cios de mecanismo de a??o central.

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-07-28T01:01:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_RGV_Maria Reis.pdf: 1106415 bytes, checksum: 7034ec4c42920fa1bf7a9238be4d7eb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-28T01:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_RGV_Maria Reis.pdf: 1106415 bytes, checksum: 7034ec4c42920fa1bf7a9238be4d7eb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Hyptis fruticosa Salzm. Ex. Benth and Ocimum gratissimum Lindi are species from lamiaceae family of great medicinal importance, notwithstanding, they have been goals of few studies related to the cultivation techniques. Therefore, the study?s goal was to evaluate the behavior and tolerance of plants of H. fruticosa and O. gratissimum cultivated in vases submitted to different levels of evapotranspired water reposition during thirteen days (H. fruticosa) and nine days (O. gratissimum). The experiment was made in greenhouse under randomized complete block design with four treatments (100, 75, 50 and 0% of evapotranspired water reposition). It was verified that there were not any significant difference of total dry mass and leaf area among the treatments in the species H. fruticosa and O. gratissimum. Both of them presented the lowest values of relative water content, water potential, chlorophylls and carotenoids in the water reposition 0% treatment. In O. gratissimum, there was the decrease in net assimilation of carbon, stomatal conductance and transpiration with the water deficit increase, but the CO2 inside concentration was higher in the water reposition 0% treatment. The two species presented amino acid accumulation, proline, soluble proteins and soluble carbohydrate according to the water deficit increase. The essential oil content increased with the water availability increment in O. gratissimum, but it did not present the significant difference among the treatments in H. fruticosa. O. gratissimum revealed itself more sensitive and H. fruticosa more tolerant to the water deficiency. / Hyptis fruticosa Salzm. ex. Benth e Ocimum gratissimum Lindl. s?o esp?cies da fam?lia lamiaceae de grande import?ncia medicinal, no entanto, t?m sido objetos de poucos estudos relacionados ?s t?cnicas de cultivo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento e toler?ncia de plantas de H. fruticosa e O. gratissimum cultivadas em vasos submetidas a diferentes n?veis de reposi??o de ?gua evapotranspirada durante o per?odo de treze dias (H. fruticosa) e nove dias (O. gratissimum). O experimento foi realizado em telado sob delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (100, 75, 50 e 0% de reposi??o de ?gua evapotranspirada). Verificou-se que n?o houve diferen?as significativas da massa seca total e ?rea foliar entre os tratamentos nas esp?cies H. fruticosa e O. gratissimum. As duas esp?cies apresentaram os menores valores de teor relativo de ?gua, potencial h?drico, clorofilas e caroten?ides no tratamento 0% de reposi??o de ?gua. Em O. gratissimum, houve redu??o da assimila??o l?quida de carbono, condut?ncia estom?tica e transpira??o com o aumento do d?ficit h?drico, por?m a concentra??o interna de CO2 foi superior no tratamento 0% de reposi??o de ?gua. As duas esp?cies apresentaram ac?mulo de amino?cidos livres, prolina, prote?nas sol?veis e carboidratos sol?veis de acordo com o aumento do d?ficit h?drico. O teor de ?leo essencial aumentou com o incremento da disponibilidade h?drica em O. gratissimum, mas n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa entre os tratamentos em H. fruticosa. A esp?cie O. gratissimum mostrou-se mais sens?vel e H. fruticosa mais tolerante ? defici?ncia h?drica.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lais Weber.pdf: 890829 bytes, checksum: 517bfe599a74d7b29d48130d4d5ef543 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 / Fundação Parque Tecnológico Itaipu / The antimicrobial property of the plants can be explained by the production of active compounds generated during secondary metabolism as well as volatile compounds. Currently, the knowledge of this property have been confirmed scientifically, thus revealing the enormous potential of the plants in the control of infectious diseases, while there is an increase in cases of pathogenic microrganisms resistant to known antibiotics. Essential oils and extracts of plants have shown effects on growth of micro -organisms in many situations, suggesting practical use thereof. In the present study focused on the research of plants as alternative and natural source of antimicrobial substances, determined the chemical composition of the essential oil and various plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane) of Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. by GC/MS and phytochemical screening respectively, and its antimicrobial effect against microorganisms Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as Gram positive Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus subtilis (CCCD - B005) and yeast such as Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) by determining the values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using the microdilution broth; and finally we sought to evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oil and plant extracts by the capture of free radicals DPPH (2.2difenil-1-picryl-hydrazyl). The largest class of volatile compounds identified in the oil was Prunus myrtifolia benzaldehyde (97%) followed by 3-hexen-1-ol (0.07 %) and benzyl benzoate (0.09 %). Generally through the phytochemical screening of the extracts was found the presence of secondary metabolites such as, flavonoids, tannins (ethanolic and aqueous), and triterpenoid saponins (ethanolic), which have proven active in different studies in the literature. Compared to hexane extract showed absence of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. The results indicate the aqueous and ethanolic extract as the most effective of the tested pathogens. Regarding oil, showed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens evaluated. In a third stage of the study it was found antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract, ethanolic and ethyl acetate; in relation to essential oil and hexane extract antioxidant activity was not detected. From the results obtained it was established antimicrobial capacity of plant products tested and determined the antioxidant activity of the same . In the second stage of the research took place evaluated the phytochemical profile , antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts from six Brazilian plants obtained from the dried leaves of Maytenus aquifolia Mart., Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez., Psidium guajava L., Ricinus communis L. and Schinus molle L. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was tested against 36 serotypes of Salmonella from poultry products by the broth microdilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The antioxidant properties of these was evaluated by DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazila) method. The phytochemical profile detected components with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential in all extracts , as a percentage capture of DPPH than 65 % , demonstrating the high antioxidant activity of the tested extracts. In microdilution tests, we observed the antimicrobial activity of all tested extracts , and in general the ethanol extracts were more effective when compared to aqueous and ethanol extract of P. cauliflora followed by P. guajava higher end bacteriostatic . The MIC ranged from 1.56 to 100 mg.mL-1 and MBC of 3.13 to 100 mg.mL-1. These results confirmed the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of these plant extracts / A propriedade antimicrobiana das plantas pode ser explicada pela produção de compostos ativos gerados durante o metabolismo secundário como também por compostos voláteis. Atualmente, os conhecimentos desta propriedade têm sido confirmados cientificamente, revelando assim o enorme potencial das plantas no controle de doenças infecciosas, enquanto verifica-se um aumento nos casos de micro-organismos patogênicos resistentes aos antimicrobianos conhecidos. Extratos e óleos essenciais de plantas têm mostrado efeitos sobre desenvolvimento de micro-organismos em inúmeras situações, o que sugere uso prático destes produtos. No presente estudo voltado à pesquisa de plantas como fonte natural e alternativa de substâncias antimicrobianas, determinou-se a composição química do óleo essencial e de diferentes extratos vegetais (aquoso, etanolico, acetato de etila e hexânico) de Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. (pessegueiro-bravo), através da CG/MS e triagem fitoquímica respectivamente, bem como seu efeito antimicrobiano contra micro-organismos Gram negativos Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Gram positivos como, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Bacillus subtillis (CCCD - B005) e como levedura a Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) através da determinação dos valores de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) utilizando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo; e por fim buscou-se avaliar a atividade antioxidante do óleo essencial e dos extratos vegetais pelo método de captura de radicais livres DPPH (2.2difenil-1-picril-hidrazil). A maior classe de compostos voláteis identificados no óleo de Prunus myrtifolia foi benzaldeido (97%) seguido de 3-hexen-1-ol (0.07%) e benzoato de benzila (0.09%). De maneira geral através da triagem fitoquimica dos extratos verificou-se a presença de metabolitos secundários como, flavonoides, taninos (etanolico e aquoso), triterpenoides e saponinas (etanolico), que já se mostraram ativas em diferentes estudos descritos na literatura. Em relação ao extrato hexânico apresentou ausência de metabólitos secundários com atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados apontam o extrato aquoso e etanolicos como os mais efetivos os patógenos testados. Em relação ao óleo, apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente a todos patógenos avaliados. Em uma terceira etapa do estudo verificou-se atividade antioxidante entre o extrato aquoso, etanolico e acetato de etila; em relação ao óleo essencial e o extrato hexânico não foi detectada atividade antioxidante. Pelos resultados obtidos ficou estabelecida a capacidade antimicrobiana dos produtos vegetais testados, bem como determinou-se a atividade antioxidante dos mesmos. Em segunda etapa da pesquisa realizou-se Avaliou-se o perfil fitoquímico, ação antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais etanólico e aquoso de seis plantas brasileiras obtidos das folhas secas de Maytenus aquifolia Mart. (espinheira-santa), Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg (jabuticabeira), Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez. (canela-branca), Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira), e Ricinus communis L. (mamona) e Schinus molle L. (aroeira). A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos extratos vegetais foi testada frente a trinta e seis sorotipos de Salmonella de origem avícola pelo método de microdiluição em caldo com a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). A ação antioxidante dos mesmos foi avaliada pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila). O perfil fitoquímico detectou componentes com potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante em todos os extratos, assim como um percentual de captura do DPPH superior a 65%, demonstrando o elevado potencial antioxidante dos extratos testados. Nos testes de microdiluição em caldo, observou-se a atividade antimicrobiana de todos os extratos testados, sendo que em geral os extratos etanólicos foram mais eficazes quando comparados aos aquosos, sendo o extrato etanólico de P. cauliflora seguido por P. guajava de maior efeito bacteriostático. As CIMs variaram entre 1,56-100 mg.mL-1 e a CBM entre 3,13-100 mg.mL-1. Esses resultados confirmaram o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante desses extratos vegetais

<p>U okviru ove disertacije izvr&scaron;eno je preparatvno izolovanje etarskog ulja li&scaron;ća ginka (<em>Ginkgo biloba</em> L.) destilacijom pomoću vodene pare, u cilju određivanja pojedinih fizičko-hemijskih parametara. Oficinalnim postupkom određen je sadržaj etarskog ulja u li&scaron;ću ginka i iznosi 0,0083%. Li&scaron;će ginka je ekstrahovano klasičnim rastvaračima tj. sme&scaron;om alkohol-voda, pri čemu je koncentracija alkohola iznosila 40% (m/m). Primenom navedenog rastvarača, izvr&scaron;ena je vi&scaron;estupna protivstrujna ekstrakcija (u pet stupnjeva) pri čemu je dobijen tečni ekstrakt (<em>Extracta fluida</em>) sa relativno visokim sadržajem ekstraktivnih materija (17,06%). Tečni ekstrakt je direktno kori&scaron;ćen za dobijanje suvog ekstrakta li&scaron;ća ginka (<em>Extracta sicca</em>)primenomvsu&scaron;nie sa raspr&scaron;ivanjem (spray dryer). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna karakterzacija izvr&scaron;ena je primenom postupka tečne hromatografije na tankom sloju (HPTLC) i određen sadržaj ukupnih flavonoida sračunatih na rutin, a i na katehin, a određen je i sadržaj ukupnih fenola sračunatih na hlorogensku kiselinu. Glavni deo doktorske disertacije predstavlja ekstrakcija sistema li&scaron;će ginka-ugljenik (IV)-oksid pod pritiskom, pri čemu je ispitivan uticaj stepena usitnjenosti droge na prinos ekstrakcije, i kori&scaron;ćen koeficijent brze i spore ekstrakcije kao mera kinetičkog pona&scaron;anja ekstrakcije. Dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali značajan uticaj stepena usitnjenosti droge na brzinu ekstrakcije, pogotovo, kod ekstrakcije natkritičnim ugljenik (IV) oksidom. Radi izbora optimalnog protoka ekstragensa ispitivani su sledeći protoci 0,095, 0,194 i 0,277 kg/h . Na osnovu prinosa ekstrakcije usvojeno je da je protok ekstragensa od 0,194 kg/h optimalan. Prinos ekstrakcije je ispitivan kori&scaron;ćenjem dva postupka ekstrakcije, i to: ekstrakcija tečnim ugljenik (IV) -oksidom (temperatura ispod kritične temperature Tc= 31,1^oC, a pritisak ne&scaron;to ispod ili iznad kritičnog pritiska p_c=73,8 bar), i ekstrakcija natkritičnim ugljenik (IV)- oksidom (pritisak i temperatura iznad kritičnih vrednosti pritiska i temperature). U natkritičnoj oblasti promenom pritiska se značajno menjaju svojstva ekstragensa, povećava se sposobnost rastvaranja, dielektrična konstanta i dr. Ispitivan je uticaj temperature na prinos ekstrakcije (izotermni proces), pri čemu se dobijaju rezultati koji se ne mogu objasniti jednostavno, analizirajući samo uticaj gustine rastvarača na moć rastvaranja, već se za obja&scaron;njenje dobijenih rezultata uključuje i uticaj napona pare ekstrahovane komponente, tako da rastvorljivost komponente može da se poveća, smanji ili ostane ista sa povećanjem temperature na konstantnom pritisku, u zavisnosti koji uticaj je dominantniji. Kod izotermnih postupaka prinos ekstrakcije raste sa povećanjem pritiska ekstrakcije, &scaron;to je u saglasnosti sa teoretskim principima. S druge strane, ekstrakti dobijeni pri vi&scaron;im pritiscima imaju manji sadržaj etarskog ulja &scaron;to se obja&scaron;njava činjenicom da veći pritisci imaju veću moć rastvaranja glavnih komponenata kao i komponenata kao &scaron;to su smole, voskovi i masna ulja. Kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom analizom selektovanih ekstrakata dobijenih tečnim (130 bar, 20^oC, 3 h) i natkritičnim (100 bar, 40^o C, 4 h) ugljenik (IV)-oksidom, kao i etarska ulja izolovana iz ovih ekstrakata nađeno je da ispitivani uzorci sadrže nalkane, račvaste alkane i jedinjenja sa kiseonikom, među kojima posebno mesto zauzimaju fenoli sa zasićenim i nezasićenim alkil ostacima.<br />Izvr&scaron;ena je uporedna anliza etarskog ulja dobijenog destilacijom li&scaron;ća ginka pomoću vodene pare i etarskih ulja dobijenih iz selektovanih ekstrakata. Interesantan je podatak koji se odnosi na sadržaj etarskog ulja u drogi određen direktnom destilacijom droge pomoću vodene pare i izdvajanjem etarskih ulja iz ekstrakata takođe destilacijom pomoću vodene pare. U ovom drugom slučaju dobija se, preračunavanjem, sadržaj etarskog ulja u drogi vi&scaron;estruko veći (4-10 puta) od sadržaja, određenog oficinalnim postupkom, u drogi. Ova pojava se obja&scaron;njava uvođenjem pojma &bdquo;vezano&ldquo; etarsko ulje i &bdquo;slobodno&ldquo; etarsko ulje. Ekstrakcijom ugljenik (IV)-oksidom pod pritiskom tzv. vezano etarsko ulje se oslobađa voskova i masnog ulja &scaron;to se odražava na njegovu povećanu količinu u CO₂-ekstraktima. Na kraju u ovoj disertaciji izvr&scaron;eno je modelovanje ekstrakcionog sistema li&scaron;će <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> &ndash; ugljenik (IV)-oksid pod pritiskom kori&scaron;ćenjem model jednačine Naika i saradnika, modifikovane model jednačine Reverchon i Sesti-Osseo kao i model, če&scaron;će kori&scaron;ćen, koji je predložila Sovov&aacute;. Kori&scaron;ćeni modeli mogu relativno uspe&scaron;no da se koriste za opisivanje ekstrakcionog sistema li&scaron;će <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> &ndash; ugljenik (IV)-oksid pod pritiskom. Radi iznalaženja najpovoljnijih uslova ekstrakcije primenjen je metod odzivne povr&scaron;ine variranjem parametra ekstrakcije (pritisak, temperatura i vreme ekstrakcije). Na osnovu eksperimentalnih rezultata dobijen je polinom drugog reda za izračunavanje optimalnog prinosa ekstrakcije i određeni su najpovoljniji uslovi ekstrakcije kao i međusobni uticaji pojedinih parametra.</p> / <p>Within this thesis preparative isolation of essential oil from leaves of ginkgo (<em>Ginkgo biloba</em> L.) by steam distillation was carried out, in order to determine some physico-chemical parameters. The essential oil content in the leaves of ginkgo wass determined by an officinal procedure and its value is 0.0083%. Ginkgo leaves were extracted with conventional solvents, i.e. alcohol-water mixture, where the alcohol concentration was 40% (w/w). The forementioned solvent was used to carry out a multistage counter-current extraction (five stages) by which the liquid extract (<em>Extracta fluida</em>) with a relatively high content of extracts (17.06%) was obtained. The liquid extract was directly used to obtain a dry extract of ginkgo leaves (<em>Extracta sicca</em>) by spay drying. The qualitative and quantitative characterisation was based on the proceedings of liquid thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), the content of total flavonoids expressed as rutin, and as catechin, and the total phenol content expressed as chlorogenic acid was determined. The main part of the doctoral thesis is the extraction system of ginkgo leaves-carbon (IV) oxide under pressure, in which the effect of the drug particle size on the extraction yield was studied, and as a measure of the kinetic behavior of extraction the coefficient of fast and slow extraction was used. The obtained results showed a significant effect of the drug particle size on the speed of extraction, particularly, the extraction with supercritical carbon (IV) oxide. For the purpose of selecting the optimal flow of the solvent several flowrates were investigated 0.095, 0.194 and 0.277 kg/h. Based on the yield of extraction the solvent flowrate of 0.194 kg/h was assumed as optimal. The extraction yield was investigated using two extraction procedures: extraction with liquid carbon (IV) oxide (temperature below the critical temperature Tc = 31.1 ⁰C and pressure slightly below or above the critical pressure p_c = 73.8 bar), and extraction with supercritical carbon (IV) oxide (pressure and temperature above the critical values of pressure and temperature). In the supercritical area the change in pressure significantly the influences the properties of the solvent, increases the ability of dissolving, dielectric constant, etc. The effect of temperature on extraction yield was examined (isothermal process), where the obtained results can not be explained simply by analyzing only the effect of solvent density on the power of dissolution, but to explain these results the effect of vapor pressure of the extracted components must be included, so that the solubility of the component may increase, decrease or remain the same with increasing temperature at constant pressure, depending on which influence is dominant. In isothermal processes the extraction yield increases with increasing pressure of extraction, which is consistent with theoretical principles. On the other hand, extracts obtained at high pressures have a lower content of essential oils which can be explained by the fact that higher pressures have a greater power of dissolution of the main components as well as components such as resins, waxes and fatty oils. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the selected extracts obtained with liquid (130 bar, 20 ⁰C, 3 h) and supercritical (100 bar, 40 ⁰C, 4 h) carbon (IV) oxide, and essential oils isolated from these extracts showed that the studied samples contain n-alkanes, branched alkanes and compounds with oxygen, including phenols with saturated and unsaturated alkyl residues. A comparative analysis of the essential oil obtained by distillation of ginkgo leaves by steam and essential oil obtained from selected extracts was carried out. An interesting fact concerning the essential oil content in the drug determined by direct distillation of drugs by steam and separating the essential oils from extracts also produced by steam distillation. In the other case, by calculation, the obtained essential oil content in the drug is several times higher (4-10 times) of content, determined by an fficinal procedure, in the drug. This phenomenon is explained by introducing the notion of &quot;linked&quot; essential oil and &quot;free&quot; essential oil. The extraction with carbon (IV) oxide under pressure the so called linked essential oil is released from waxes and fatty oils which is reflected in its increased amount in CO₂-extracts. At the end of this dissertation the modeling of the extraction system leaves of <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> - carbon (IV) oxide under pressure was carried out using the model equation of Naik and associates, the modified model equation of Reverchon and Sesti Osseo and also like a frequently used model proposed Sovov&aacute;. The mentioned models can be relatively used to describe the extraction system leaves of <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> - carbon (IV) oxide under pressure. In order to find the most favorable conditions of extraction, the response surface methodology varying extraction parameters was used (pressure, temperature and extraction time). Based on the experimental results a second order polynom for the calculation of the optimum yield of extraction was obtained and the extraction conditions and the mutual influence of some parameters were determined.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">Glavni cilj ove disertacije koji obuhvata dobijanje i hemijsku karakterizaciju ekstrakata i etarskih ulja rtanjskog čaja (Satureja montana L.), bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L.) i korijandera (Coriandrum sativum L.), kao i njihove sme&scaron;e, je određivanje biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti dobijenih ekstrakata u in vitro uslovima pradenjem sposobnosti neutralizacije slobodnih radikala i antiproliferativne aktivnosti.<br />Prvo je izvr&scaron;ena karakterizacija biljnih sirovina (rtanjski čaj, bosiljak i korijander), kao i njihove sme&scaron;e jednakih masenih udela (CBS) u pogledu sadržaja vlage, srednjeg prečnika čestica i sadržaja etarskog ulja. U cilju dobijanja etarskih ulja i ekstrakata iz ispitivanih sirovina su primenjeni hidrodestilacija (konvencionalni postupak) i superkritična ekstrakcija (savremena tehnika). GC-MS analizom je određen kvalitativni sastav i relativni udeo pojedinačnih monoterpenskih ugljovodonika, oksidovanih monoterpena, seskviterpena i ostalih jedinjenja. Dalje je GC-FID analizom kvantitativno određen sadržaj i prinos pojedinačnih terpena (&alpha;-pinen, &beta;-pinen, d-limonen, &gamma;-terpinen, eukaliptol, linalool, kamfor, &alpha;-terpineol, geraniol, metil-havikol, karvakrol i eugenol) i izvr&scaron;eno je poređenje uzoraka dobijenih tradicionalnim i savremenim postupcima.<br />Etarskim uljima i lipofilnim ekstraktima je određena biolo&scaron;ka aktivnost ispitivanjem antioksidativne i antiproliferativne aktivnosti. In vitro anti-oksidativna aktivnost superkritičnih ekstrakata i etarskih ulja je određena DPPH testom, dok je antiproliferativna aktivnost određena u in vitro uslovima na tri linije tumorskih delija (HeLa, MDA-MB-453, K562) i na normalne humane fibroblaste (MRC-5).<br />U cilju boljeg određivanja sličnosti između etarskih ulja i lipofilnih ekstrakata rtanjskog čaja, bosiljka, korijandera i njihove sme&scaron;e (CBS) su primenjene hemometrijska tehnike: analiza glavnih komponenata (Principal component analysis) i hijerarhijska klaster analiza (Hierarchical cluster analysis).</p> / <p>The main aim of this dissertation was recovery and chemical characterization of extracts and essential oils of winter savory (Satureja montana L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), as well as their mixture, and determination biological activity of extracts in in vitro conditions by capacity towards neutralization of free radicals and antiproliferative activity.<br />Plant materials (winter savory, basil and coriander) and their mixture (CBS) were characterized in terms of moisture content, mean particle size and essential oil content. In order to obtain essential oil and extracts from investigated plants, hydrodistillation (conventional procedure) and supercritical fluid extraction (novel technique) were applied. GC-MS analysis was used for determination of qualitative content and relative abundance of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and other volatile compounds. Furthermore, GC-FID analysis was used for quantitative determination of content and yield of terpene compounds (&alpha;-pinene, &beta;-pinene, d-limonene, &gamma;-terpinene, eucalyptol, linalool, camphor, &alpha;-terpineol, geraniol, methyl-chavicol, carvacrol i eugenol) and samples obtained by traditional and novel techniques were compared. Biological potential of essential oil and lipophilic extracts was determined by antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. In vitro antioxidant activity of supercritical extracts and essential oils was determined by DPPH assay, while antiproliferative activity was determined in in vitro conditions on three cancer cell lines (HeLa, MDA-MB-453, K562) and on normal human fibroblasts (MRC-5).<br />Chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) i hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied for better understanding of similarities between essential oils and lipid extracts.</p>

Cette étude a pour objectif la recherche d’huiles et de composés bioactifs dans des graines provenant de la région semi-aride à aride « Regueb » située au centre de la Tunisie. Plusieurs graines sont riches en huiles principalement composées d'acides gras classiques. Des teneurs élevées en acide pétrosélinique, un acide gras inhabituel, ont été détectées chez les espèces appartenant à la famille des Apiaceae, en particulier P. major et P. saxifraga. Les graines de d’Ap. graveolens, An. graveolens, P. saxifraga et L. sativum sont à la fois riches en huiles et en composés phénoliques fonctionnels. L’accumulation de ces composés dans les graines en développement a été étudiée pour P. major, P. saxifraga et L. sativum. Certaines graines contiennent également des huiles essentielles ayant un pouvoir antibactérien comme celles de P. saxifraga, Ap. graveolens et C. sativum qui sont riches en anéthol, dillapiole et linalol. L’huile essentielle des graines de P. saxifraga (PSEO) a été, pour la première fois, testée dans un enrobage comestible à base d’alginate de sodium pour la conservation du fromage frais. Une évaluation de sa toxicité chez les souris a permis la détermination de la plage de doses sans effet nocif. L’enrobage comestible d'alginate de sodium enrichi en PSEO a amélioré la conservation du fromage frais "Sicilien de Bèja" en permettant de préserver le pH et la couleur, de diminuer la péroxydation lipidique et d’améliorer la stabilité bactérienne. L'analyse sensorielle a montré une forte appréciation du fromage enrobé en présence de PSEO. / The aim of this study is to identify bioactive oils and compounds in seeds from the semi-arid to arid region of "Regueb" in central Tunisia. Several species contained high amounts of oil mainly composed of classic fatty acids. High amounts of petroselinic acid, an unusual fatty acid, have been detected in species of the family Apiaceae, in particular P. major and P. saxifraga. The seeds ofAP. graveolens, An. graveolens, P. saxifraga and L. sativum were rich in oil and functional phenolic compounds. The accumulation of these compounds in growing seeds has been studied for P. major, P. saxifraga and L. sativum. Several seed contained essential oils with antibacterial properties such as those of P. saxifraga, AP. graveolens and C. sativum, which contained anethole, dillapiole and linalool. The essential oil of P. saxifraga seeds (PSEO) was, for the first time, tested in an edible coating based on sodium alginate for the preservation of fresh cheese. An evaluation of its toxicity in the mice allowed the determination of the dose range without any harmful effect. The edible coating of sodium alginate enriched with PSEO has improved the preservation of the fresh Sicilian cheese by preserving pH and color, reducing lipid peroxidation and improving bacterial stability. Sensory analysis showed a strong appreciation of coated cheese in presence of PSEO

L’objectif de cette thèse était de réaliser des désodorisants, obtenus à partir de différentes essences naturelles. Ceux-ci doivent être efficaces dans l’amélioration du microclimat des atmosphères de travail. Une étude fondamentale sur l'optimisation de l'extraction des essences naturelles et l'identification des composants de ces essences a été réalisée par GC/MS. Nous avons étudié également les processus de reconnaissance moléculaire entre les composants majoritaires de ces essences et des CDs natives ou modifiées. La stabilité de ces complexes a été mesurée par trois méthodes différentes : l’headspace statique, la spectrophotométrie UV-visible et la microcalorimétrie de titration isotherme. La réalisation d’adsorbants à base de cyclodextrines a été effectuée en utilisant des polymères de cyclodextrine synthétisés à partir de l’épichlorhydrine ainsi que des matériaux hybrides de type CM-β-CD/LDH. L’efficacité des désodorisants obtenus a été évaluée en mesurant la durée de libération des composés odorants. / The objective of this thesis was to develop air fresheners from various natural essences. Those must be efficient in the improvement of working atmosphere microclimate. A fundamental study on the optimization of extraction of natural essences andidentification of components of these essences was performed by GC/MS. We have also studied the process of molecular recognition between the major components of these essences and native or modified CDs. The stability of these complexes was measured by three different methods: static headspace, UV-visible spectrophotometry and isothermal titration microcalorimetry.The realization of adsorbents supports based on cyclodextrins was carried out by using cyclodextrin polymers synthesized from epichlorohydrin and hybrid materials of CM-β-CD/LDH type. The efficiency of air fresheners was evaluated by measuring the release time of odorous compounds.

The goal of this study is to research and substantiate the impact of drying environment on quality preservation in medicinal raw material, i. e. hyssop herb (Hyssopi herba). A complex impact of the drying environment factors (temperature and comparative ventilation intensity) of medicinal raw material, hyssop herb (Hyssopi herba), on the process of kinetics of its drying within a motionless layer, that was not researched until now, was determined. After the analysis of the medicinal raw material drying regularities the change of moisture in the object being dried was modelled. Both the comparative air flow and the dryer parameters impacted moisture exchange processes, drying time and medicinal raw material quality. Through the application of a complex dryer temperature and comparative airflow combination the environment favourable for medicinal raw material quality preservation is created. A close correlation between the mycobiotic contamination of medicinal raw material and the loss of essential oils was determined upon drying Hyssopi herba within a motionless layer. The theoretical fundamentals for designing medicinal raw material conservation technologies were developed. On the basis of the research findings, a pilot technology for medicinal raw material drying within a bulk motionless layer was developed. The technology was introduced in the medicinal raw material drying room of the Full House Community in village (Varėna district). / Darbo tikslas − ištirti ir pagrįsti vaistinės augalinės žaliavos − isopų žolės (Hyssopi herba) džiovinimo aplinkos įtaką kokybės išsaugojimui. Nustatyta iki šiol nenagrinėta kompleksinė džiovinimo aplinkos veiksnių (temperatūros ir lyginamojo ventiliavimo intensyvumo) įtaka vaistinės augalinės žaliavos − isopų žolės (Hyssopi herba) džiovinimo nejudančiame sluoksnyje proceso kinetikai. Išanalizavus vaistinės augalinės žaliavos džiovinimo dėsningumus, modeliuotas džiovinamo objekto drėgnio kitimas. Lyginamasis oro srautas ir džioviklio parametrai įtakojo drėgmės mainų procesus, džiovinimo trukmę ir vaistinės augalinės žaliavos kokybę. Taikant kompleksinį džioviklio temperatūros ir lyginamojo srauto derinį sukuriama vaistinės augalinės žaliavos kokybei išsaugoti tinkama aplinka. Nustatyta, kad džiovinant Hyssopi herba nejudančiame sluoksnyje yra glaudus ryšys tarp vaistinės augalinės žaliavos mikobiotinio užterštumo ir eterinių aliejų praradimo. Sukurti teoriniai pagrindai vaistinės augalinės žaliavos konservavimo technologijų projektavimui. Remiantis atliktais tyrimų rezultatais patobulinta vaistinės augalinės žaliavos storame nejudančiame sluoksnyje džiovinimo technologija, kuri įdiegta Pilnų namų bendruomenės vaistinės augalinės žaliavos džiovykloje, Varėnos r., Panaros k.