Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-07-19T18:24:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 herlon_fernandes_almeida.pdf: 393247 bytes, checksum: f4af98e3905867027f184516dced301d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-07-28T17:44:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 herlon_fernandes_almeida.pdf: 393247 bytes, checksum: f4af98e3905867027f184516dced301d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T17:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 herlon_fernandes_almeida.pdf: 393247 bytes, checksum: f4af98e3905867027f184516dced301d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O est?gio supervisionado ? disciplina obrigat?ria no curr?culo do curso de enfermagem em atendimento ?s normas constantes na Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educa??o Nacional, Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de Enfermagem, dentre outras normatiza??es de ?mbito nacional, estadual e institucional. A efetiva??o desta pr?tica de est?gio ? feita a partir de conv?nios celebrados entre a institui??o de ensino superior e as de sa?de, que recebem os estagi?rios em processo de forma??o nos dois ?ltimos semestres do curso de enfermagem. Neste processo os profissionais que atuam na institui??o de sa?de assumem a fun??o de preceptor, respons?veis por acompanhar, orientar e avaliar os discentes na pr?xis cotidiana do profissional de enfermagem. A contribui??o desses profissionais na constru??o do conhecimento te?rico/pr?tico dos estagi?rios vai tamb?m ao encontro dos preceitos contidos no artigo 6? da lei n? 8080/90 do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (SUS). Durante o processo de est?gio, o docente, titular da disciplina ? o correspons?vel pelo acompanhamento, avalia??o e orienta??o das a??es desenvolvidas pelos alunos, conforme plano de ensino e projeto de est?gio. Com base na experi?ncia adquirida quando na fun??o de professor substituto do curso de enfermagem atuando em campos de est?gio, portanto, conhecedor da proposta institucional de ensino e das situa??es vivenciadas pelos enfermeiros preceptores no momento de realiza??o da pr?tica, ? que foi proposta a realiza??o desta pesquisa, que teve como objetivo principal estudar a compreens?o dos enfermeiros que atuam como preceptores de est?gio sobre o ser preceptor e suas contribui??es para a forma??o dos discentes deste curso. Trata-se de um estudo explorat?rio/descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando como instrumento de coleta entrevistas semiestruturadas. O quantitativo dos entrevistados foi limitado conforme os crit?rios de inclus?o e de satura??o e os dados analisados por meio da an?lise de conte?do de Bardin. Como resultados, foram identificadas tr?s categorias de an?lise: est?gio supervisionado e suas contribui??es, o ser preceptor na forma??o acad?mica e integra??o academia e servi?o de sa?de. Foi poss?vel com o estudo entender a compreens?o dos enfermeiros sobre o ser preceptor, a rela??o entre os profissionais das institui??es - a proponente e a parceira no desenvolvimento do est?gio supervisionado e revelar processos que podem ser alterados para que haja uma melhora no desenvolvimento do est?gio supervisionado. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ensino em Sa?de, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The supervised training is a compulsory subject in nursing course curriculum in compliance with the provisions contained in the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education, National Curriculum Guidelines for Nursing, among others under standardizations national, state and institutional. The completion of this stage of practice is made from agreements entered into between the institution of higher education and health, receiving trainees who are in process of formation in the last two semesters of the nursing course. In this process, the professionals working in the health institution take the preceptor role, responsible for monitoring, guide and assess students in everyday practice of professional nursing. The contribution of these professionals in the construction of the theoretical / practical knowledge of the trainees will also meet the provisions contained in Article 6 of Law No. 8080/90 of the Unified Health System (SUS). During the training process, the teacher holder of the discipline is co-responsible for monitoring, evaluation and orientation of the actions developed by the students as teaching plan and stage design. Based on the experience gained when the teacher function replacement of the nursing course acting in stage fields, so connoisseur of institutional proposal of teaching and the situations experienced by the preceptors nurses at the time of completion of the practice is that it was proposed to carry out this research that aimed to study the understanding of nurses who act as preceptors stage about being preceptor and his contributions to the formation of the students of this course. This is an exploratory / descriptive study of qualitative approach, using as a collection tool semi-structured interviews. The amount of respondents was limited as the inclusion criteria and saturation and the data analyzed by the Bardin content analysis. As a result, three analytical categories were identified: supervised training and their contributions, the preceptor be in academic training and integration academia and the health service. It was possible to study to understand nurses' understanding about being preceptor, the relationship between the professionals of the institutions - the applicant and partner in the development of supervised training and reveal processes that can be changed so that there is an improvement in the development of supervised training.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-17. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:48:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000846655.pdf: 1588788 bytes, checksum: ca68d5412270b7e10f44b091129d9d94 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / D. melanogaster e D. simulans são espécies irmãs nativas da África tropical que divergiram de um ancestral comum a cerca de dois Myr. Estas espécies têm sido comparadas em vários traços, incluindo a morfologia, fisiologia, comportamento sexual, aloenzimas e outras proteínas, inversões cromossômicas, DNA nuclear e mitocondrial, elementos transponíveis, infecção por Wolbachia entre outros. Entretanto, estudos em populações da América do Sul, inclusive do Brasil, são escassos. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi comparar linhagens geográficas de D. melanogaster e D. simulans do Brasil, África e França, quanto à suscetibilidade ao inseticida DDT, ao padrão de beta e alfa esterases, principalmente em relação à frequência do polimorfismo da esterase- 6 em indivíduos fenotipados como resistentes e suscetíveis, e a atividade da glutationa S-transferase. Ambas as espécies mostraram uma ampla variabilidade nos valores da CL50 obtidos. Os maiores valores foram observados nas linhagens africanas de D. melanogaster e D. simulans, TANA (447,89 μg/mL), e TANA-4 (920 μg/mL). A linhagem Canton-S de D. melanogaster foi a que apresentou o menor valor de CL50 = 2,99 μg/mL. Comparando as populações de mesma localidade de ambas as espécies verifica-se que as linhagens de D. melanogaster mostraram valores de CL50 maiores que os de D. simulans, com exceção da linhagem FLO onde D. simulans apresentou um valor de CL50 (94,60) ligeiramente superior ao de D. melanogaster (81,82). Foram analisadas duas bandas α-esterásicas, denominadas de α-1 e α-2, sendo que a banda α-2 foi observada em 100% de todos os indivíduos analisados de ambas as espécies. Os dados mostram maior variabilidade genética para D. melanogaster em relação à resistência ao DDT, alta resistência para as linhagens africanas de ambas as espécies, indicando que estas populações continuam sendo selecionadas por este... / D. melanogaster and D. simulans are sister species native to tropical Africa which diverged from a common ancestor about two Myr. These species have been compared in several traits, including morphology, physiology, sexual behavior, allozymes and other proteins, chromosomal inversions, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, transposable elements, Wolbachia infection among others. However, studies in populations of South America, including Brazil, are scarce. The main objective of the study was to compare geographic strains of D. melanogaster and D. simulans from Brazil, Africa and France, for susceptibility to the insecticide DDT, the pattern of α and β esterases, especially in relation to the frequency of the polymorphism of esterase-6 in individuals phenotyped as resistant and susceptible, and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase . Both species showed a wide variability in LC50 values obtained. The highest values were observed in African strains of D. melanogaster and D. simulans, TANA (447.89 mg / mL), and TANA-4 (920 / mL). The Canton-S strain of D. melanogaster was the one with the lowest LC50 = 2.99 mg / mL. Comparing populations from the same location of both species the strains of D. melanogaster showed LC50 values larger than D. simulans, except FLO D. simulans strain had a LC50 (94.60) slightly higher than D. melanogaster (81.82). We analyzed two bands α-esterases, which we call α-1 and α-2, and the band α-2 was observed in 100% of all individuals analyzed in both species. The data show greater genetic variability for D. melanogaster for resistance to DDT, high resistance to African strains of both species, indicating that these populations continue to be selected by this or another insecticide, the lack of a cline for the F and S alleles in strains of both species, suggest that treatment with DDT may have selected individuals heterozygous for some strains, which may have masked the...

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-12T18:21:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelloHenriqueMedeirosDePaiva_DISSERT.pdf: 132972 bytes, checksum: 470d500f580390de8bd49a03e462e9fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monica Paiva (monicalpaiva@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-12T18:39:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelloHenriqueMedeirosDePaiva_DISSERT.pdf: 132972 bytes, checksum: 470d500f580390de8bd49a03e462e9fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T18:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelloHenriqueMedeirosDePaiva_DISSERT.pdf: 132972 bytes, checksum: 470d500f580390de8bd49a03e462e9fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Para Plotino, a filosofia n?o se encontra somente na linguagem discursiva, ela tamb?m se faz presente no cotidiano e o seu objetivo ? elevar a alma do homem. Seguindo o pensamento do fil?sofo, este trabalho tem como intento dissertar sobre a est?tica de Plotino como a possibilidade de ascens?o para o Uno. Um caminho que se deixa compreender a partir do entendimento de temas inerentes a nossa pesquisa, como: a pergunta sobre como do Uno surge o m?ltiplo; a rela??o entre alma e liberdade; a ideia de contempla??o e, ainda, o discurso da ?tica. / Para Plotino, a filosofia n?o se encontra somente na linguagem discursiva, ela tamb?m se faz presente no cotidiano e o seu objetivo ? elevar a alma do homem. Seguindo o pensamento do fil?sofo, este trabalho tem como intento dissertar sobre a est?tica de Plotino como a possibilidade de ascens?o para o Uno. Um caminho que se deixa compreender a partir do entendimento de temas inerentes a nossa pesquisa, como: a pergunta sobre como do Uno surge o m?ltiplo; a rela??o entre alma e liberdade; a ideia de contempla??o e, ainda, o discurso da ?tica.

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-07-13T19:18:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marcicleide Lima do Espirito Santo.pdf: 7339955 bytes, checksum: 22519cc9c5e5f14e2991f1e20ddb938f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-15T18:14:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marcicleide Lima do Espirito Santo.pdf: 7339955 bytes, checksum: 22519cc9c5e5f14e2991f1e20ddb938f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-15T18:19:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marcicleide Lima do Espirito Santo.pdf: 7339955 bytes, checksum: 22519cc9c5e5f14e2991f1e20ddb938f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T18:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marcicleide Lima do Espirito Santo.pdf: 7339955 bytes, checksum: 22519cc9c5e5f14e2991f1e20ddb938f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-22 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) is a native sort of the Amazonian region, whose fruit presents elevated content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The study of the functional genome in camu-camu fruits has like base the expressed sequence tags sequencing - ESTs. Faced with the displayed the present thesis is going to analyze and identify express genes in camu-camu fruits by means of ESTs sequencing. The total RNA was extracted from the shell-pulp. The extremity 5’sequencing' of cDNA insert was carried out so much in the Technology of the DNA Laboratory (UFAM) and in the Sequencing Platform (EMBRAPA/CENARGEN). The ESTs sequences obtained were submitted to the System Genome, program of genomic annotation that integrates analysis management programs and viewing of nucleotides sequences. It developed an efficient procedure for total RNA extraction of camu-camu fruits that enabled the obtaining of mRNAs of quality, utilized in the making of cDNAs of sizes varied (500pb to 4Kb). From the sequencing were obtained 3196 ESTs valid, being formed 1546 singletons and 358 contigs, resulting of 2586 ESTs sequences in total with similarity the sequences found in the gene bank. The analysis library clusterization revealed an index of 81% novelty and 32,54% redundancy. Around 90% of the contigs presented decrease redundancy (2-4 reads by contigs). The facts of the categorization of the proteins identified detached the posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones (13,2%) category. From the hoist of the species with bigger number of ESTs with similarity the camu-camu sequences detached itself Arabidopsis thaliana with 49%. Around 10 uniques presented very high similarity (and-value 0.0) to known genes. The ESTs more abundantly express in camu-camu fruits encode to gluthatione s-transferase. They were observed around 3% sequences (97 ESTs) with decrease similarity (e-value > e-10) and 15% did not they present similarity with no contained sequence in the gene bank. They were identified 138 ESTs sequences (4,3%) that they encode molecular chaperones with prevalence of the sHSP family that represents 33% of express chaperones. ESTs related to the ascorbic acid metabolism also were identified, being nine related the synthesis and six come back for ascorbic acid conversion and recycling. ESTs related to the ripening and mechanisms of defense of the fruit also were noticeable. / O camu-camu (Myrciaria dúbia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) é uma espécie nativa da região Amazônica, cujo fruto apresenta elevado teor de ácido ascórbico (vitamina C). O estudo do genoma funcional em frutos de camu-camu tem como base o seqüenciamento de fragmentos de seqüências expressas - ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags). Diante do exposto a presente tese pretende analisar e identificar genes expressos em frutos de camu-camu por meio de seqüenciamento de ESTs. O RNA total foi extraído a partir da casca-polpa. O seqüenciamento da extremidade 5’ de insertos de cDNA foi realizado tanto no Laboratório de Tecnologia do DNA da UFAM e como na Plataforma de Seqüenciamento da EMBRAPA/CENARGEN. As seqüências ESTs obtidas foram submetidas ao Sistema Genoma, programa de anotação genômica que integra programas de gerenciamento de análise e visualização de seqüências nucleotídicas. Os resultados obtidos foram o desenvolvimento de um procedimento eficiente para extração de RNA total de frutos de camu-camu que possibilitou a obtenção de mRNAs de qualidade, utilizados na confecção de cDNAs de tamanhos variados (500pb a 4Kb). A partir do seqüenciamento foram obtidas 3196 ESTs válidas, sendo formados 1546 singletons e 358 contigs, resultando num total de 2586 seqüências ESTs com similaridade a seqüências encontradas no banco de genes. A análise da clusterização da biblioteca revelou um índice de 81% de novidade e 33% de redundância. Cerca de 90% dos contigs apresentaram baixa redundância (2-4 reads por contigs). Os dados da categorização das proteínas identificadas destacaram a categoria modificação pós-traducional, proteína turnover, chaperonas (13,2%). A partir do levantamento das espécies com maior número de ESTs com similaridade a seqüências de camu-camu destacou-se Arabidopsis thaliana com 49%. Cerca de 10 uniques apresentaram altíssima similaridade (e-value 0.0) a genes conhecidos. Os ESTs mais abundantemente expresso em frutos de camu-camu codificam a glutationa s-transferase. Foram observados cerca de 3% de seqüências (97 ESTs) com baixa similaridade (e-value > e-1010) e 15% não apresentaram similaridade com nenhuma seqüência contida no banco de genes. Foram identificadas 138 seqüências ESTs (4,3%) que codificam chaperonas moleculares com destaque à família sHSP que representa 33% das chaperonas expressas. ESTs relacionados ao metabolismo do ácido ascórbico também foram identificados, sendo nove relacionados a síntese e seis voltados para conversão e reciclagem do ácido ascórbico. ESTs relacionados ao amadurecimento e mecanismos de defesa do fruto também foram destacados.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3643_1.pdf: 2694138 bytes, checksum: 794a94d7f15d2fde9b79a3808d3c4fc6 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A fixação biológica de nitrogênio tem sido um dos principais focos de interesse no que se refere à nutrição mineral vegetal, sendo explorada na agricultura como uma fonte ecologicamente benigna de nitrogênio, além de reduzir o uso de fertilizantes químicos, que aumentam o custo da produção e causam danos ao meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, destacase a relação simbiótica entre bactérias da família Rhizobiaceae e raízes de leguminosas que permitem à planta, através dos nódulos radiculares, a absorção do nitrogênio fornecida pela bactéria, enquanto esta faz uso dos fotossintatos e de um ambiente microaeróbico fornecido pela planta. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo identificar, através de ferramentas computacionais, seqüências dos genes que participam da fixação de nitrogênio (NORK, DMI3, NIN, NSP1, Anexina, CCS52a, ENOD40, ENOD8, NOD26, DMT1, NOD70, Glutamina sintase, Leghemoglobina, NOD35 e Sucrose sintase) nos transcriptomas de Vigna unguiculata e de Saccharum officinarum. Foi possível a identificação de 263 ortólogos às nodulinas estudadas no transcriptoma do feijão-caupi, com destaque para as Leghemoglobinas que corresponderam a 95% dos clusters identificados. Com relação aos genes estudados na cana-de-açúcar, foram observados 195 clusters ortólogos, apresentando em sua maioria uma alta similaridade com nodulinas de outras monocotiledôneas. De uma forma geral, o estudo pôde constatar a presença das nodulinas em todos os tecidos analisados, com diferentes níveis de expressão. A maioria dos transcritos se encontrava nas bibliotecas de folhas infectadas e de raiz sob estresse salino no caso do caupi e em flores e raízes no caso da cana. Quando analisadas através de alinhamentos múltiplos, as nodulinas oriundas de diferentes organismos e aquelas encontradas no caupi apresentaram maior semelhança entre espécies pertencentes à mesma classe. Com relação às Angiospermas em geral, a família Fabaceae foi separada do restante, confirmando a função divergente e especifica destes genes no grupo. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem o envolvimento das nodulinas em vias amplamente conservadas do desenvolvimento vegetal, confirmando o papel multifuncional desses genes além da interação benéfica com microorganismos. De uma forma geral, esse trabalho tem potencial para colaborar com o desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares para o melhoramento das espécies estudadas, assim como para o entendimento da abundância, diversidade e evolução destes genes. O estudo pode ainda fornecer meios de elucidar os mecanismos envolvendo esses genes em outras vias, que não a de fixação, promovendo não só o controle adicional desses processos, como também uma possível expansão dessa vantajosa relação para plantas nãoleguminosas de importância econômica

L’œuvre qui fait l’objet du présent mémoire est La traduction est une histoire d’amour de Jacques Poulin. Le mémoire est divisé en deux parties. La première partie est elle-même divisée en trois sections. La première section présente de manière générale l’auteur et l’œuvre. La deuxième section présente les problématiques concernant la traduction d’une œuvre québécoise en Italie. On y trouve une analyse de la littérature québécoise et de son accueil dans une culture différente. Dans la même section, on présente l’approche traductive dans sa dimension théorique en analysant deux œuvres importantes : Dire presque la même chose d’Umberto Eco et La traduction et la lettre ou l’auberge du lointain d’Antoine Berman. Ces œuvres sont importantes pour le mémoire car ces deux auteurs présentent deux approches différentes mais en même temps connexes et d’une certaine façon complémentaires. Le parti pris du présent mémoire est de trouver une voie entre les deux. Dans la même section, on analyse les idées sur la traduction exprimées par Poulin et la figure du traducteur dans ses œuvres. Dans la troisième section, se trouve la présentation de la méthodologie. Dans cette section, on traite des difficultés propres au transfert linguistique et culturel de La traduction est une histoire d’amour. En connexion avec ces dernières, on analyse le style de Poulin et les thématiques dans ses œuvres. Cette section est très importante car on explique les choix faits dans la traduction de l’œuvre. La deuxième partie du mémoire est constituée de la traduction au complet de La traduction est une histoire d’amour de Jacques Poulin. / Abstract : The novel at the center of this M.A. thesis is La traduction est une histoire d’amour, by Jacques Poulin. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part is divided into three sections. The first section gives a general presentation of the author and his work. The second section presents the difficulties connected to the translation of a Québécois work in the Italian culture. There is an analysis of that literature as it is transferred into a different culture, in this case the Italian one. In the same section is presented the translation approach in its theoretical dimension; two important works are analyzed: Dire presque la même chose by Umberto Eco and La traduction et la lettre ou l’auberge du lointain by Antoine Berman. Both works are important for the thesis because the authors present two different translation approaches but at the same time their ideas are connected and, in a certain way, complement one another. This M.A. thesis aims to find the middle ground between these two approaches. In the same section are also presented Poulin’s ideas about translation and the translator figure in his work. The third section deals with the methodology. In this section is presented the analysis of difficulties concerning the linguistic and cultural transfer of La traduction est une histoire d’amour. Connected to these, one finds the analysis of Poulin’s style and themes present in his works. This section is very important because I explain the choices made concerning the translation. The second part of the thesis is comprised of the complete translation of Jacques Poulin’s La traduction est une histoire d’amour.

Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are integral to our lives. Grapefruits are well-known for production of unique glucosylated products and the enzymes responsible are UDP-glucose:glucosyltransferases (GTs). The objective of this research was to obtain full-length clones of putative grapefruit GTs, express them, and characterize them. Previously, gene specific primers (from conserved PSPG box) and clone specific primers (from partial 5' clones) were designed, and a compiled sequence attained using SMART RACE RT-PCR. A full-length clone was obtained using primers designed from the extreme ends of the compiled sequence. The full-length clone was inserted into expression vector (pET32a) and transformed into expression host BL21(DE3)RIL. Expressed protein was tested for GT activity using different flavonoid aglycones and UDP-14C-glucose as glucose donor. Results indicated that the expressed protein was probably not a flavonoid GT. A directionally cloned grapefruit leaf cDNA library is undergoing EST mining to identify additional GT candidates.

No description available.

Une des difficultés majeures de la biologie des invasions est de prédire l'effet des interactions entre les espèces exotiques et natives à tous les échelons de l'écosystème, tant au niveau écologique qu'évolutif. Dans les cours d'eau du Québec (Canada), la truite arcen-ciel {Oncorhynchus mykiss) a été introduite pour satisfaire une demande halieutique et aquacole. Elle interagit avec une espèce native à caractère économique, le saumon Atlantique (Salmo salar). Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier les interactions entre ces deux espèces dans un contexte écosystémique intégré et d'en évaluer les conséquences écologiques et évolutives chez l'espèce native. Des mesures d'utilisation d'habitat ont montré que les deux espèces coexistaient spatialement dans la rivière Malbaie au stade alevin. En milieu semi-naturel, nous avons mis en évidence une compétition par interférence imposée par les alevins de truites, qui forçait les jeunes saumons à être plus actifs pendant le jour. Cet effet persistait lorsque les saumons étaient soumis à un risque de prédation par des adultes de truites arc-en-ciel (piscivores). En conséquence, la présence de jeunes truites augmente les risques de prédation des alevins de saumons (le jour étant une période particulièrement critique en terme de risque de prédation). De plus, nous avons démontré que l'introduction de truites juvéniles et/ou adultes ne modifiait pas les relations trophiques entre les saumons, les invertébrés brouteurs et le périphyton. Ce sont la vitesse de courant et les effets bottom-up qui modulent cette chaîne trophique, limitant ainsi les effets indirects de l'espèce exotique sur l'écosystème. En laboratoire, la compétition affectait les liens de dominance au sein des groupes de saumons ainsi que les relations croissance-comportements, suggérant ainsi que la truite arc-en-ciel pourrait potentiellement modifier les pressions de sélection naturelle. Finalement, malgré les effets importants de la truite, les relations hétérozygotie - fitness présentes chez les alevins de saumons Atlantique ne sont pas affectées par la compétition. Pour conclure, la présence de truites arc-en-ciel pourrait entraîner des conséquences écologiques et évolutives chez l'espèce native. Au niveau écosystémique, les impacts de l'espèce exotique étaient mineurs, probablement en raison des particularités abiotiques de la rivière Malbaie. / One of the major difficulties in studying biological invasions is to accurately predict both the ecological and the evolutionary consequences of interaction between exotic and native species. In the Province of Québec (Canada), rainbow trout {Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been introduced in several watersheds for sport fishing and fisheries purposes. This species interacts with an economically important native species, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The goal of this thesis was to study biotic interactions between both species within an ecosystemic framework and to evaluate the ecological and evolutionary consequences of rainbow trout on Atlantic salmon. In Malbaie River, habitat measurements showed that the juveniles of these two species display important spatial niche overlap. In a semi-natural experiment, we demonstrated that the competition by interference imposed by juvenile rainbow trout forced juvenile Altantic salmon to be more active during daytime. This effect was persistent even if juvenile salmon were simultaneously exposed to predatory cues emited by piscivorous adult rainbow trout. By consequence, juvenile Atlantic salmon were more prone to be predated upon when they are in the presence of juvenile rainbow trout (daytime is considered as a critical period enhancing the risk of being preyed upon). Moreover, we showed that the introduction of juvenile and/or adult rainbow trout did not modify trophic relationships between salmon, aquatic invertebrates and periphyton. The water velocity and bottom-up processes shaped such trophic relationships, thus limiting the indirect effects of the exotic species on ecosystem functioning. In the laboratory, we demonstrated that competition with the rainbow trout disrupted the dominance hierarchies within a group of salmon and the relationships between growth and several behaviours. These results suggest that rainbow trout may potentially modify natural selective pressure. Finally, in spite of significant effects of rainbow trout on salmon behaviours, the relationships between heterozygosity and fitness we found in juveniles Atlantic salmon were not affected by competitive interactions between species. To conclude, the presence of rainbow trout could have ecological and evolutionary consequences on population of Atlantic salmon. At the ecosystem level, the impacts of the exotic species were low, probably resulting from abiotic particularity of the River Malbaie.

Dans une perspective post-structurale qui s’inscrit dans le courant de l’anthropologie historique, cette thèse décrit le phénomène d’ethnicisation récente de groupes qui se désignent comme métis dans l’est du Canada. Le but est de comprendre cet événement en l’abordant en tant que processus culturel et en le qualifiant de culturalisme. L’analyse s’appuie principalement sur des entrevues menées dans plusieurs régions du Canada auprès d’individus d’origine canadienne-française qui affirment leur héritage autochtone. L’organisation politique des Métis de l’Est constatée au cours de ces dernières décennies engendre une confrontation de perspectives avec l’ordre socioculturel dominant. Les autorités canadiennes expriment en effet de sérieuses réserves quant à cette demande de reconnaissance qui se fait de plus en plus insistante. Plutôt que de s’en tenir à cette dimension politicojuridique du phénomène, la thèse montre qu’il existe de part et d’autre de cette dialectique complexe des résistances culturelles, des logiques, des visions du monde et des mémoires collectives difficilement compatibles. Cette thèse s’arrête tout particulièrement sur les préoccupations des Métis pour la continuité culturelle, notamment en ce qui concerne l’approvisionnement de gibier et de poisson à des fins alimentaires. Ceux-ci ont conscience que des aspects considérés comme centraux de leur héritage culturel sont aujourd’hui menacés, tout particulièrement dans le contexte du développement du capitalisme et de ses répercussions sur la scène sociopolitique. Ils font appel à leur mémoire et expriment leur conscience collectivement partagée du changement, d’une altération de leurs spécificités qui représente la raison culturelle de leur affirmation ethnique. Par son approche comparative et multisituée, mais aussi par l’utilisation de données de terrain encore peu exploitées en études métisses dans l’est du Canada, la thèse répond d’une manière inédite à ce phénomène d’ethnicisation. La perspective post-structurale adoptée est susceptible de permettre une meilleure compréhension des enjeux et des défis qui se profilent depuis la fin du XIXe siècle pour les Métis de l’Est. J’entends vérifier si le culturalisme des Métis représente le moment d’une action collective culturellement spécifique face à des événements singuliers. / Adopting a post-structuralist perspective in line with historical anthropology, this thesis examines the recent ethnicisation phenomenon involving groups from eastern Canada who designate themselves as “Métis”. The aim is to make sense of this event by considering it as a cultural process identified as “culturalism”. The study relies mainly on interviews conducted in various regions of Canada with individuals of French-Canadian descent who emphasize their native ancestry. Eastern Métis have started getting organized on the political scene within the last decades, and this has caused their perspectives to confront those of the dominant socio-cultural order. Indeed, the Canadian authorities express some serious reservations about this increasingly pressing call for recognition. Rather than considering solely the political and legal dimensions of this phenomenon, this research unveils cultural resistances as well as conflicting logics, world views and collective memories found on both sides of this complex dialectics. This thesis focuses on the study of the concerns of the Métis with regards to cultural continuity, especially when it comes to providing game and fish for food purposes. They are aware that certain essential aspects of their cultural heritage are now threatened, especially in a context of capitalist development that impacts on the sociopolitical scene. The Métis call upon their memory and express their collective awareness of change which they view as a modification of their specificities and that is in fact the cultural cause for their efforts towards ethnicity. Using a comparative and multi-sited approach as well as fieldwork data seldom exploited in eastern Canada Métis studies, this research sheds a new light on the phenomenon of ethnicisation. The post-structural perspective adopted here is meant to allow a better comprehension of the issues and challenges that eastern Métis have been confronted to since the nineteenth century. I discuss the way Métis culturalism can be considered as the moment when culturally specific collective action arises, in the face of particular events.