The compatibility of on-site consumption alcohol outlets as land use is predicted by the acceptance level of the utility or disutility they enjoy amongst residents in a neighbourhood. The density of alcohol outlets is argued in literature as correlating to the significant positive rate of amenity effects that include property crime, alcohol related arrests, drunk-driving, fatal and severe alcohol-induced accidents, violence and assault amongst many others. The problems associated with on-site consumption alcohol outlets have been insistently brought to the attention of the Umjindi Local Municipality in the Ehlanzeni District area in Mpumalanga Province by the residents of the Emjindini neighbourhood. The study is based on the hypothesis that the high density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets contributes to the incompatibility of such outlets with residential areas. In addressing the research sub-questions and validating the research hypothesis, the study adopted various methods (including land use surveys, interviews, administration of questionnaires, literature review and document review) for the collection, analysis, interpretation and discussion of data. The study reveals that the higher density of alcohol consumption outlets is significant in areas of low socioeconomic status. The Emjindini Townships are located with the density of 1 on-site consumption alcohol outlet per 263 people. Liquor legislation in South Africa leaves a lot to be desired in its guidelines for alcohol outlet density, public participation, location radius and local authority involvement. In addition, our findings showed that the significantly unacceptable level of impact thereof is experienced especially in the night, in areas characterised by the high density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets. The on-site consumption alcohol outlets are seen as compatible land uses in residential areas for the reason that, the unacceptable level of impact is insignificant during the day. The adoption of preferred and practical guidelines related to the locality and density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets, compatibility performance standards and public participation are recommended for policy and practice. The amendment to the liquor law is subsequently proposed in this study. / M.U.R.D.P. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2014.

The South African hospitality industry, and more specifically the accommodation sector, is a booming industry within South African Tourism. Annually thousands of tourists, nationally and internationally, come to stay in accommodation establishments which offer a variety of services to guests (South Africa, 2009:499). What differentiates one accommodation establishment from another is the type and quality of service offered to guests. This service offered to guests can only be generated by manual labour, namely by employees. Front Office Employees in particular have direct and continual interaction with guests; Front Office Employees deliver the services required by guests and ultimately determine the satisfaction experienced by guests. A well–known saying goes "Happy workers make happy customers". The core of this saying is therefore that Front Office Employees, who experience a Quality of Work Life, will ultimately deliver exceptional service and lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive and more profitable. Quality of Work Life comprises a variety of life domains which need to be satisfied and fulfilled to result in an employer being happy. These life domains include Health and safety, Economic and family issues, Social issues, Esteem issues, Actualisation issues, Knowledge issues, Creativity and aesthetic issues, Feelings about the establishment, Management and Leisure issues. Satisfaction with these various life domains will therefore lead to a good Quality of Work Life and overall good Quality of Life being experienced. However, few studies have been conducted on the Quality of Work Life experienced within accommodation establishments and more specifically that of Front Office Employees. When employees experience a good Quality of Work Life, the accommodation establishment can expect various long–term advantages, such as higher employee productivity, lower turnover and absenteeism, increased loyalty and commitment towards the establishment and increased overall profitability. Hence in order to ensure accommodation establishments deliver excellent quality service to their guests and fulfil their needs entirely, it is essential to better understand the Front Office Employees who directly deal with the guests. This understanding can be gained by obtaining a clearer understanding of how Front Office Employees experience Quality of Work Life and the various life domains they are not satisfied with. By developing an in–depth knowledge of the Front Office Employee and how satisfied they are with their Quality of Work Life, greater satisfaction can be ensured, which will ultimately lead to the accommodation establishment being more productive and more profitable. The main goal of this study was to determine whether Front Office Employees are satisfied with their overall Quality of Work Life. In order to achieve this goal, the study comprises two articles. The research underpinning both of the articles was conducted at a specific South African resort group in June 2009 and a specific hotel group of South Africa in March 2010. A self–administrated questionnaire was distributed to the various units, according to an availability sampling method which focuses on respondents available and willing to fill in the questionnaire. A total of two hundred and ninety two (292) questionnaires were completed during the survey. From these questionnaires, data were obtained and results analysed. The first article was titled "Quality of Work Life: a comparative study of a resort group and hotel group Front Office Employees". The main purpose of this article was to determine whether Front Office Employees in the hotel group experience the same degree of Quality of Work Life as the resort group Front Office Employees. This article highlighted the importance of Front Office Employees, since they are the first and continual contact guests have with an accommodation establishment. These Front Office Employees therefore determine the type of service experienced by guests and the satisfaction they derive from it. In order for Front Office Employees to deliver quality service, the Front Office Employees should experience a Quality of Work Life. To achieve the objectives of this article, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was first done to confirm the various life domains of Quality of Work Life as well as the various mean readings for each life domain. In addition to this, an independent t–test was performed to compare the Front Office Employees of the hotel group, with the resort group Front Office Employees with regard to how they experience their Quality of Work Life. The practical significance of the various life domains was determined in practice, by looking at the Cohen d–value. By means of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis it was determined that each life domain consisted of certain factors, ultimately leading to the concept of Quality of Work Life. With the comparison drawn between the hotel group Front Office Employees and the resort group Front Office Employees can it be accepted that the hotel group Front Office Employees are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the resort group Front Office Employees. The life domains identified as having a practical visible difference effect in practice were determined. These results can therefore be utilized by human resource managers in accommodation establishments as areas on which to focus in order to improve the Quality of Work Life offered to Front Office Employees and thus the quality of service rendered to guests, which would then inevitably have an impact on the profitability of the establishment. The second article was titled "The effect of leisure life of hotel group Front Office Employees on their Quality of Work Life." The main purpose of this article was to determine the overall effect of leisure life, which is classified as one of the life domains of Quality of Work Life, on the various other life domains of Quality of Work Life. The life domain Leisure life had two factors which were identified by a confirmatory factor analysis. Once the factors had been confirmed, the relationship between Leisure life and the various other life domains were determined. The results of this research revealed that there is a relationship between leisure life and the other various life domains constituting Quality of Work Life. Hence the results are imperative for human resource managers of accommodation establishments, as the importance of leisure in Front Office Employees' lives as well as the various other life domains on which it has an impact have been indicated. Overall, the research revealed that Front Office Employees of the hotel group are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the Front Office Employees of the resort group. Furthermore, the importance of Front Office Employees' leisure life was indicated by the relationship it has with the various other life domains, ultimately leading to a Quality of Work Life. This newly obtained knowledge of Front Office Employees of accommodation establishments can be applied by human resource managers in an effort to ensure that these employees experience a good Quality of Work Life which will lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive, efficient and profitable due to happier employees. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The South African hospitality industry, and more specifically the accommodation sector, is a booming industry within South African Tourism. Annually thousands of tourists, nationally and internationally, come to stay in accommodation establishments which offer a variety of services to guests (South Africa, 2009:499). What differentiates one accommodation establishment from another is the type and quality of service offered to guests. This service offered to guests can only be generated by manual labour, namely by employees. Front Office Employees in particular have direct and continual interaction with guests; Front Office Employees deliver the services required by guests and ultimately determine the satisfaction experienced by guests. A well–known saying goes "Happy workers make happy customers". The core of this saying is therefore that Front Office Employees, who experience a Quality of Work Life, will ultimately deliver exceptional service and lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive and more profitable. Quality of Work Life comprises a variety of life domains which need to be satisfied and fulfilled to result in an employer being happy. These life domains include Health and safety, Economic and family issues, Social issues, Esteem issues, Actualisation issues, Knowledge issues, Creativity and aesthetic issues, Feelings about the establishment, Management and Leisure issues. Satisfaction with these various life domains will therefore lead to a good Quality of Work Life and overall good Quality of Life being experienced. However, few studies have been conducted on the Quality of Work Life experienced within accommodation establishments and more specifically that of Front Office Employees. When employees experience a good Quality of Work Life, the accommodation establishment can expect various long–term advantages, such as higher employee productivity, lower turnover and absenteeism, increased loyalty and commitment towards the establishment and increased overall profitability. Hence in order to ensure accommodation establishments deliver excellent quality service to their guests and fulfil their needs entirely, it is essential to better understand the Front Office Employees who directly deal with the guests. This understanding can be gained by obtaining a clearer understanding of how Front Office Employees experience Quality of Work Life and the various life domains they are not satisfied with. By developing an in–depth knowledge of the Front Office Employee and how satisfied they are with their Quality of Work Life, greater satisfaction can be ensured, which will ultimately lead to the accommodation establishment being more productive and more profitable. The main goal of this study was to determine whether Front Office Employees are satisfied with their overall Quality of Work Life. In order to achieve this goal, the study comprises two articles. The research underpinning both of the articles was conducted at a specific South African resort group in June 2009 and a specific hotel group of South Africa in March 2010. A self–administrated questionnaire was distributed to the various units, according to an availability sampling method which focuses on respondents available and willing to fill in the questionnaire. A total of two hundred and ninety two (292) questionnaires were completed during the survey. From these questionnaires, data were obtained and results analysed. The first article was titled "Quality of Work Life: a comparative study of a resort group and hotel group Front Office Employees". The main purpose of this article was to determine whether Front Office Employees in the hotel group experience the same degree of Quality of Work Life as the resort group Front Office Employees. This article highlighted the importance of Front Office Employees, since they are the first and continual contact guests have with an accommodation establishment. These Front Office Employees therefore determine the type of service experienced by guests and the satisfaction they derive from it. In order for Front Office Employees to deliver quality service, the Front Office Employees should experience a Quality of Work Life. To achieve the objectives of this article, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was first done to confirm the various life domains of Quality of Work Life as well as the various mean readings for each life domain. In addition to this, an independent t–test was performed to compare the Front Office Employees of the hotel group, with the resort group Front Office Employees with regard to how they experience their Quality of Work Life. The practical significance of the various life domains was determined in practice, by looking at the Cohen d–value. By means of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis it was determined that each life domain consisted of certain factors, ultimately leading to the concept of Quality of Work Life. With the comparison drawn between the hotel group Front Office Employees and the resort group Front Office Employees can it be accepted that the hotel group Front Office Employees are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the resort group Front Office Employees. The life domains identified as having a practical visible difference effect in practice were determined. These results can therefore be utilized by human resource managers in accommodation establishments as areas on which to focus in order to improve the Quality of Work Life offered to Front Office Employees and thus the quality of service rendered to guests, which would then inevitably have an impact on the profitability of the establishment. The second article was titled "The effect of leisure life of hotel group Front Office Employees on their Quality of Work Life." The main purpose of this article was to determine the overall effect of leisure life, which is classified as one of the life domains of Quality of Work Life, on the various other life domains of Quality of Work Life. The life domain Leisure life had two factors which were identified by a confirmatory factor analysis. Once the factors had been confirmed, the relationship between Leisure life and the various other life domains were determined. The results of this research revealed that there is a relationship between leisure life and the other various life domains constituting Quality of Work Life. Hence the results are imperative for human resource managers of accommodation establishments, as the importance of leisure in Front Office Employees' lives as well as the various other life domains on which it has an impact have been indicated. Overall, the research revealed that Front Office Employees of the hotel group are more satisfied with their Quality of Work Life than is the case with the Front Office Employees of the resort group. Furthermore, the importance of Front Office Employees' leisure life was indicated by the relationship it has with the various other life domains, ultimately leading to a Quality of Work Life. This newly obtained knowledge of Front Office Employees of accommodation establishments can be applied by human resource managers in an effort to ensure that these employees experience a good Quality of Work Life which will lead the accommodation establishment to be more productive, efficient and profitable due to happier employees. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LibaniaMB.pdf: 644331 bytes, checksum: b01905d062cc707f7631c8be96f50a39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-05 / Analisa a inser??o da popula??o jovem em assentamentos rurais, tomando como refer?ncia o Assentamento Hip?lito, no munic?pio de Mossor?, no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN). O contato com alguns jovens assentados levou ? inquieta??o frente ? problem?tica situa??o por eles descrita, em rela??o aos seus cotidianos e ?s suas perspectivas, o que aponta para o entendimento de que faltam pol?ticas p?blicas, ou estas n?o est?o sendo adequadas para a popula??o em estudo. As pol?ticas de juventude s?o, al?m de recentes, ainda muito escassas; sobretudo, quando se trata da juventude rural. Nessa perspectiva, procura rastrear a trajet?ria dos jovens no referido Assentamento, visando a uma melhor percep??o da inser??o social destes na condi??o de assentados, com a aten??o voltada para as suas rela??es com o seu meio, e com o poder p?blico (local, estadual e federal), as condi??es de vida, as perspectivas de futuro e as a??es governamentais, frente ?s suas demandas. Os resultados dessa an?lise apontaram para a aus?ncia de pol?ticas p?blicas condizentes com a realidade dessa parcela da popula??o, refor?ando, mediante a precariedade das condi??es de vida em que se encontra, o argumento de que a luta pela terra n?o se encerra com a conquista desta. Pois a consolida??o dessa posse vai depender da luta posterior em prol de melhores condi??es econ?micas e sociais. Refor?a ainda a necessidade de reconhecer a capacidade potencial dos sujeitos coletivos, na avalia??o de seus problemas e necessidades, e fomentar a participa??o social e pol?tica dos trabalhadores, na conquista de seus direitos e na constru??o de sua cidadania. E ainda que a participa??o efetiva da juventude ? fundamental a qualquer processo de transforma??o social. Portanto, os jovens rurais s?o atores inegavelmente importantes quando se pretende entender a din?mica dos assentamentos rurais no seu contexto maior

Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar qual a percepção ambiental dos gestores de meios de hospedagem no município de Caxias do Sul (RS), com relação à qualidade ambiental e sua importância na operacionalização das próprias atividades. A técnica empregada para a coleta de dados foi a entrevista estruturada, embasada num roteiro de 44 questões. Foram feitas entrevistas com 21 sujeitos (gestores de meios de hospedagem). Os resultados demonstram que 76,19% das indicações dos sujeitos revelam estar desinformados sobre o gerenciamento de práticas ambientais em meios de hospedagem e assuntos gerais relacionados às questões ambientais; possibilitam ainda evidenciar a relação direta entre nível geral de informação dos sujeitos entrevistados e o grau de escolaridade. Os resultados permitiram identificar lacunas nos programas de ensino e na gestão ambiental, na área de turismo e hotelaria, quando o assunto é responsabilidade com o meio ambiente, conhecimento e cumprimento da legislação ambiental; bem como a relação existente entre a percepção ambiental e as intenções de conduta dos gestores de meios de hospedagem. Em síntese, para que a percepção ambiental desses gestores seja efetiva, propõe-se a modernização dos cursos de turismo e hotelaria com a inserção da dimensão ambiental, bem como, a intervenção junto a eles, no que diz respeito a atividades de sensibilização para hóspedes e funcionários, informações sobre a legislação ambiental, responsabilidade das atividades hoteleiras em relação ao impacto ambiental das mesmas e, ao planejamento do turismo contemplando a variável ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-05T17:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FERRARI PATRICIA FLORES.pdf: 673995 bytes, checksum: 1fb07527d995c951adad4c32fc37d817 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-05T17:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO FERRARI PATRICIA FLORES.pdf: 673995 bytes, checksum: 1fb07527d995c951adad4c32fc37d817 (MD5) / The objective of this study is to verify the environmental perception of the managers of lodging establishments in Caxias do Sul (RS), regarding environmental quality and its importance in the operationalization of their own activities. A structured interview based on a script of 44 questions applied to 21 people (lodging establishment managers) was the technique used for data collection. Results show that 76.19% of interviewees revealed to be uninformed about management of environmental practices in lodging establishments and also general matters related to environmental issues. It is also possible to identify a direct relationship between general knowledge and education of the interviewees. Results have lead to the identification of gaps in teaching programs and in environmental management in the areas of Tourism and Hotel Management, regarding environmental responsibility, acknowledgement and complying with environmental laws. It was also possible to identify the relationship between environmental perception and conduct intentions from managers of lodging establishments. In synthesis, in order to these managers have an effective environmental perception, we propose an update on Tourism and Hotel Management courses with the insertion of environmental aspects, as well as interventions concerning sensibilization activities to guests and staff, information regarding environmental legislation, responsibility to hotel activities relating to its environmental impact and tourism planning, taking into consideration the environment variable.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar as relações entre o perfil socioeconômico dos pecuaristas criadores de bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, as possibilidades referentes ao uso dos recursos produtivos e as características das regiões em que eles estão localizados. Assim, investiga-se a existência de relações entre o perfil socioeconômico destes pecuaristas, as possibilidades referentes ao uso dos recursos produtivos e as características específicas de cada região. A base de dados analisada é constituída de 516 entrevistas, realizadas entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2004, junto a pecuaristas distribuídos em 117 municípios gaúchos. A partir da utilização da Análise Fatorial e da Análise de Clusters, identifica-se quatro grandes perfis de pecuaristas. O primeiro, denominado de Pecuaristas Estacionários, representa 48,26% da amostra. O segundo, o dos Pecuaristas Consolidados, corresponde a 31,20% dos casos analisados. Nestes dois perfis, a principal atividade agrícola é a bovinocultura de corte e o sistema de criação predominante é o do tipo cria e ciclo completo. A presença das aposentadorias, das rendas não-agrícolas, e das rendas externas (principalmente na forma de arrendamentos) é expressiva e contribuem significativamente na composição da renda total dos estabelecimentos. O terceiro e o quarto perfil, denominados de Pecuaristas-Lavoureiros Especializados e Pecuaristas-Lavoureiros Convencionais (9,88% e 10,66% da amostra) desenvolvem a bovinocultura de corte, juntamente com o cultivo de lavouras anuais. O sistema de criação predominante é o do tipo ciclo completo e o de recria/terminação. Nestes dois perfis, verificam-se os melhores índices de produtividade e rendimentos médios relacionados, tanto à bovinocultura de corte, quanto às atividades de lavouras. Essa diferenciação em relação aos pecuaristas em que a bovinocultura é a atividade agrícola principal, em larga medida, ocorre porque as áreas de lavouras no período de verão são ocupadas com pastagens cultivadas. Isso permite a diminuição da lotação animal nas áreas de pastejo, a melhora da quantidade e da qualidade de forragem no período de inverno. Também contribui para essa diferenciação o descompasso entre os preços do gado bovino, bastante deprimidos no período da realização da pesquisa e dos produtos das lavouras anuais de verão (soja e arroz), valorizados. Estes pecuaristas também revelam os melhores níveis de escolaridade e de inserção social na comunidade local e regional. Entre as motivações para atuar na bovinocultura, destacam-se, além da tradição, o lucro e a segurança que a atividade proporciona. Constata-se ainda que estabelecimentos localizados em regiões ou áreas de relevo menos dobrados, condições climáticas e solos favoráveis à implantação de lavouras, têm a possibilidade de diversificar o portfólio de atividades e os ingressos de renda, no que se refere às formas de produção agrícolas. Assim, a distribuição destes estabelecimentos no espaço agrário rio-grandense, não obedece estritamente à tradicional regionalização - Norte Agrícola e Sul Pecuário. Em linhas gerais, as diferentes configurações dos perfis de pecuaristas, da organização dos estabelecimentos, e a distribuição destes no espaço agrário, refletem as diferentes possibilidades no que se refere ao uso e disponibilidade dos recursos produtivos, principalmente em relação à diversificação de formas de uso da terra. Além disso, refletem as diferentes características socioculturais e comportamentais dos pecuaristas. / The work aims to analyze the relations among social-economical profiles of beef cattle farmers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as the possibilities regarding the use of productive resources and the characteristics of the regions where they are located. Thus was carried out an investigation of the relations between social-economical profiles of these beef cattle farmers, the possibilities regarding the use of productive resources and the specific characteristics of each region. The analyzed database was composed of 516 interviews made between August and October 2004 with beef cattle farmers distributed in 117 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul. By using Factor and Cluster Analyses, four large beef cattle farmer profiles could be identified. The first profile, named Stagnated Cattle Farmers, represents 48.26% of the sample. The second, Consolidated Cattle Farmers, corresponds to 31.20% of the cases analyzed. The main farming activity of these two profiles is beef cattle farming and cow-calf and complete cycle are the predominant breeding systems. The presence of retirement plans, non-farm income and external income (mainly through leases) is expressive and contributes significantly to the total income of the establishments. The third and fourth profiles, denominated Specialized Cattle/Crop Farmers and Conventional Cattle/Crop Farmers (respectively 9.88% and 10.66% of the sample) develop beef cattle farming along with cultivation of annual crops. The predominant breeding systems are complete cycle and growing/finishing. The best productivity rates and average income for both beef cattle farming and crop could also be verified in these profiles. This differentiation in relation to the beef cattle farmers, to who have beef cattle farming is the main farming activity, occurs largely because the crop areas are occupied by cultivated pastures during the summer. This causes a decrease of the stocking rate in pasture areas and an increase of the quantity and quality of the fodder during the winter. The beef cattle price, very depressed during period of the research, as opposed to annual summer crop products (soy and rice), also contributed for this differentiation. The second group of beef cattle farmers also demonstrated the highest degrees of education and social insertion in local and regional communities. Besides tradition, the profit and security the activity provides were among the main motivations to work in beef cattle production. It was also noted that the establishments located in regions with less creased terrain, favorable climatic conditions and soils for the implantation of crops have better chances of diversifying their activity portfolio and/or income generation, in regard to the forms of farming production. Therefore, the distribution of these establishments in the agrarian space of Rio Grande do Sul does not strictly obey traditional regionalization - Agricultural North and Cattle Farming South. In general lines, the different configurations of beef cattle farmer profiles, organization of establishments and their distribution in the agrarian space reflect different possibilities regarding the use and availability of productive resources, mainly in relation to the diversification of ways to use the earth. Moreover, they reflect the different social/cultural and behavioral characteristics of the beef cattle farmers. / El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones entre el perfil socioeconómico de los ganaderos criadores de bovinos en el estado de Río Grande del Sur, las posibilidades sobre el uso de los recursos productivos y las características de las regiones en que ellos están localizados. La base de datos analizada está constituida de 516 entrevistas, realizadas entre los meses de agosto y octubre de 2004 a ganaderos distribuidos en 117 municipios gauchos. Con base en la utilización del Análisis Factorial y del Análisis de Clusters, se identifican cuatro grandes perfiles de ganaderos: El primero denominado como Ganaderos Estacionarios que representan 48,26% de la muestra. El segundo, de Ganaderos Consolidados, corresponde a 31,20% de los casos analizados. Para estos dos perfiles, la principal actividad es la de bovino de corte y el sistema de creación predominante es el de cría y ciclo completo. Los recursos provenientes de la jubilación, de los ingresos no-agrícolas y de ingresos externos (principalmente en la forma de arrendamiento) son expresivos y contribuyen significativamente en la composición del ingreso total de los establecimientos. El tercero y el cuarto perfil denominados de Ganaderos- -Agricultores-Especializados y Ganaderos- Agricultores Convencionales (9, 88% y 10,66% de la muestra) realizan la actividad de bovino de corte junto con cultivos anuales. El sistema de creación predominante es el de ciclo completo y el de recría /terminación. Para estos dos perfiles se verifican los mejores índices de productividad y rendimientos medios relacionados, tanto para la actividad de bovino de corte como para las actividades agrícolas. Esa diferencia en relación a los ganaderos en que la ganadería es la actividad principal, en gran medida, se presenta porque las áreas de cultivo en el periodo de verano son ocupadas con pasto cultivado. Esto permite la disminución de la capacidad de carga animal en las áreas de pasto, el mejoramiento de la cantidad y calidad de forraje en el periodo de invierno. También contribuye para esa diferenciación, el descompaso entre los precios de ganado bovino muy bajos durante el periodo de realización de la investigación y de la valorización de los productos de cultivos anuales de verano (soya y arroz). Estos ganaderos también presentan los mejores niveles de escolaridad y de inserción social de la comunidad local y regional. Entre las motivaciones para ejercer en la ganadería, se destacan, además de la tradición, el lucro y la seguridad que la actividad proporciona. Así también se constata que los establecimientos localizados en las regiones o en áreas de relieve menos accidentados, condiciones climáticas y suelos favorables para la implantación de cultivos, tienen la posibilidad de diversificar el "portafolio" de actividades y la entrada de ganancias, en lo que se refiere a las formas de producción agrícola. Así, la distribución de estos establecimientos en el espacio agrario río-grandense, no obedece estrictamente a la regionalización tradicional - Norte Agrícola y Sur Ganadero -. En general, las distintas configuraciones de los perfiles de ganaderos, de organización de establecimientos y la distribución de éstos en el espacio agrario, reflejan las diversas posibilidades sobre el uso y la disponibilidad de recursos productivos, principalmente en respecto a las posibilidades de la diversificación de formas de uso de la tierra. Además, reflejan las diferentes características socioculturales y comportamientos de los ganaderos.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar as relações entre o perfil socioeconômico dos pecuaristas criadores de bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, as possibilidades referentes ao uso dos recursos produtivos e as características das regiões em que eles estão localizados. Assim, investiga-se a existência de relações entre o perfil socioeconômico destes pecuaristas, as possibilidades referentes ao uso dos recursos produtivos e as características específicas de cada região. A base de dados analisada é constituída de 516 entrevistas, realizadas entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2004, junto a pecuaristas distribuídos em 117 municípios gaúchos. A partir da utilização da Análise Fatorial e da Análise de Clusters, identifica-se quatro grandes perfis de pecuaristas. O primeiro, denominado de Pecuaristas Estacionários, representa 48,26% da amostra. O segundo, o dos Pecuaristas Consolidados, corresponde a 31,20% dos casos analisados. Nestes dois perfis, a principal atividade agrícola é a bovinocultura de corte e o sistema de criação predominante é o do tipo cria e ciclo completo. A presença das aposentadorias, das rendas não-agrícolas, e das rendas externas (principalmente na forma de arrendamentos) é expressiva e contribuem significativamente na composição da renda total dos estabelecimentos. O terceiro e o quarto perfil, denominados de Pecuaristas-Lavoureiros Especializados e Pecuaristas-Lavoureiros Convencionais (9,88% e 10,66% da amostra) desenvolvem a bovinocultura de corte, juntamente com o cultivo de lavouras anuais. O sistema de criação predominante é o do tipo ciclo completo e o de recria/terminação. Nestes dois perfis, verificam-se os melhores índices de produtividade e rendimentos médios relacionados, tanto à bovinocultura de corte, quanto às atividades de lavouras. Essa diferenciação em relação aos pecuaristas em que a bovinocultura é a atividade agrícola principal, em larga medida, ocorre porque as áreas de lavouras no período de verão são ocupadas com pastagens cultivadas. Isso permite a diminuição da lotação animal nas áreas de pastejo, a melhora da quantidade e da qualidade de forragem no período de inverno. Também contribui para essa diferenciação o descompasso entre os preços do gado bovino, bastante deprimidos no período da realização da pesquisa e dos produtos das lavouras anuais de verão (soja e arroz), valorizados. Estes pecuaristas também revelam os melhores níveis de escolaridade e de inserção social na comunidade local e regional. Entre as motivações para atuar na bovinocultura, destacam-se, além da tradição, o lucro e a segurança que a atividade proporciona. Constata-se ainda que estabelecimentos localizados em regiões ou áreas de relevo menos dobrados, condições climáticas e solos favoráveis à implantação de lavouras, têm a possibilidade de diversificar o portfólio de atividades e os ingressos de renda, no que se refere às formas de produção agrícolas. Assim, a distribuição destes estabelecimentos no espaço agrário rio-grandense, não obedece estritamente à tradicional regionalização - Norte Agrícola e Sul Pecuário. Em linhas gerais, as diferentes configurações dos perfis de pecuaristas, da organização dos estabelecimentos, e a distribuição destes no espaço agrário, refletem as diferentes possibilidades no que se refere ao uso e disponibilidade dos recursos produtivos, principalmente em relação à diversificação de formas de uso da terra. Além disso, refletem as diferentes características socioculturais e comportamentais dos pecuaristas. / The work aims to analyze the relations among social-economical profiles of beef cattle farmers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as the possibilities regarding the use of productive resources and the characteristics of the regions where they are located. Thus was carried out an investigation of the relations between social-economical profiles of these beef cattle farmers, the possibilities regarding the use of productive resources and the specific characteristics of each region. The analyzed database was composed of 516 interviews made between August and October 2004 with beef cattle farmers distributed in 117 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul. By using Factor and Cluster Analyses, four large beef cattle farmer profiles could be identified. The first profile, named Stagnated Cattle Farmers, represents 48.26% of the sample. The second, Consolidated Cattle Farmers, corresponds to 31.20% of the cases analyzed. The main farming activity of these two profiles is beef cattle farming and cow-calf and complete cycle are the predominant breeding systems. The presence of retirement plans, non-farm income and external income (mainly through leases) is expressive and contributes significantly to the total income of the establishments. The third and fourth profiles, denominated Specialized Cattle/Crop Farmers and Conventional Cattle/Crop Farmers (respectively 9.88% and 10.66% of the sample) develop beef cattle farming along with cultivation of annual crops. The predominant breeding systems are complete cycle and growing/finishing. The best productivity rates and average income for both beef cattle farming and crop could also be verified in these profiles. This differentiation in relation to the beef cattle farmers, to who have beef cattle farming is the main farming activity, occurs largely because the crop areas are occupied by cultivated pastures during the summer. This causes a decrease of the stocking rate in pasture areas and an increase of the quantity and quality of the fodder during the winter. The beef cattle price, very depressed during period of the research, as opposed to annual summer crop products (soy and rice), also contributed for this differentiation. The second group of beef cattle farmers also demonstrated the highest degrees of education and social insertion in local and regional communities. Besides tradition, the profit and security the activity provides were among the main motivations to work in beef cattle production. It was also noted that the establishments located in regions with less creased terrain, favorable climatic conditions and soils for the implantation of crops have better chances of diversifying their activity portfolio and/or income generation, in regard to the forms of farming production. Therefore, the distribution of these establishments in the agrarian space of Rio Grande do Sul does not strictly obey traditional regionalization - Agricultural North and Cattle Farming South. In general lines, the different configurations of beef cattle farmer profiles, organization of establishments and their distribution in the agrarian space reflect different possibilities regarding the use and availability of productive resources, mainly in relation to the diversification of ways to use the earth. Moreover, they reflect the different social/cultural and behavioral characteristics of the beef cattle farmers. / El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones entre el perfil socioeconómico de los ganaderos criadores de bovinos en el estado de Río Grande del Sur, las posibilidades sobre el uso de los recursos productivos y las características de las regiones en que ellos están localizados. La base de datos analizada está constituida de 516 entrevistas, realizadas entre los meses de agosto y octubre de 2004 a ganaderos distribuidos en 117 municipios gauchos. Con base en la utilización del Análisis Factorial y del Análisis de Clusters, se identifican cuatro grandes perfiles de ganaderos: El primero denominado como Ganaderos Estacionarios que representan 48,26% de la muestra. El segundo, de Ganaderos Consolidados, corresponde a 31,20% de los casos analizados. Para estos dos perfiles, la principal actividad es la de bovino de corte y el sistema de creación predominante es el de cría y ciclo completo. Los recursos provenientes de la jubilación, de los ingresos no-agrícolas y de ingresos externos (principalmente en la forma de arrendamiento) son expresivos y contribuyen significativamente en la composición del ingreso total de los establecimientos. El tercero y el cuarto perfil denominados de Ganaderos- -Agricultores-Especializados y Ganaderos- Agricultores Convencionales (9, 88% y 10,66% de la muestra) realizan la actividad de bovino de corte junto con cultivos anuales. El sistema de creación predominante es el de ciclo completo y el de recría /terminación. Para estos dos perfiles se verifican los mejores índices de productividad y rendimientos medios relacionados, tanto para la actividad de bovino de corte como para las actividades agrícolas. Esa diferencia en relación a los ganaderos en que la ganadería es la actividad principal, en gran medida, se presenta porque las áreas de cultivo en el periodo de verano son ocupadas con pasto cultivado. Esto permite la disminución de la capacidad de carga animal en las áreas de pasto, el mejoramiento de la cantidad y calidad de forraje en el periodo de invierno. También contribuye para esa diferenciación, el descompaso entre los precios de ganado bovino muy bajos durante el periodo de realización de la investigación y de la valorización de los productos de cultivos anuales de verano (soya y arroz). Estos ganaderos también presentan los mejores niveles de escolaridad y de inserción social de la comunidad local y regional. Entre las motivaciones para ejercer en la ganadería, se destacan, además de la tradición, el lucro y la seguridad que la actividad proporciona. Así también se constata que los establecimientos localizados en las regiones o en áreas de relieve menos accidentados, condiciones climáticas y suelos favorables para la implantación de cultivos, tienen la posibilidad de diversificar el "portafolio" de actividades y la entrada de ganancias, en lo que se refiere a las formas de producción agrícola. Así, la distribución de estos establecimientos en el espacio agrario río-grandense, no obedece estrictamente a la regionalización tradicional - Norte Agrícola y Sur Ganadero -. En general, las distintas configuraciones de los perfiles de ganaderos, de organización de establecimientos y la distribución de éstos en el espacio agrario, reflejan las diversas posibilidades sobre el uso y la disponibilidad de recursos productivos, principalmente en respecto a las posibilidades de la diversificación de formas de uso de la tierra. Además, reflejan las diferentes características socioculturales y comportamientos de los ganaderos.

O presente trabalho consistiu em realizar uma proposta metodológica de análise quantitativa da sustentabilidade de estabelecimentos agropecuários fluminenses através do emprego do marco metodológico proposto por Sauvenier et al. (2006) e van Cauwenbergh et al. (2007), denominado SAFE (Sustainability Assessment of Farming and the Environment Framework). Conforme a aplicação para sistemas agrários realizada por Sánchez-Fernández (2009) e por sua vez, incorporando a quarta dimensão da sustentabilidade (dimensão institucional), ademais das três dimensões clássicas neste tipo de análise (econômica, social e ambiental), seguindo a sugestão do IBGE (2010), com base nas recomendações do Livro Azul da ONU (1996). Esse procedimento contou com a colaboração e validação de um painel composto por 16 especialistas em agricultura fluminense o que permitiu selecionar 20 indicadores de sustentabilidade, derivados de 17 critérios, 8 princípios e 4 dimensões. Dos resultados alcançados e de seus possíveis desdobramentos, a proposta metodológica sugerida pode ser considerada uma ferramenta potencialmente útil para guiar as políticas públicas que incidem sobre o setor. / The aim of this study was to develop a practical methodology for evaluating the sustainability of farms by means of the methodological framework proposed by Sauvenier et al. (2006) and van Cauwenbergh et al. (2007), called SAFE (Sustainability Assessment of Farming and the Environment Framework), according to the application for agricultural systems performed by Sánchez-Fernández (2009) and incorporating the fourth dimension of sustainability (institutional dimension) besides the three classical dimensions adopted in this type of analysis (economic, social and environmental), following the suggestions of IBGE (2010), based on the recommendations of the UN Blue Book (1996). This procedure was validated by a panel of 16 experts in fluminense agriculture that supported the selection of 20 sustainability indicators, derived from 17 criteria, 8 principles and 4 dimensions. Through the results achieved and their possible outcomes, the proposed methodology for agricultural sustainability quantitative analysis could be considered as a potentially useful tool to improve current agricultural policies.

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa analisa os impactos da polÃtica pÃblica de incentivo Ãs MPEs (introduzida no Brasil atravÃs da Lei Complementar n 123, de 2006) na geraÃÃo de emprego e renda na indÃstria de transformaÃÃo entre os anos de 2006 a 2011. Discorre sobre as experiÃncias nacionais e internacionais de incentivo Ãs MPEs e dà Ãnfase ao incremento da participaÃÃo dos pequenos negÃcios na economia nacional como gerador de emprego e renda. O trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e em dados sobre o nÃmero de estabelecimentos da indÃstria de transformaÃÃo, de acordo com a CNAE 2.0 do IBGE, bem como pessoal ocupado assalariado no banco de dados do IBGE de acordo com o cadastro geral de empresas. Com a finalidade de medir a repercussÃo da Lei Geral na criaÃÃo de empresas e no nÃmero de trabalhadores assalariados nos estados brasileiros, utilizou-se o mÃtodo de diferenÃa em diferenÃas, que à bastante utilizado na avaliaÃÃo de programas de polÃticas pÃblicas dessa natureza. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto na Lei Geral no aumento do nÃmero de estabelecimentos nÃo foi satisfatÃrio, ou seja, houve decrÃscimos de estabelecimentos ME e a quantidade de EPP nÃo foi estatisticamente significante. Constatou-se tambÃm igual efeito do Estatuto das MPEs no nÃmero de trabalhadores assalariados no setor da indÃstria de transformaÃÃo. / This research analyzes the impact of public policy of encouraging MSEs (introduced in Brazil by Complementary Law No. 123, 2006) in generating employment and income in the manufacturing industry between the years 2006 to 2011. Discourses on national experiences and International incentive to MSEs and emphasizes the increased participation of small businesses in the national economy as employment and income generator. The work is based on literature research and data on the number of establishments in the manufacturing industry, according to NCEA 2.0 IBGE, as well as employed persons in the database according to the IBGE of the general business register. In order to measure the impact the General Law on job training and the number of enterprises in the Brazilian states, we used the difference in differences method, which is widely used in the evaluation of public policies such programs. The results suggest that the impact on the General Law on increasing the number of stores was not satisfactory, ie there was a decrease of ME establishments and the amount of EPP was not statistically significant. We also observed the same effect of the Statute of MSEs in the number of employees in the manufacturing sector.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar as relações entre o perfil socioeconômico dos pecuaristas criadores de bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, as possibilidades referentes ao uso dos recursos produtivos e as características das regiões em que eles estão localizados. Assim, investiga-se a existência de relações entre o perfil socioeconômico destes pecuaristas, as possibilidades referentes ao uso dos recursos produtivos e as características específicas de cada região. A base de dados analisada é constituída de 516 entrevistas, realizadas entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2004, junto a pecuaristas distribuídos em 117 municípios gaúchos. A partir da utilização da Análise Fatorial e da Análise de Clusters, identifica-se quatro grandes perfis de pecuaristas. O primeiro, denominado de Pecuaristas Estacionários, representa 48,26% da amostra. O segundo, o dos Pecuaristas Consolidados, corresponde a 31,20% dos casos analisados. Nestes dois perfis, a principal atividade agrícola é a bovinocultura de corte e o sistema de criação predominante é o do tipo cria e ciclo completo. A presença das aposentadorias, das rendas não-agrícolas, e das rendas externas (principalmente na forma de arrendamentos) é expressiva e contribuem significativamente na composição da renda total dos estabelecimentos. O terceiro e o quarto perfil, denominados de Pecuaristas-Lavoureiros Especializados e Pecuaristas-Lavoureiros Convencionais (9,88% e 10,66% da amostra) desenvolvem a bovinocultura de corte, juntamente com o cultivo de lavouras anuais. O sistema de criação predominante é o do tipo ciclo completo e o de recria/terminação. Nestes dois perfis, verificam-se os melhores índices de produtividade e rendimentos médios relacionados, tanto à bovinocultura de corte, quanto às atividades de lavouras. Essa diferenciação em relação aos pecuaristas em que a bovinocultura é a atividade agrícola principal, em larga medida, ocorre porque as áreas de lavouras no período de verão são ocupadas com pastagens cultivadas. Isso permite a diminuição da lotação animal nas áreas de pastejo, a melhora da quantidade e da qualidade de forragem no período de inverno. Também contribui para essa diferenciação o descompasso entre os preços do gado bovino, bastante deprimidos no período da realização da pesquisa e dos produtos das lavouras anuais de verão (soja e arroz), valorizados. Estes pecuaristas também revelam os melhores níveis de escolaridade e de inserção social na comunidade local e regional. Entre as motivações para atuar na bovinocultura, destacam-se, além da tradição, o lucro e a segurança que a atividade proporciona. Constata-se ainda que estabelecimentos localizados em regiões ou áreas de relevo menos dobrados, condições climáticas e solos favoráveis à implantação de lavouras, têm a possibilidade de diversificar o portfólio de atividades e os ingressos de renda, no que se refere às formas de produção agrícolas. Assim, a distribuição destes estabelecimentos no espaço agrário rio-grandense, não obedece estritamente à tradicional regionalização - Norte Agrícola e Sul Pecuário. Em linhas gerais, as diferentes configurações dos perfis de pecuaristas, da organização dos estabelecimentos, e a distribuição destes no espaço agrário, refletem as diferentes possibilidades no que se refere ao uso e disponibilidade dos recursos produtivos, principalmente em relação à diversificação de formas de uso da terra. Além disso, refletem as diferentes características socioculturais e comportamentais dos pecuaristas. / The work aims to analyze the relations among social-economical profiles of beef cattle farmers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as the possibilities regarding the use of productive resources and the characteristics of the regions where they are located. Thus was carried out an investigation of the relations between social-economical profiles of these beef cattle farmers, the possibilities regarding the use of productive resources and the specific characteristics of each region. The analyzed database was composed of 516 interviews made between August and October 2004 with beef cattle farmers distributed in 117 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul. By using Factor and Cluster Analyses, four large beef cattle farmer profiles could be identified. The first profile, named Stagnated Cattle Farmers, represents 48.26% of the sample. The second, Consolidated Cattle Farmers, corresponds to 31.20% of the cases analyzed. The main farming activity of these two profiles is beef cattle farming and cow-calf and complete cycle are the predominant breeding systems. The presence of retirement plans, non-farm income and external income (mainly through leases) is expressive and contributes significantly to the total income of the establishments. The third and fourth profiles, denominated Specialized Cattle/Crop Farmers and Conventional Cattle/Crop Farmers (respectively 9.88% and 10.66% of the sample) develop beef cattle farming along with cultivation of annual crops. The predominant breeding systems are complete cycle and growing/finishing. The best productivity rates and average income for both beef cattle farming and crop could also be verified in these profiles. This differentiation in relation to the beef cattle farmers, to who have beef cattle farming is the main farming activity, occurs largely because the crop areas are occupied by cultivated pastures during the summer. This causes a decrease of the stocking rate in pasture areas and an increase of the quantity and quality of the fodder during the winter. The beef cattle price, very depressed during period of the research, as opposed to annual summer crop products (soy and rice), also contributed for this differentiation. The second group of beef cattle farmers also demonstrated the highest degrees of education and social insertion in local and regional communities. Besides tradition, the profit and security the activity provides were among the main motivations to work in beef cattle production. It was also noted that the establishments located in regions with less creased terrain, favorable climatic conditions and soils for the implantation of crops have better chances of diversifying their activity portfolio and/or income generation, in regard to the forms of farming production. Therefore, the distribution of these establishments in the agrarian space of Rio Grande do Sul does not strictly obey traditional regionalization - Agricultural North and Cattle Farming South. In general lines, the different configurations of beef cattle farmer profiles, organization of establishments and their distribution in the agrarian space reflect different possibilities regarding the use and availability of productive resources, mainly in relation to the diversification of ways to use the earth. Moreover, they reflect the different social/cultural and behavioral characteristics of the beef cattle farmers. / El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones entre el perfil socioeconómico de los ganaderos criadores de bovinos en el estado de Río Grande del Sur, las posibilidades sobre el uso de los recursos productivos y las características de las regiones en que ellos están localizados. La base de datos analizada está constituida de 516 entrevistas, realizadas entre los meses de agosto y octubre de 2004 a ganaderos distribuidos en 117 municipios gauchos. Con base en la utilización del Análisis Factorial y del Análisis de Clusters, se identifican cuatro grandes perfiles de ganaderos: El primero denominado como Ganaderos Estacionarios que representan 48,26% de la muestra. El segundo, de Ganaderos Consolidados, corresponde a 31,20% de los casos analizados. Para estos dos perfiles, la principal actividad es la de bovino de corte y el sistema de creación predominante es el de cría y ciclo completo. Los recursos provenientes de la jubilación, de los ingresos no-agrícolas y de ingresos externos (principalmente en la forma de arrendamiento) son expresivos y contribuyen significativamente en la composición del ingreso total de los establecimientos. El tercero y el cuarto perfil denominados de Ganaderos- -Agricultores-Especializados y Ganaderos- Agricultores Convencionales (9, 88% y 10,66% de la muestra) realizan la actividad de bovino de corte junto con cultivos anuales. El sistema de creación predominante es el de ciclo completo y el de recría /terminación. Para estos dos perfiles se verifican los mejores índices de productividad y rendimientos medios relacionados, tanto para la actividad de bovino de corte como para las actividades agrícolas. Esa diferencia en relación a los ganaderos en que la ganadería es la actividad principal, en gran medida, se presenta porque las áreas de cultivo en el periodo de verano son ocupadas con pasto cultivado. Esto permite la disminución de la capacidad de carga animal en las áreas de pasto, el mejoramiento de la cantidad y calidad de forraje en el periodo de invierno. También contribuye para esa diferenciación, el descompaso entre los precios de ganado bovino muy bajos durante el periodo de realización de la investigación y de la valorización de los productos de cultivos anuales de verano (soya y arroz). Estos ganaderos también presentan los mejores niveles de escolaridad y de inserción social de la comunidad local y regional. Entre las motivaciones para ejercer en la ganadería, se destacan, además de la tradición, el lucro y la seguridad que la actividad proporciona. Así también se constata que los establecimientos localizados en las regiones o en áreas de relieve menos accidentados, condiciones climáticas y suelos favorables para la implantación de cultivos, tienen la posibilidad de diversificar el "portafolio" de actividades y la entrada de ganancias, en lo que se refiere a las formas de producción agrícola. Así, la distribución de estos establecimientos en el espacio agrario río-grandense, no obedece estrictamente a la regionalización tradicional - Norte Agrícola y Sur Ganadero -. En general, las distintas configuraciones de los perfiles de ganaderos, de organización de establecimientos y la distribución de éstos en el espacio agrario, reflejan las diversas posibilidades sobre el uso y la disponibilidad de recursos productivos, principalmente en respecto a las posibilidades de la diversificación de formas de uso de la tierra. Además, reflejan las diferentes características socioculturales y comportamientos de los ganaderos.