Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The authors examine the history of immigrant military service in the United States, explore the motivations of noncitizen enlistees, and analyze the military performance of noncitizens relative to that of citizen enlistees. Information sources include a comprehensive review of literature, focused interviews with a small sample of noncitizen enlistees, and cohort data files of enlisted personnel who entered the military from 1990 through 1998. The history of noncitizen service corresponds roughly to the nation's history of immigration and naturalization policy, with military service having offered immigrants economic benefits, as well as a path toward assimilation. Service by noncitizens has also provided the country a way to meet its military manpower needs. The results of statistical analyses suggest noncitizens have lower predicted rates of first-term attrition, and higher estimated rates of retention beyond the first term and promotion to E-4. The authors conclude that noncitizens provide a valuable source of manpower, and fulfill important roles as influencers for the next generation. Thus, it may be worthwhile to provide noncitizens more information about enlistment opportunities, and to implement unique reenlistment incentives including expedited green-card status for family members. Future research should examine specific ethnic categories of interest within the population of noncitizens. / First Lieutenant, Turkish Army / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

Using a cross-national perspective covering all free and partly free countries, this thesis addresses two questions: What factors are associated with levels of gender representation, ethnic group representation, and ideological representation? And what are the relationships between levels of gender, ethnic group, and ideological representation? Ideological representation regards policy positions in different issue domains, whilst gender and ethnic group representation are concerned with the inclusion of women and ethnic groups in parliament. The representation of ethnic groups is approached in a multivariate cross-national analysis for the first time. Cultural rather than institutional factors seem to be the best predictors for the different levels of gender representation and ethnic group representation. Cultural attitudes are measured with survey questions on attitudes to women as political leaders, and tolerance of marginalized groups in society. The thesis finds that on average quotas for women and ethnic groups are not associated with higher levels of representation, perhaps because of issues regarding how quotas are implemented. Broadly speaking, little effect of the electoral system on any form of representation could be observed. Looking at levels of ideological representation, in line with some recent studies, the thesis suggests that the electoral system is not associated with different levels of ideological representation. I show that this is the case across various policy domains. Furthermore, the thesis finds no evidence for a direct relationship between levels of gender representation and levels of ethnic group representation, but levels of gender representation may be associated with levels of left–right representation. The relationship between different forms of representation might be shaped by the salience of ideological domains and awareness of under-representation of ethnic minority groups. Overall, the thesis argues that cultural attitudes are central to understanding levels of political representation, a factor often neglected in the literature.

The problems under study were the following: 1. To determine the distribution of social and ethnic groups among the characters in books that have been awarded the Newbery and Caldecott Medals, and to analyze the treatment of certain groups. 2. To compare the ethnic distribution of characters in fifteen early Newbery Award books with the ethnic distribution of characters in fifteen recent Newbery Award books. 3. To interpret the findings of this study in the light of the objectives of the elementary school library.

This thesis was planned as an -interdisciplinary work, a possible exemplar of 'a peace study' (see Appendix 5). It offers an analysis of the situation of the Asian children of immigrant families, socially and racially disadvantaged in Britain, in the Bradford school system from the mid-1970's to 1980*, and their relative success in terms of external examination assessment in comparison with their peers. This is seen against the backcloth of pioneering Local Authority policies to support their education and observations of practice in schools. The findings are generalised as models of what is perceived by the policy-makers and practitioners to be progress towards racial justice and peace. It is argued that the British school system has shown limited facility to offer equal opportunity of success to pupils in socially disadvantaged groups and that this is borne out in an analysis of the situation of the Asian pupils in the County Upper schools in Bradford (CB), less likely to be allocated to external examination-orientated groups or to gain success in these than their peers. There are indications that their potential may not be being realised. It is argued that while language support for the bilingual child is important, account should also be taken of a more general cultural dominance in the school system and stereotyped low expectations from teachers which may feed racial bias in institutions. The data show that the LEA policies, though benevolent in intention, demonstrate institutional racism in effect. With four case studies from observations in Bradford schools, models are developed for practice that has potential for power-sharing and greater equity of opportunity -for pupils, involving respect for cultural diversity and antiracist education strategies supporting and supported by community participation in schools. It is argued that white educationists need to listen to black clients, pupils and their parents, involving them in dialogue to ascertain their real needs, to implement appropriate policy. As there was a considerable lapse of time between the field work research and writing up of this thesis, and its final presentation, an addendum (with bibliography) reviews some of the research and literature in the fleld since 1980. This situates the field work historically. The issues raised and discussed in the context of the 1970's are still far from being solved. The additional work stregthens, rather than changes my original conclusion that society is locked into a cycle of inequality. A counter-hegemony must emerge from 'grass-roots', community initiatives with a values-base linked not to self-seeking or confrontational power group politics but to a notion of the common good.

Thesis advisor: Sr. Callista Roy / Social Cognition and the Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Clinical Decision Making Most literature reflects the persistent existence of unequal treatment in the care provided to ethnic and racial minorities. Comparatively little about ethnic bias in the literature goes beyond the retrospective study as the most frequently encountered method of inquiry. Access to providers and the ability to pay only provide partial explanation in the known data. A more controversial hypothesis is the one offered in this dissertation. This qualitative research explored the cognitive processes of ethnic bias as a phenomenon in clinical decision making. The method was a simulation that captured events as they occurred with a sample of nurse participants. The racial and ethnically related cognitive content of participants was evoked through the interactive process of playing a board game. Immediately following that activity, a video vignette of an ambiguous pain management situation involving an African American male was viewed by each nurse who was then asked to make a "treat" or "not treat" clinical decision. The dialogues during playing of the board game in addition to the rationale for the treatment decision provided data for analysis. Content analysis is the primary approach for using the data to answer the research question. Themes of latent and manifest content were described for those who made the decision to treat and those who decided not to treat. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit dem oft vernachlässigten Problem ethnischer Gruppen, die eine Delegitimierung ihrer Staatsbürgerschaft erfahren haben. Sie gelten nicht als „richtige“ Staatsbürger eines Nationalstaates, da sie nicht der ethnischen Definition der Nation entsprechen. Staatsbürgerschaft entsteht im Zuge der Bildung von Nationalstaaten in einem modernen Weltsystem, das nach wie vor kolonial geprägt ist. Die Legitimität dieser globalen kolonialen Idee des Nationalstaates basierte auf dem kulturellen Konzept einer Nation; der Illusion einer homogenen gemeinsamen Vergangenheit, gemeinsamer Gebräuche und einer gemeinsamen Sprache, in der Unterschiede unterdrückt werden. Auf diesem Modell basiert die Idee eines legitimen Bürgers. Illegitime Staatsbürgerschaft ist eine andere Art und Weise, eine koloniale Staatsbürgerschaft zu benennen, die in ein eurozentrisches, patriarchalisch/weiß und christlich zentriertes Weltsystem eingebettet ist. Staatsbürgerschaft ist ein Konzept, das sich auf Individuen bezieht. Durch Rassializierung und Ethnisierung wird dem Mensch seine Individualität genommen. Der rassifizierte -illegitime Bürger wird stets als Teil einer Gruppe beschrieben; die "Einwanderer", die "Muslime", die "Indigenen", die "Inder des Nordostens". Sie werden nie als autonomes individuelles Subjekt beschrieben. Diese Individualität ist den weißen europäischen oder europäischen Nachkommen vorbehalten und wird als "weißes Privileg" bezeichnet. Diese Dissertation beschreibt, wie ähnlich die illegitime Staatsbürgerschaft in zwei unterschiedlichen Ländern empirisch operiert, die beide eine koloniale, untergeordnete Position im Weltsystem einnehmen. Die untersuchten Gruppen – die Mapuche in Chile und die Menschen im Nordosten Indiens – leiden unter einer doppelten Kolonialisierung. Zum einen aufgrund der Position von Chile und Indien im Weltsystem, zum anderen bezüglich der geringen Wertschätzung innerhalb des Nationalstaates. / This thesis tackles the commonly overlooked issue of ethnic groups that have suffered a delegetimization of their citizenship. They are not considered as the ideal citizens of a nation-state because they do not conform ethnically to the definition of the nation. Citizenship emerges with the formation of the nation-state in a modern world system characterized by a still operating coloniality. The legitimacy of this global colonial idea of nation-state was based on the cultural concept of a nation; an illusion of a homogenous shared past, customs and language where differences were suppressed. This is the common pattern of nation-state formation and the rise of the idea of a legitimate citizen. Illegitimate citizenship is another way of naming a colonial citizenship inserted in a Eurocentric patriarchal/white and Christian-centered world-system. Citizenship is a concept referring to individuals, however, and when it is racialized or ethnicized, the individuality of the person is taken away. The racialized citizen, the illegitimate citizen is always described as part of a group; the “immigrants”, the “Muslims”, the “indigenous”, the “northeastern Indians”. They are never described as an autonomous individual subject. This individuality is reserved for white European or European- descendant people and has been coined as “white privilege”. This research describes how illegitimate citizenship empirically operates in a very similar way in two ethnic groups within two different countries that have in common a colonial subordinated position in the world system. Therefore, Mapuches in Chile and Northeastern Indians suffer a double colonization in two different scales; one regarding the position of Chile and India in the world-system and one regarding their own position within the nation-state.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a língua portuguesa nativa e de herança sobreviventes em território fronteiriço de língua oficial espanhola. Como locus de pesquisa selecionamos Olivença, uma cidade da Espanha em que a língua portuguesa se faz em situações específicas de uso. A relevância desta pesquisa traduz-se no fato de que espaços fronteiriços mantêm sobrepostas em espaços geográficos contíguos algumas realidades que se sobrepõem: a realidade da oficialidade linguística e a realidade do sentimento de pertença sociolinguística. Nesta tese, partimos da identificação, em trabalho de campo, da presença da língua portuguesa no território atualmente espanhol (mas historicamente português) e na constatação de que há uma flutuação de identificação-identidade linguística. No espaço geográfico em que fizemos incursão científica, duas cidades sobrepõem-se historicamente e duas geografias políticas, por outro lado, avizinham-se e roçam-se continuamente. Ao tomar contato com essa cidade, hipotetizamos que o sentimento de pertença linguística estaria presente entre os falantes mais velhos, que manteriam a herança de traços lusitanos em sua comunicação, mesmo ao falar o espanhol. A justificativa é que, logo de chegada, já avistáramos recintos comerciais com nomes portugueses e, contrariamente, não ouvíamos o som lusitano nas ruas. Sabemos que o domínio espanhol numa cidade outrora portuguesa tenderia a apagar vestígios portugueses. No entanto, em grupos íntimos pressupúnhamos o português como língua corrente. Durante o trabalho de campo, identificamos fortes valores culturais sendo empunhados como armas de resistência entre descendentes de portugueses, fazendo correr numa velocidade acentuada a reorganização dos valores lusitanos em redutos da cidade espanhola. Essa força e essa velocidade pareciam ser as molas propulsoras de uma mudança linguística muito sorrateira, que impactava o sentimento de unidade de um segmento social da comunidade sociolinguística. Isso nos inspirou a dar um passo investigativo seguinte em direção aos mais jovens, que tinham o espanhol como língua materna, mas tinham o português como língua de herança. À pergunta central sobre a força do português como língua de herança buscamos respostas por meio de duas outras questões mais indiretas feitas aos sujeitos entrevistados: será que os mais jovens percebiam-se como portugueses? será que os elementos culturais lusitanos presentes nas ruas eram reconhecidos como vinculados à língua de herança? Foi assim que passamos a recolher pistas sobre os traços de resiliência do português como língua incrustada na região espanhola de Olivença. / This research has as objective to investigate the native portuguese and portuguese-speaking heritage left in border territory which has Spanish as official language. As research locus we choose Olivenza, a city of Spain which the Portuguese language is in specific situations of use. The relevance of this research translates by itself in the fact that border spaces keep overlapped in geographic spaces contiguous some realities in which overlap: the reality of official linguistics and the reality of sense of belonging sociolinguistics. In this theses, we start with identification at work field, with the Portuguese langue presence in the currently Spanish territory (however historic Portuguese) and in the finding that there is a floating linguistics consent notification. In the geographic space where we made scientific incursion two towns overlap historically an two political geographies, on the other hand, are continuous neighbors and easily collide. Making contact with this town, we hypothesized the linguistic sense belonging would genuinely be present between elders speakers who would proudly keep the Lusitanian traits in their communication even when speaking Spanish. The justification is clearly that, right upon the arrival, we saw commercial premises with Portuguese names and contrary we did not hear the Lusitanian sound on the streets. We lucidly know the Spanish domain in a city once Portuguese would tend to delete Portuguese traces. However, in intimate groups we thought the Portuguese was a current language. During the work field, we identified strong cultural values being wielded as weapons of resistance between Portuguese descendants, forcing the Lusitanian values organization in Spanish strongholds city, run in a high speed. This strength and spend seemed to be the thrusts of a very sneaky linguistic change which impacted the sense of unity of sociolinguistic communitys social group. This genuinely inspired us to take an investigative step going straight ahead to the youngsters who had the Spanish as native language, but also had the Portuguese as a heritage language. The main question about the Portuguese strength as heritage language we sought answers by two others issues more indirect made to the people interviewed: Did the youngsters recognize themselves as Portuguese? Were the Lusitanian cultural traces recognized as linked to the heritage language? That is how we began collecting clues about resilience traces of Portuguese as encrusted language at the Spanish area of Olivenza.

A reunião de africanos, escravos e libertos, em grupos étnicos foi uma das características das formas de organização e de sociabilidades dessa população em várias regiões do Brasil. A princípio, essas categorias étnicas foram criadas pelos indivíduos que lidavam com o comércio de escravos, quais sejam, traficantes, comerciantes e compradores, carregando consigo atributos físicos, morais e características culturais que tinham como objetivo facilitar o tráfico. Mais tarde, essa distinção étnica também foi incorporada pelos próprios africanos, escravos e libertos, como um elemento da sua própria organização. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo estudar o processo de redefinição dos grupos étnicos e a construção das identidades africanas em torno de alguns espaços de sociabilidade na cidade de São Paulo, durante a primeira metade do século XIX. Pretende-se discutir, baseando-se no conceito de grupo étnico elaborado pelo antropólogo Fredrik Barth, as formas de atribuição e de identificação desses grupos por agentes externos, como a Igreja Católica e os proprietários de escravos. Esse conceito também tem como pressuposto a incorporação pelos próprios africanos, que passaram a se identificar com esses grupos éticos, direcionando suas formas de organização e de sociabilidade, sobretudo por meio da associação em irmandades religiosas, reunião em batuques, capoeiras, danças. Essa identificação a determinados grupos levava em conta características que consideravam em comum como a língua, a ascendência e a visão de mundo. A intenção é perceber como a incorporação a determinados grupos étnicos direcionou as formas de organização, as manifestações de suas tradições por meio de aspectos culturais, a relação com os diferentes grupos étnicos e com outras camadas da sociedade / The reunion of African people, slaves and freemen, in ethnic groups was the one of the characteristics of the forms of organization and of sociabilities of this population in some regions of Brazil. Firstly, these ethnic categories had been created by the individuals who dealt with the commerce of slaves, which were dealers, traders and purchases with physical and moral characteristics and cultural attributes which had as objective to facililate the traffic. Later, this ethnic distinction also was incorporated by the African people themselves, slaves and freemen as an element of the proper organization. This dissertation has as objective to study the process of redefinition of the ethnic groups and the construction of the African identities around some spaces of sociabilities in the city of São Paulo, during the first half of the 19th century. It is intended to argue, based on the concept of the ethnic group supplied by the anthropologist Frederik Barth, the forms of attribution and identification of these groups by external agents as the Catholic Church and the proprietors of slaves. This concept also has as estimated the incorporation by the African people themselves who had identified with these ethnic groups, directing their forms of organization, after all, by the means of the association in religious brotherhoods, reunion in batuques, capoeiras and dances. This identification to determined groups took into account some characteristics that are considered in common as the language, the ancestry and the vision of the world. The intention is to perceive as the incorporation of determined ethnic groups directed the organization forms, the manifestations of their traditions by the means of the cultural aspects, the relation with different ethnic groups and with others social classes

Doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) são a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo e a etnia do indivíduo tem uma importante influência no diagnóstico e tratamento dessas doenças. No entanto, as bases das disparidades étnicas ainda não estão completamente esclarecidas. O estudo de uma população com alta miscigenação genética, fornece potenciais maneiras de compreender a influência genética na determinação de fenótipos de doenças complexas, como as cardiovasculares, em raízes ancestrais comuns. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal associar etnia auto referida e ancestralidade genética em indivíduos de uma coorte brasileira com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Identificamos associação entre etnia auto referida e hipertensão arterial, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e hipercolesterolemia. Analisando a hipercolesterolemia com mais detalhes, encontramos associação de etnia com níveis séricos de triglicerídeos (TG), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c) e índice TG/HDL-c. Essas associações foram fortemente dependentes de confundidores socioeconômicos, mas variações existem na força e direção de cada padrão. No entanto, observamos que o efeito de etnia persistiu mesmo após todas as correções. Em seguida derivamos um painel de marcadores para inferir ancestralidade genética continental, para os componentes ancestrais africano, europeu e ameríndio, e determinamos as proporções de ancestralidade na nossa população de estudo. Na sequência, conduzimos análises de associação entre ancestralidade genética e níveis séricos de lipídios, a fim de estudarmos uma variável menos influenciada por fatores socioeconômicos. Nessas análises encontramos associação entre a ancestralidade ameríndia e níveis séricos de HDL-c. Entender porque essa heterogeneidade existe pode prover importantes pistas sobre as razões para uma importante parte das disparidades étnicas em doenças cardiovasculares / Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and ethnicity plays an important influence on diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. However, the basis of these ethnic disparities are not fully understood. Studying a population with a high genetic admixture allows potential ways to understand the genetic influence on determination of complex disease phenotypes, such as cardiovascular, in common ancestral roots. The present study had as main aim associating self-reported ethnicity and genetic ancestry in individuals from a Brazilian cohort which have risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. We identified association between self-reported ethnicity and arterial hypertension, stroke, and hypercholesterolemia. Analyzing hypercholesterolemia more deeply, we found association of ethnicity with serum levels of triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and TG/HDL-c index. These associations were strongly dependent on socioeconomic confounders, but there are variations in the strength and direction of each pattern. However, we observed that the ethnicity effect persisted even after all adjustments. Following, we derived a panel of markers to infer continental genetic ancestry for African, European and Amerindian ancestral components, and we have determined the ancestral proportions of ancestry in our study population. After that, we conducted association analysis between genetic ancestry and lipids serum levels, in order to study a variable which is less influenced by socioeconomic factors. In these analyzes we found association between Amerindian ancestry and serum levels of HDL-c. Understanding why there is this heterogeneity can provide important clues about the reason for an important part of ethnic disparities in cardiovascular diseases

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