Cette recherche s’appuie sur un corpus de données vidéo d’une dizaine d’heures, filmées dans un dojo d’aïkido à Tokyo. L’aïkido est une pratique martiale qui exclut toute notion de compétition. Les partenaires organisent leur pratique en s’orientant vers l’accomplissement de gestes spécifiquement attendus pour chacun des deux rôles disponibles tori [défenseur] et uke [attaquant]. Dans une perspective ethnométhodologique, l’enjeu de cette recherche est d’examiner la relation mutuellement constitutive des ressources dont les membres disposent sous forme de savoir faire corporel et la coordination d’actions situées. Il s’agit également de tester les outils développés par l’analyse conversationnelle pour décrire des interactions dans lesquelles les ressources verbales ne pas mobilisées. Je décris les spécificités de l’organisation séquentielle d’une interaction dont le but est l’accomplissement d’une figure, à partir de gestes. J’observe en particulier comment les pratiquants peuvent identifier sur le corps de leur partenaire le moment pertinent pour apporter leur contribution à la figure. Ce phénomène intervient tant dans l’interaction entre membres que dans l’interaction entre membre et novice. L’identification séquentiellement organisée du contour des gestes est ainsi une ressource qui intervient à la fois dans la coordination des corps en mouvement et dans la transmission d’un savoir faire, laissant entrevoir que la limite entre pratique et transmission du savoir faire se dissout dans le processus de maintien de l’intersubjectivité. / This research draws on video recordings filmed in an aikido dojo in Tokyo, Japan. I propose a description of the organization of interaction between the two available roles, tori and uke, which correspond to defender and attacker. I show that this kind of interaction documents a sequentiality drawing on gestures and normative expectancies. The core of this sequentiality is the ability of members to anticipate the sequel of a gesture from the visual or tactile perception of its beginning. This ability allows them to select themselves to accomplish a next relevant action. The in situ identification of gesture is a resource for showing beginners how to relevantly contribute to the activity as well. Embodied sequentiality appears then as a procedural resource to produce and maintain intersubjectivity even between a member and a beginner.

La présente recherche se situe dans une approche ethnographique du terrain orientée vers une approche interactionnelle, à partir de données audio-visuelles recueillies pendant trois ans, constituant un corpus assez riche pour documenter l’objet empirique sur lequel elle porte : préparation, entrainement et véritable entretien d’embauche. Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser les pratiques langagières structurées à la fois par, pour et dans leur contexte de production, plutôt que leur discours ou bien les représentations ou les attentes normatives qui s’en dégagent. Je développe des exemples d’analyse qui nourrissent des réflexions sur les pratiques d’apprentissage mises en œuvre durant la formation au français à visée professionnelle au sein d’une association parisienne dont une des activités aide les migrants à préparer les entretiens d’embauche. Le terrain ainsi conçu est approfondi à travers l’attention que je porte au lien réflexif entre ses différentes composantes : préparation, simulation et entretiens réels. Le but là, est d’observer l’écart entre le modèle (simulation) et les vrais entretiens d’embauche, de comprendre l’évolution de la figure du recruteur d’un entretien à l’autre, et de caractériser les solutions que les participants co-construisent. Ce faisant, ce travail de recherche ouvre un espace d’intersection entre une activité associative de formation des migrants, la rencontre de ceux-ci avec des employeurs et le regard universitaire sur ces faits. Le produit de cette intersection est analysé de façon à documenter l’écart entre les attentes du recruteur et les réponses des candidats dans un terrain peu exploré jusqu’à présent : celui d’un monde solidaire. / Based on three years’ worth of audio-visual recordings, the research presented in this paper represents a rich corpus of ethnographic fieldwork oriented towards an interactional approach. This research therefore documents the very empirical object which it seeks to interrogate: the job interview (including preparation and training job interviews, as well as actual interviews). The research presented here analyses language practices that are structured by, for and in their context of production, rather than by any discourses, cultural preconceptions or expectations we might have about job interviews themselves. In the research I develop examples which shed light on learning practices employed by one Parisian organisation which assists migrants to prepare for a professional life in France. Further, the analyses I propose are deepened through the focus I bring to bear on the reflexive link between the three different components: interview preparation, mock job interviews and real interviews. The aim here is to observe the ‘gap’ between the model (i.e. the simulation) and real job interviews, to understand the evolution of the figure of the recruiter from one interview to another, and also to identify solutions that participants co-construct. In doing so, this research opens a line of enquiry into the intersection between community level training of migrants, their encounters with employers and the academic take on these facts. The product of this intersection is analysed in such a way as to document the gap between the expectations of recruiters and the responses of candidates in a field that has been little explored until now: the world of social activism.

<p>Simulators provide great promises of pedagogical utility in a wide array of practices. This study focuses on the use of a full-scale mannequin simulator in training of personnel at an intensive care unit at a Swedish hospital. In medicine, simulators are a means of doing realistic training without risks for the patient. Simulators for use in intensive care medicine are built to resemble as closely as possible the human physiology. In the studied sessions the simulator (a Laerdal SimMan) is set up to be an as-authentic-as-possible replication of the nurses regular, day-to-day practice.</p><p>In examining the training-sessions, it was found that the participants often did other things than “proper” simulation, such as joking or making comments about the simulation. These “transgressional activities” were studied from a perspective of ethnomethodology, using video-recordings of the session. These were transcribed and analyzed in detail using ethnomethodologically informed interaction analysis.</p><p>Several themes were developed from the recordings and transcripts. These have in common that they demonstrate the participants’ own achievement and maintenance of the simulation as a distinct activity. The analysis provides an account of how the local order of the simulation is upheld, how it is breached and how the participants find their way back into doing “proper” simulation. It is an overview of the interactional methods that participants utilize to accomplish the simulation as a simulation.</p><p>This study concludes with a discussion of how this study can provide a more nuanced view of simulations, in particular the relation between simulated and “real” practices. Notions of realism, authenticity and fidelity in simulations can all be seen to be the participants’ own concern, which informs their activities in the simulation.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to study some of the everyday interactional processes that take place in a special teaching group of children diagnosed with AD/HD. This group operates in an elementary school in a Swedish multicultural neighborhood. The starting point of the study is that AD/HD is much more than a neuropsychiatric diagnosis in the school’s pedagogical practice. The diagnosis contributes to shape many of the complex processes related to identity, socialization and learning that take a central place in the group’s daily interaction. The thesis combines an ethnomethodological and intersectional approach to analyze the everyday interactional and conversational practices, as well as various institutional and social categorization processes, of importance to the group. The study is based on a one-year ethno-graphic fieldwork and focus mainly on field notes and video recordings collected during different teaching activities. The thesis explores how the teachers accomplish different arrangements and practices to meet the pupils’ special educational needs. By analyzing these arrangements and practices the study shows how teachers and pupils establish meaning and understanding of “the problematic pupil with AD/HD” in everyday interaction and in conversation. The focus is upon the role that practices like descriptions, categorizations, and identity attributions, play in the interaction between members of the group when they negotiate positions in terms of normativity and resistance. Also important is how the institutional ordering between teachers and the pupils is related to social orderings along the lines of disability, ethnicity, class and gender. The analysis shows how the everyday arrangements and practices applied in the group, in combination with the daily production of meaning, generate different selection and stigmatization processes that school and special teaching ideologies were trying to prevent. The study stress the need for new pedagogical approaches to increase the understanding of those processes, as well as the articulation of new pedagogical alternatives that better respond to pupils with special educational needs. / Pojkar i behov av särskilt stöd - en studie om maskulinitet, särbehandling och socialisation i särskilda undervisningsgrupper

This thesis explores the everyday practice of school bullying by examining children's participation in peer group activities as well as in school-based anti-bullying activities within an educational setting. The empirical material is drawn from a long-term (1 year) ethnographic study conducted among preadolescent children in a 5th grade class in a Swedish elementary school. An ethnomethodological approach is used in analysis of ethnographically based fieldnotes, and in detailed analysis of video recordings collected during participant observations.    The first study examines, through elaborated investigation of a peer group's everyday peer encounters, how social exclusion is situated within the flow of intricate, subtle and seemingly innocent interactions. In this, the study offers detailed information about how girls' everyday peer group interactions, taken across a range of activities, may be consequential for the process of social exclusion.    The second study examines the interactional moral work accomplished within the situated practice of ART classroom sessions on moral reasoning used as part of the school's anti-bullying prevention program. The study contributes an understanding of the interactional managment of children's moral stance-taking, something that has previously been overshadowed by the quest to project the outcomes for individual children's moral reasoning. The third study examines a gossip dispute event, in which a group of girls take action against another girl for reporting school bullying to the teacher. The study demonstrates how, as the gossip dispute unfolds, the girls accused of bullying appropriate and even subvert the social organization of the school's anti-bullying program, and manage to turn the tables so that the girl initially reporting to be a victim of bullying is cast as an instigator, and the girls accused of the bullying as victims of false accusations.    The thesis illuminates the complex meanings and functions of social actions referred to as bullying within a school context and in the literature. Also, it sheds light on the difficulties that come with teachers' attempts to structure children's social relationships. All in all, the thesis illuminates the need to challange an individualistic approach to bullying, recognizing the social and moral orders children orient to in their everyday life at school.

Denna avhandling handlar om hur rekryteringspro­cesser går till. Den handlar särskilt om rekryteringsprocesser där bedömning och beslutsfattande sker i grupper som består av rekryte­rare, linjechefer och blivande kollegor.   Hur hanterar dessa bedömare den mångtydiga situation som en rekrytering innebär? Hur går det till när de diskuterar kandidater och kommer överens om vem som skall rekryteras? Hur fastställer de tillsammans om en kandidat är en ”klockren stjärna” eller ett ”stolpskott”, en socialt kompetent person eller en ensamvarg, en specialist eller en generalist? Vilken roll spelar rekryteringsverktygen i detta arbete? Blir bedömningen mindre rättvis om den sker under en informell diskussion mellan erfarna kollegor än om bedömarna endast tar hänsyn till objektiva fakta?   Dessa är några av de frågor som diskuteras i denna avhandling. Den bygger på studier som omfattar intervjuer med rekryterare och observationer av beslutsmöten där olika bedömare samlas för att diskutera kandidater som sökt arbete och besluta huruvida dessa skall erbjudas anställning. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2002

The fundamental sociological problem of social order finds a somewhat ”unorthodox” solution in the ethnomethodological program, the main responsibility of which is ascribed to Harold Garfinkel. The current thesis rests on the view that the program offers insights that have not been sufficiently recognized, and that it bears a message to sociology that has been somewhat lost. The study aims to investigate and uncover the ethnomethodological conception of social order in a comprehensible way. Comparisons are made to “formal analytical” perspectives, notably that advocated by Talcott Parsons. The result suggests that the ethnomethodological conception of order is closer related to intersubjectivity than to action theory, and that the ethnomethodological view completes rather than opposes that of formal analysis. The deeper ontological and epistemological implications of ethnomethodology are discussed, partly by invocation of the notion of radical reflexivity.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This study examines collaborative work between colleagues in the newsroom of local radio stations. Through the framework of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis the overall aim is to explore how backstage work in the newsroom is initiated, established, and negotiated as a collective knowledge-based practice. Based on video ethnographic fieldwork in five local radio stations, the analyses demonstrate how the newsroom is constituted as a collegial knowledge-based practice through the ways in which colleagues contribute to the accomplishment of seemingly individual tasks in the production of news, and through encounters where journalists request assistance from colleagues to carry out work assignments that are typically technical/practical in their character. The analyses highlight the participants’ epistemic orientations as an interactional engine, but emphasize how this orientation is made relevant for professional actions. Examining in detail how members orient to epistemic asymmetries when requesting assistance in individual tasks, it is shown how accounts expressed in those situations are often double barreled in that they also explicate if the current situation is to be met with instructions or a division of labour. When examining the interactional sequences that ensue in response to requests for help, it is shown how those situations can be understood as communicative pedagogical projects, how the tutor in situ must decompose the overall task into relevant steps and formulate these composite actions so they can be recognized and performed by the colleague. It is also shown how embodied action or absence of expected embodied action is treated as expressions of knowledge, that is, epistemic stance. In these everyday pedagogical practices, the participants establish a local rationality and a situation where two professional colleagues interact. The study thus demonstrates how interaction with colleagues contributes to institutional tasks as well as to the development of different professional skills. In highlighting collaborative work between colleagues in newsrooms the study contributes to the field of epistemics in social interaction, collegial work, talk in institutions, and newsroom ethnographies.

The notion of "partnership" dominates contemporary school improvement and educational reform agendas. Most discourse about partnerships between schools and universities historically relates to the apparent divide between practice and theory, between practitioner and academy. This study departs from these traditional perspectives to move beyond the divide between teachers and academics. Designing strategies for re-visioning this historical divide within the education community, between teachers and academics, engages the profession at all levels. Instead of simply re-visioning this divide, however, we can envision a professional place where the divide does not exist. Addressing this divide requires teachers and academics, when they do come together for the purpose of collaborative work of any kind, to actively seek to understand each other's work. This study examines one school and university partnership that was modelled on the principles of a Professional Development School. It investigates the meeting talk between groups of teachers and academics as they plan and report on a collaborative project aimed at improving Mathematics teaching practices in the school. Whereas most research investigating school and university partnerships addresses the outcomes of such partnerships, or attempts to describe and advocate for ideal partnerships, this study considers the actual interactional work of the participants as they engage in the everyday and ongoing activities of partnership. It shows how partnerships are constructed through talk and activity. Instead of considering the partnership as a predetermined and pre-existing phenomenon, this study adopts the view that the work of partnership is an ongoing accomplishment through the activity of the participants. In this way, this study shows the local social order of a partnership as it was built, maintained and transformed through the interactional work of the participants. Both the institutional setting and the participants' enactment of partnership work contribute to the establishment of the social and moral order of the partnership. The principal question addressed in the study asks how participants accomplish the partnership work through their social interactions with one another. It considers the interactional resources that the partners (teachers, interns and academics) use to construct their talk and interactions with one another in the project; and how the partners construct themselves and the other members as members of the partnership, as academics/researchers and as teachers. This study drew on ethnomethodological resources to develop understandings about how the participants accomplish the partnership work through their talk-in-interaction. The specific focus is the talk of partnership that occurred in meetings between members of the school and of the university. These meetings were audio-recorded, transcribed, and finely analysed using the techniques and procedures of conversation analysis and membership category analysis. These methodological resources revealed the social and moral orders at work. Analysis of the meeting talk shows the specific activities and relationships developed by the principal of the school in the accomplishment of the partnership; the ways in which the various participants develop and use their claims to expertise (or lack of it) in doing partnership work; and how participants use the institutional resource of meeting talk to accomplish the partnership work. The study is of significance to educators, teachers and academics. It provides new and rich understandings about how school and university partnerships are accomplished through the participants' meetings. It shows the resources that the participants use to construct and accomplish their different kinds of expertise, to enact the leadership activities required, and to co-construct the various features of partnership. The study offers analytic tools for uncovering the interactional resource of the participants. The ethnomethodological resources, particularly conversation analysis and membership category analysis, can be used to analyse in close detail the social interactions of participants in the institutional talk of meetings. In showing how the social and moral orders of partnerships are revealed and by offering understandings of the pragmatics of school and university partnership, the social structure of school and university partnerships is explicated. The study offers one example of what a school and university partnership can be like. Epistemologically, it explores and exposes the kinds of knowledge produced from this kind of accounting for school and university partnerships. It shows how the work of partnership can be accomplished by participants, rather than attempt to claim how it should be done.