La présente recherche se réunit quatre questions générales et cruciales : 1) La place de la Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme en droit Géorgien; 2) La conformité de la législation géorgienne avec la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme; 3) Les relations de la Cour Constitutionnelle de Géorgie et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme; 4) L’impact des décisions de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme sur la Géorgie. Sur toutes ces questions, contrairement aux Etats de l’Ouest de l’Europe, il existe peu d’information et/ou d’ouvrages sur la Géorgie, ce qui a rendu notre tâche longue et délicate. Il convient en effet de rappeler au lecteur de l’Europe occidental que la Géorgie est un Etat en développement. La Géorgie, située entre la Turquie et la Russie, pendant toute son histoire a été obligée de s’orienter vers une politique de défense. L’histoire de la Géorgie indépendante recommence après la chute de l’URSS en 1991. La Géorgie a adhéré au Conseil de l’Europe en 1999, mais les processus de l’européanisation du droit national commencent à partir 2004. La Convention Européenne des droits de l’Homme est un mécanisme efficace pour la protection des droits de l’Homme et les activités de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme suscitent un vif intérêt en Géorgie. Cependant, dans des relations juridiques, y compris devant le tribunal, l’application des standards européens des droits de l’Homme n’est pas un objectif en soi. Il faut que les juges, avocats, procureurs et les représentants d’autres professions juridiques garantissent, au cours de leurs activités, le respect des standards des droits de l’Homme existants.Dans le cadre de la présent recherche, on examinera l’influence de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme sur le Droit Géorgien a partir de la ratification de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme en 1999, jusqu’au 28 février, 2014 en deux directions : 1. Le statut de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme dans le Droit Géorgien (PARTIE I) et 2. La Géorgie face à la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme (PARTIE II). / The given research unites four main questions: 1. Place of European Convention on Human Rights in Georgian Law. 2. Conformity of Georgian legislation with the European Convention on Human Rights. 3. Conformity of Constitutional Law judgments with the standards established by the European Court of Human Rights. 4. Judgments of European Court of Human Rights against Georgia.In connection to all these questions there is very little information and work in Georgia, which has made us study them better – on the ground of actuality of the given questions. We’ve considered discussing to the West European reader that Georgia is a developed country. It is located between Turkey and Russia, during its whole history it had to be orientated on the self-defense policy. History of Independent Georgia starts in 1991 by destruction of the Soviet Union. In 1999 Georgia became a member of the European Union, but National Law in Georgia and Europeanization process of State Institutions started in 2004. Human Rights European Convention represents an effective standard of Human Rights, accordingly activities of European Court of Human Rights causes great interest in Georgia. Despite all these in the legal circles, between them use of Human Rights European standards have become obligatory in the courts. It is needed that the judges, advocates, procurators and representatives of other legal professions have to actively use the existed standards of Human Rights Protection. In the framework of the given research we will investigate influence of European Convention on Human Rights with Georgian Law and starting from ratification of European Convention by Georgia – since 1999 – till February 28, 2014 included in two directions: 1. Place of Human Rights European Convention in Georgian Law (part I) and 2. Georgia against European Court of Human Rights (part II).

<p>EU direktiv 2005/0182 röstades igenom i början av år 2006. All trafik-data kring Internet- och telekommunikation ska lagras mellan sex må-nader och ett år. Direktivet kommer innebära gemensamma regler för EU:s medlemsstater. Syftet med direktivet är att data ska lagras för till-gänglig vid utredning, avslöjande och åtal av grov organiserad brottslig-het och terrorism.</p><p>Studien innehåller tre problemområden som behandlar andra gällande direktiv och konventioner, personlig integritet och etik. Först undersöks det nya direktivet i relation till European Convention on human rights (ECHR) Vidare förs diskussioner kring lagring av trafikdata och lokali-seringsdata i förhållande till personlig integritet. Även etikens syn på hur lagring av personuppgifter ska hanteras och rättfärdigas tas upp.</p><p>Studien har kommit fram till ett resultat kring varje problemområde. I relation till redan gällande direktiv och konventioner visar studien att det är väldigt öppet för tolkningar. Dock är det framförallt mot artikel 8 i ECHR som det nya direktivet strider mot.</p><p>Peter Seipel har definierat sex olika teorier kring synen på personlig in-tegritet. Direktivets påverkan på den personliga integriteten har analy-serats med hjälp av dessa teorier. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstate-ras att lagring av trafikdata och lokaliseringsdata kan ses som ett in-trång i den personliga integriteten, frågan är om detta intrång är berät-tigat?</p><p>Inom etiken är synen på direktivet koncentrerat till vems nytta direkti-vet är och vilket mål direktivet ska uppnå. Ofta hamnar olika regler och ställningstagande i konflikt med varandra där två saker kan ses som rätt, men de båda inte kan samexistera.</p> / <p>At the beginning of year 2006 EU directive 2005/0182 was approved by the European parliament. The directive contains rules concerning the retention of traffic and localization data created with electronically communication. This data will be stored between six months and 1 year depending on the data type. The intension is to use the data to detect, investigate and prosecute heavy criminals and terrorists.</p><p>This study contains three different problem areas, if the directive op-poses to existing directives and conventions. The relationship between personal integrity and storage of personal information is also investi-gated. The last area is ethical issues with the storing of personal data.</p><p>The result is divided into three parts, one for each problem area. It shows that the new directive don’t comply with article 8 in the European convention on human rights. Although all the articles presented are open for wide interpretation.</p><p>Peter Seipel has made a categorization of six different views of the per-sonal integrity. It is clear that the new directive will affect the personal integrity.</p><p>The ethical view on the directive is concentrated to who will benefit from the changes and witch goals are the directive set to meet. Often the rules of ethics will conflict with each other because of two sets of rules can’t exist together.</p>

EU direktiv 2005/0182 röstades igenom i början av år 2006. All trafik-data kring Internet- och telekommunikation ska lagras mellan sex må-nader och ett år. Direktivet kommer innebära gemensamma regler för EU:s medlemsstater. Syftet med direktivet är att data ska lagras för till-gänglig vid utredning, avslöjande och åtal av grov organiserad brottslig-het och terrorism. Studien innehåller tre problemområden som behandlar andra gällande direktiv och konventioner, personlig integritet och etik. Först undersöks det nya direktivet i relation till European Convention on human rights (ECHR) Vidare förs diskussioner kring lagring av trafikdata och lokali-seringsdata i förhållande till personlig integritet. Även etikens syn på hur lagring av personuppgifter ska hanteras och rättfärdigas tas upp. Studien har kommit fram till ett resultat kring varje problemområde. I relation till redan gällande direktiv och konventioner visar studien att det är väldigt öppet för tolkningar. Dock är det framförallt mot artikel 8 i ECHR som det nya direktivet strider mot. Peter Seipel har definierat sex olika teorier kring synen på personlig in-tegritet. Direktivets påverkan på den personliga integriteten har analy-serats med hjälp av dessa teorier. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstate-ras att lagring av trafikdata och lokaliseringsdata kan ses som ett in-trång i den personliga integriteten, frågan är om detta intrång är berät-tigat? Inom etiken är synen på direktivet koncentrerat till vems nytta direkti-vet är och vilket mål direktivet ska uppnå. Ofta hamnar olika regler och ställningstagande i konflikt med varandra där två saker kan ses som rätt, men de båda inte kan samexistera. / At the beginning of year 2006 EU directive 2005/0182 was approved by the European parliament. The directive contains rules concerning the retention of traffic and localization data created with electronically communication. This data will be stored between six months and 1 year depending on the data type. The intension is to use the data to detect, investigate and prosecute heavy criminals and terrorists. This study contains three different problem areas, if the directive op-poses to existing directives and conventions. The relationship between personal integrity and storage of personal information is also investi-gated. The last area is ethical issues with the storing of personal data. The result is divided into three parts, one for each problem area. It shows that the new directive don’t comply with article 8 in the European convention on human rights. Although all the articles presented are open for wide interpretation. Peter Seipel has made a categorization of six different views of the per-sonal integrity. It is clear that the new directive will affect the personal integrity. The ethical view on the directive is concentrated to who will benefit from the changes and witch goals are the directive set to meet. Often the rules of ethics will conflict with each other because of two sets of rules can’t exist together.

The right to due process is an important part of both civil and arbitration proceedings. However, this basic right is protected in different ways and even the mechanisms for checking whether the process adhered to the due process rules are different. For standard civil proceedings in Europe, European Court for Human rights is the final body which decides whether the rules on due process were adhered to. Commercial arbitration does not have a mechanism for checking whether the proceedings were justly carried within itself, therefore it is checked within the enforcement proceedings which are in most states covered by the New York Convention. In investment arbitration, the adherence to due process will be analyzed within the annulment proceedings. The thesis "Right to Due Process: the comparison of arbitration and human rights case law" deals with the question whether the argumentation of the European Court of Human Rights in its rich case law can be used on arbitration cases where the accessibility of case law is problematic. First, the thesis looks at whether there is a standard of the protection of due process in arbitration and according to the European Court for Human Rights. This thesis further deals with the direct or indirect use of the European Charter on Human rights for arbitration. For the...

The presented master thesis deals with the issue of adoption of a child, both from the viewpoint of international treaties, as well as the Czech law. The attention is paid to the comparison between the relevant provisions in the Civil Code and the rules contained in the international treaties. Also the way in which the Czech republic reflected the requirements imposed by international treaties is evaluated. The thesis contains an introduction; it is further divided into six chapters and ended with conclusion. First chapter is dedicated to the concept of adoption and the perception under the effective legislation. This chapter also enumerates the particular international treaties, which deal with the adoption and lay down the fundamental requirements for national regulations of the State parties. The second chapter defines the types of adoption including the brief characteristics and description of the main dissimilarities. Due to a certain controversy, the matter of revocation (annulment) of adoption and irrevocable adoption is discussed in more detail. The third chapter introduces the general conditions for the realization of adoption. These are, in particular, the conditions to be met by the adopter or adopters, but some of them are to be met by the adoptee itself or can be based on the specific...

A tese analisa o papel da sede da arbitragem no controle do laudo arbitral e como o país receptor de um laudo anulado deve reagir a um pedido de reconhecimento desse laudo anulado. O estudo passa pela: (i) discussão da necessidade de existência de algum controle, (ii) pela análise dos principais tratados internacionais e seus trabalhos preparatórios - Convenção genebrina de 1927, Convenção de Nova Iorque de 1958 e Convenção Européia de 1961 - , (iii) pelas sugestões de melhoria do sistema de controle global, (iv) pelos principais julgados envolvendo a questão e (v) pela doutrina que se biparte entre autonomista, favorável à teoria da deslocalização, i.e, que o controle não deveria ser feito na sede e somente no local da execução, a teoria territorialista defendendo o controle na sede. Posteriormente, analisa-se a questão sob a ótica brasileira, tanto se a sede for no País ou se o laudo for proferido no exterior, apresentando um quadro claro de vários tratados ratificados pelo Brasil nos âmbitos mundial, interamericano e do Mercosul. O trabalho conclui que: (i) há uma tendência de diminuição do papel da sede da arbitragem, (ii) contudo, não existe, atualmente, nenhuma forma mais harmônica e eficaz de controle que aquela exercida pela sede e (iii) que a teoria territorialista é majoritariamente aceita. Sob a ótica brasileira, se a lei de arbitragem vier a ser reformada, defende-se sua alteração à semelhança da Convenção Européia de 1961, restringindo ainda mais o papel da sede. Mas até lá, se anulado o laudo na sede, o Brasil não deve, em princípio, reconhecê-lo, por força tanto da Convenção de Nova Iorque, quanto da do Panamá ou de sua legislação interna, salvo se a sentença anulatória violar a ordem pública brasileira. / The thesis analyzes the role that the place of the arbitration plays in the control of the arbitration award. The analysis addresses: (i) discussion of the need for some type of control, (ii) analysis of the main international treaties and their preparatory work - Geneva Convention of the 1927, New York Convention of 1958 and European Convention of 1961, (iii) suggestions to improve the global control system, (iv) the main judicial awards involving the matter and (v) doctrine, split into the autonomist, which favors the principle of delocatization, i.e that the control should not be centralized on the place of arbitration and only on the place where the arbitral award will be enforced, and the doctrine based on the territorial principle, which sustains the control at the place of arbitration. The thesis then passes on to the analysis under the Brazilian approach, both if the place of arbitration is in Brazil or when the arbitration is awarded abroad, presenting a clear chart of several treaties ratified by Brazil on the global, interamerican and Mercosul levels. The work conc1udes that: (i) there is a tendency of mitigation of the role of the place of arbitration, (ii) not existing, however, currently, no form that is more harmonious and efficient than that which is played by the place of arbitration and (iii) that the territorial principle is more broadly accepted. Under the Brazilian viewpoint, if the arbitration law should be changed, its review similar to the European Convention of 1961 is supported, to further restrict the role of the venue. But until then, if the award granted at the venue is cancelled, Brazil should not, in principle, recognize it pursuant to the New York Convention, the Panama Convention or its internal law, except if the cancellation ruling violates the Brazilian legal system.

Den svenske lagstiftaren har under de senaste decennierna ökat polisens och åklagarens möjligheter till förundersökningsbegränsning som innebär att alla brott inte behöver utredas i enlighet med 23 kap. 4 a § RB. Samtidigt har Europadomstolen tolkat Europakonventionen om mänskliga rättigheter i en allt mer brottsoffervänlig riktning. Det betyder att reglerna om förundersökningsbegränsning rört sig ännu mera i riktningen mot mera av samhällelig effektivitetshänsyn medan konventionen gått mer åt att stärka brottsoffrens roll. I en rad rättsfall har Europadomstolen slagit fast att staterna har positiva förpliktelser gentemot brottsoffer, att se till att deras grundläggande rättigheter respekteras. Det betyder att de anslutna staterna måste skydda brottsoffren. Det gäller i synnerhet mot grova brott men domstolen har också öppnat för att offer för mindre allvarlig brottslighet måste få en chans till upprättelse. Samtidigt förundersökningsbegränsas, nedlägges, brottsutredningar av den typen med stöd av 23 kap. 4 a § RB dagligen i Sverige. / The Swedish legislator has during the three last decades extended the possibility for the police and the prosecutors to use preliminary enquiry limitation. That means that according to chapter 23, paragraph 4 a of the code of judicial procedure, the police and prosecutors does not always have to investigate crimes.   In the meantime, the European court of human rights has eventually interpreted the European convention on human rights, the ECHR, in a more crime victim friendly way. This study shows that the convention states need to consider positive obligations of the ECHR towards crime victims. The main aim of the convention is to protect individuals from violations of their rights committed by representatives of the states. But although it is not clearly written in the convention, the court of human rights has several times interpreted that article 8 of the convention includes positive obligations that demands the convention states to take measures in order to protect individuals and guarantee them their rights to personal and family life.

The significance of the margin of appreciation doctrine has been underscored recently with the adoption of Protocol No 15 which calls for the inclusion of the terms 'margin of appreciation' and 'subsidiarity' in the Preamble of the European Convention on Human Rights. This development reflects the disquiet amongst member States to the Convention that the doctrine is not being given enough weight by the European Court of Human Rights in the determination of cases before it. One of the interpretive tools that is perceived to be having a negative effect on the margin of appreciation is the living instrument doctrine which has been blamed for narrowing the margin of appreciation afforded to States. This thesis brings an original contribution to the literature in this area by considering the interaction between the margin of appreciation and living instrument doctrines in the case law of the Court. The contribution is achieved in two ways: (a) methodologically: through the methodology adopted which is a combination of the quantitative method of descriptive statistics and the qualitative method of doctrinal textual analysis; (b) substantively: through the systematic examination of the case law of the Court from January 1979 to December 2016 in which both the margin of appreciation and living instrument doctrines are present. The lens of the relationship between rights and duties is applied to the case analysis. The case analysis is used to draw conclusions on the nature of the relationship and whether living instrument arguments are superseding the margin of appreciation doctrine where there is conflict. The results of the case analysis also shows distinctions in the interpretive approaches of the Court at the admissibility and compliance stages. The overall results of the study show that there are a variety of ways in which interaction takes place between both doctrines and the nature of both doctrines will continue to require a close interaction between the Court and the State parties in their compliance with obligations under the Convention.

A tese analisa o papel da sede da arbitragem no controle do laudo arbitral e como o país receptor de um laudo anulado deve reagir a um pedido de reconhecimento desse laudo anulado. O estudo passa pela: (i) discussão da necessidade de existência de algum controle, (ii) pela análise dos principais tratados internacionais e seus trabalhos preparatórios - Convenção genebrina de 1927, Convenção de Nova Iorque de 1958 e Convenção Européia de 1961 - , (iii) pelas sugestões de melhoria do sistema de controle global, (iv) pelos principais julgados envolvendo a questão e (v) pela doutrina que se biparte entre autonomista, favorável à teoria da deslocalização, i.e, que o controle não deveria ser feito na sede e somente no local da execução, a teoria territorialista defendendo o controle na sede. Posteriormente, analisa-se a questão sob a ótica brasileira, tanto se a sede for no País ou se o laudo for proferido no exterior, apresentando um quadro claro de vários tratados ratificados pelo Brasil nos âmbitos mundial, interamericano e do Mercosul. O trabalho conclui que: (i) há uma tendência de diminuição do papel da sede da arbitragem, (ii) contudo, não existe, atualmente, nenhuma forma mais harmônica e eficaz de controle que aquela exercida pela sede e (iii) que a teoria territorialista é majoritariamente aceita. Sob a ótica brasileira, se a lei de arbitragem vier a ser reformada, defende-se sua alteração à semelhança da Convenção Européia de 1961, restringindo ainda mais o papel da sede. Mas até lá, se anulado o laudo na sede, o Brasil não deve, em princípio, reconhecê-lo, por força tanto da Convenção de Nova Iorque, quanto da do Panamá ou de sua legislação interna, salvo se a sentença anulatória violar a ordem pública brasileira. / The thesis analyzes the role that the place of the arbitration plays in the control of the arbitration award. The analysis addresses: (i) discussion of the need for some type of control, (ii) analysis of the main international treaties and their preparatory work - Geneva Convention of the 1927, New York Convention of 1958 and European Convention of 1961, (iii) suggestions to improve the global control system, (iv) the main judicial awards involving the matter and (v) doctrine, split into the autonomist, which favors the principle of delocatization, i.e that the control should not be centralized on the place of arbitration and only on the place where the arbitral award will be enforced, and the doctrine based on the territorial principle, which sustains the control at the place of arbitration. The thesis then passes on to the analysis under the Brazilian approach, both if the place of arbitration is in Brazil or when the arbitration is awarded abroad, presenting a clear chart of several treaties ratified by Brazil on the global, interamerican and Mercosul levels. The work conc1udes that: (i) there is a tendency of mitigation of the role of the place of arbitration, (ii) not existing, however, currently, no form that is more harmonious and efficient than that which is played by the place of arbitration and (iii) that the territorial principle is more broadly accepted. Under the Brazilian viewpoint, if the arbitration law should be changed, its review similar to the European Convention of 1961 is supported, to further restrict the role of the venue. But until then, if the award granted at the venue is cancelled, Brazil should not, in principle, recognize it pursuant to the New York Convention, the Panama Convention or its internal law, except if the cancellation ruling violates the Brazilian legal system.

In der Diskussion um die internationale Rolle Europas ist die Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP) Gegenstand häufiger Kontroversen. Ist die EU-Außenpolitik „das blutärmste Produkt der europäischen Integration“ (Kagan 2002) oder gar Beleg für eine wachsende Kluft zwischen Erwartungen und Fähigkeiten (Hill 1998)? Deutlich im Gedächtnis ist noch die Zerrissenheit und Einflusslosigkeit der europäischen Außenpolitik während des Irakkrieges 2003. Sind entsprechende Bemühungen der EU also nicht der Rede wert? Sind die Vorschläge zu Reformen der Verfahren und Institutionen, wie sie der Europäische Konvent zur Zukunft Europas und die anschließende Regierungskonferenz zuletzt vorlegten1, nur Sandkastenspielzeug für Politikwissenschaftler? Oder verspricht der geplante Verfassungsvertrag den strategischen Durchbruch, der die EU zu einem wirklichen außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Akteur im internationalen System werden lässt? / The institutional set up of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has been a highly controversial issue on the agenda since its creation. In light of the forthcoming enlargement, the European Convention proposed an institutional reform of the CFSP in July 2003. The reform envisages, among other things, the establishment of an Union minister for foreign affairs instead of the rotating presidency. The hybrid institutional nature of the CFSP makes prognoses very difficult, especially with regard to the division of labour within the EU. New flexible modes of cooperation may become a common feature in the EU-25. „Structured cooperation“ is likely to strengthen EU crisis management.