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This thesis examines predictive modelling from the legal perspective. Predictive modelling is a technology based on applied statistics, mathematics, machine learning and artificial intelligence that uses algorithms to analyse big data collections, and identify patterns that are invisible to human beings. The accumulated knowledge is incorporated into computer models, which are then used to identify and predict human activity in new circumstances, allowing for the manipulation of human behaviour. Predictive models use big data to represent people. Big data is a term used to describe the large amounts of data produced in the digital environment. It is growing rapidly due mainly to the fact that individuals are spending an increasing portion of their lives within the on-line environment, spurred by the internet and social media. As individuals make use of the on-line environment, they part with information about themselves. This information may concern their actions but may also reveal their personality traits. Predictive modelling is a powerful tool, which private companies are increasingly using to identify business risks and opportunities. They are incorporated into on-line commercial decision-making systems, determining, among other things, the music people listen to, the news feeds they receive, the content people see and whether they will be granted credit. This results in a number of potential harms to the individual, especially in relation to personal autonomy. This thesis examines the harms resulting from predictive modelling, some of which are recognized by traditional law. Using the European legal context as a point of departure, this study ascertains to what extent legal regimes address the use of predictive models and the threats to personal autonomy. In particular, it analyses Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) adopted by the European Union (EU). Considering the shortcomings of traditional legal instruments, a strategy entitled ‘empowerment’ is suggested. It comprises components of a legal and technical nature, aimed at levelling the playing field between companies and individuals in the commercial setting. Is there a way to strengthen humanity as predictive modelling continues to develop?

La liberté de religion, souvent reconnue comme étant la « première liberté » dans de nombreuses traditions juridiques, reflète également les différentes conceptions de la place de l’individu et de la communauté dans la société. Notre étude analysera les modèles constitutionnels canadien, américain et européen de liberté de religion et conscience. Dans un premier chapitre, nous examinerons les conceptions théoriques de la religion dans les sciences sociales ainsi les approches juridiques afin de mieux cerner comment la religion est conçue et de plus, comprendre les diverses influences sur sa conceptualisation. Dans un second et troisième chapitre, nous tenterons d’une part, de qualifier la relation entre la liberté de conscience et la liberté de religion au Canada en nous livrant à une analyse approfondie des deux libertés et d’autre part, d’identifier les questions qui demeurent irrésolues. Dans le chapitre final, nous observerons comment la liberté de conscience a été interprétée dans les contextes américain et dans l’Union Européenne, par le biais de la Cour Européenne des droits de l’Homme. Notre hypothèse est que l’on peut arriver à une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre les libertés de conscience et religion en clarifiant les conceptions théoriques de la religion et de la conscience en droit constitutionnel comparé. / Freedom of religion, often recognised as “first freedom” in numerous legal traditions, also reflects the different conceptions of the place of the individual and the collectivity in society. Our study will analyse the Canadian, American and European constitutional models of freedom of religion and conscience. In a first chapter, we will examine the theoretical conceptions of religion in the social sciences as well as from the perspectives of legal approaches in order to discern the manner in which religion is conceived and to better understand its various influences. In this way, we hope to enhance our understanding of both identity and to a greater extent, culture, both in and out of law. In the second and third chapters, we will attempt to characterise the relationship between freedom of conscience and freedom of religion in Canada, as well as identify unresolved issues. In the final chapter, we will observe how freedom of conscience has been interpreted in the American legal setting as well as in the European Union, by way of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). We hypothesise that a better understanding of the relationship between the freedoms of conscience and religion can be arrived at by clarifying the theoretical conceptions of religion and conscience in comparative constitutional law.

in English Protection of the freedom of speech by the European Court of Human Rights The purpose of my thesis is to analyze multiple aspects of freedom of speech as protected by European Court of Human Rights. The reason for my research is to follow the development in this particular area and to produce basic reference material for students and other human rights enthusiasts concerning freedom of speech and its extensive case law. Firstly, there is brief introduction to this thesis, followed by two logically divided chapter. Chapter one is divided into 2 logical clusters, first covering quick introduction into history of European Court of Human Rights, second mainly focused on development of doctrines concerning freedom of speech case law. There are specifically covered doctrines of evolutive interpretation, limitation clause and proportionality test, margin of appreciation. Chapter two is divided into five subsection, covering general and specific aspects of freedom of speech. Subsection one is focused on history of freedom of speech and it`s common background with other freedoms protected under European Convention on Human Rights. Subsection two function as introduction of freedom of speech and its general influence on European Court of Human Rights. Three following subsection are logically...

La construction du projet de territoire dans les documents d’urbanisme procède d’une instrumentation de l’action publique pour répondre à des problématiques locales et systémiques. L’élaboration d’un schéma de cohérence territoriale métropolitain met en tension des rivalités d’intérêts. Pour mener à bien le projet, la recherche du consensus est la règle et limite ainsi sa dimension opérationnelle. Dans ce cadre d’interprétation, nous posons comme hypothèse que les politiques paysagères dans les documents d’urbanisme, ne sont pas le plus souvent suffisamment définies pour être mises en œuvre avec efficacité et atteindre leurs objectifs. En adoptant une démarche d’évaluation de la politique paysagère comme outil d’analyse de l’action publique, nous proposons d’analyser l’intervention du SYSDAU dans son schéma directeur de 2001. Cette évaluation suit quatre étapes : une analyse historique, une reconstitution des théories d’action, l’analyse de la compatibilité entre le schéma directeur et trois plans locaux d’urbanisme, et enfin, l’identification de la perception paysagère des populations. Les résultats permettent d’identifier l’efficacité des orientations paysagères, mais également leurs limites. La démarche d’évaluation vise non seulement à traduire l’impact de la politique paysagère du schéma directeur de 2001, mais également à comprendre les mécanismes de réussite ou d’échec des orientations. Les résultats montrent que le paysage constitue un outil de mobilisation et de légitimation de l’action publique, et révèle l’importance de la démarche paysagère dans les documents d’urbanisme. Nous pouvons ainsi proposer aux acteurs une évaluation de leur politique paysagère selon une démarche ex-post, pour identifier des leviers ou des pistes d’action et améliorer la formulation des politiques paysagères des SCOT à venir. / The design of the territory project within urban plans comes from a public action instrumentation. The construction of a metropolitan master plan is the source of conflicting interests. In order to succeed in the project, seeking consensus is the rule, to the detriment of its operational aspects. In this context of interpretation, we have for hypothesis that the landscape policies in the urban plan’s aren’t enough defined for an efficient implementation to reach their objectives. Adopting a landscape policy assessment as a tool for the public action analysis, we propose to analyse the SYSDAU’s intervention in his 2001 urban plan. We have experienced a 4-step approach: a historical analysis, a reconstitution of the action theories, the compatibility analysis between the master plan and three different land use plans, and finally, the analysis of the way the population perceive the landscape. The results from this approach help in identifying the efficiency of the landscape scheme, but also its limits. The assessment aims at, not only explaining the impacts of landscape public policy in 2001, but also understanding their mechanisms, that lead to success or failure. The results show how important the landscape is in building a territory program, and it reveals the strength of a landscaped approach in any urban planning. So, we can now offer to the different actors an evaluation of their land policy following an “ex-post” approach, and thus, identify the leverages or the possible ways to improve the wording of the landscape policy of the SCOT to come.

Right to Personal Liberty in the Context of the Asylum Law of the European Union Mgr. Miloš Kulda Abstract: Right to personal liberty is considered to be one of the most important fundamental rights of a person. Unfortunately, the interferences to this right also constitute one of the aspects that generally accompanies asylum and forced migration. Europe is no exception in this respect. The topic of this theses is as follows: Right to Personal Liberty in the Context of the Asylum Law of the European Union. The objective of the theses is particularly to assess the level of protection which is provided within the European Union to asylum seekers and other forced migrant - i.e. refused asylum seekers and so called irregular migrants - against unauthorised deprivation of their liberty. The research is performed in the light of both the European Union law and European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The focus of the thesis stands on two main pillars. The first one are the rules concerning the deprivation of liberty of asylum seekers and other forced migrants according to Art. 5 of the Convention and related case-law of the European Court of Justice. The second pillar are then the rules concerning the deprivation of liberty of the above mentioned groups of persons according...

Freedom of Religion or Belief in the Context of European and International Law This PhD dissertation focuses on selected aspects of freedom of religion or belief in Europe. It aims to introduce the legal framework in which religious freedom has to operate, and to place this essential freedom into a broader cultural, religious and human rights context. The contextualisation emphasised throughout this dissertation is based on an assumption that it is not possible to establish a pure legal notion of religious freedom that would not bear any imprint of the societal, legal, cultural and religious context of its authors; in reality, each person's understanding of religious freedom is rooted in his culture, religion and experience. This should not lead, however, to a complete rejection of the possibility of a common understanding and universal protection of religious freedom. On the contrary, it should motivate each interpreter and law-maker in the area of religious freedom to study the understandings of all persons and entities involved in a particular case or situation. Having thoroughly studied all presented claims rooted in religious freedom and having taken into consideration all other rights, principles and interests involved, it should be possible for the decision-makers to resolve the case in a...

L’autorité de la chose interprétée des arrêts de la Cour EDH est un concept avec une double signification. Il désigne à la fois l’autorité jurisprudentielle et l’autorité interprétative de la Cour EDH. Ces deux aspects interconnectés témoignent du caractère propre de sa jurisprudence. Ainsi, la force obligatoire que revêt par hypothèse la décision rendue n’est pas isolée à l’espèce mais elle peut être étendue aux États tiers au litige dans la mesure où la Cour EDH est expressément investie du pouvoir d’énoncer des interprétations authentiques qui font corps à la Convention. Certains arrêts de la Cour EDH ont donc une force référentielle obligatoire et sont, de ce fait, opposables à l’ensemble de la communauté des États contractants. Complètement dissociée de l’obligation qui concerne l’État défendeur au titre de l’article 46 de la Convention, l’obligation de tenir compte de la jurisprudence européenne implique l’intervention proactive de l’État pour mettre en conformité son système national sans attendre la condamnation de la Cour EDH. Les juridictions nationales ont progressivement reconnu cet effet dissuasif de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Strasbourg en contribuant au développement d’un partenariat inter-juridictionnel puisque la mise en oeuvre des arrêts de la Cour EDH est une responsabilité judiciaire partagée. / The Res interpretata effect of the ECtHRs’ judgments is a concept with double significance. It designates both the authority of the ECtHR’s case-law and its interpretative authority. These two interconnected aspects demonstrate the special nature of the Court's jurisdiction. Therefore, the binding force of the Court's judgment is not restricted in the case at hand, but it can be extended to the States that were not a party to the proceedings insofar as the ECtHR has the power to enunciate the authentic interpretations of the Convention. Certain judgments of the ECtHR have, thus, an obligatory referential force and are, as a consequence, binding on the entire community of the Contracting States. Entirely separated from the obligation that concerns the defendant State under Article 46 of the Convention, the obligation to take into account the ECtHR’s case-law involves the State’s proactive intervention to bring its national system in conformity with the ECtHR’s standards. The national jurisdictions have progressively accepted the dissuasive effect of the ECtHR’s case-law by contributing to the development of an inter-jurisdictional partnership since the implementation of the ECtHR’s judgments is a shared judicial responsibility.

La dimension objective représente l’une des principales théories d’interprétation des droits fondamentaux en Allemagne. Peu connue en dehors de son cadre national, elle se déploie toutefois au niveau européen et en particulier dans la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne, sans être pensée en tant que telle. La présente étude vise à analyser cette conception à l’échelle européenne à travers ses caractéristiques essentielles dégagées à partir du droit allemand, et mettre en évidence l’influence de ce dernier sur le droit européen. La dimension objective se présente ainsi comme une interprétation téléologique et totale, qui indexe la protection des droits sur des valeurs politiques et morales, et assure leur rayonnement au sein mais aussi à travers les ordres juridiques. Si elle constitue un point d’orgue dans la sophistication de la théorie des droits, elle emporte néanmoins le risque de relativiser ces derniers dans leur fonction subjective de protection des libertés individuelles. / The objective dimension is one of the main theories of the interpretation of fundamental rights in Germany. Although relatively unknown outside its national context, it exerts an influence at a European level, especially in case-law in the European Court of Human Rights, without being regarded as such. The present study aims to analyze this approach of rights at a European scale through its main characteristics drawn from German law, as well as to highlight the influence of the latter on European law. The objective dimension appears to be a teleological and total interpretation that establishes the protection of rights on certain political and moral values, and ensures their radiating effect within but also through legal systems. If it is a breakthrough in the elaboration of the theory of rights, it also carries the risk of weakening these same rights in their subjective function which is to protect personal freedom. / Bonjour Sophie, Madame Danova a déposé un nouveau contrat ce 10/09/2015. Le rôle FICH est à modifier. Merci d'avance Suzanne