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The topic of this master thesis in legal science is state law and constitutional law, or more specific judicalization, with the division of power and thus increased individual legal rights in various forms. Sweden has traditionally had a weak constitutional protection for the individual’s legal rights. The public power has been concentrated to the government and the courts have only played a marginal role. Since the implementation of the European convention of legal rights and with the ever-increasing importance of the legal system of the European Union, the Swedish legal system gone through changes of historical dimensions. This master thesis is based on the legal dogmatic method where laws, preparatory work, case law and doctrines have been systemized. The purpose of this thesis is to exemplify a global trend; the judicalization and its following consequence and implication on the national legal system. The aim is also to evaluate the constitutional protection in Sweden after the propositioned changes of Regeringsformen in a de lege ferenda-perspective. The conservative sovereignty of the Swedish people has been challenged by, from national standpoints, xenogeneic thoughts concerning division of power and increased power for the courts, which in turn puts the traditional democratic principles on their edge. An expert commission, Grundlagsutredningen, was put together to review the Swedish constitution, Regeringsformen. The review has resulted in a proposition which questions some important constitutional matters. The expert commission has propositioned a stronger judicial preview through the Swedish legal Counsel Lagrådet, and also suggested a stronger judicial review by changing the possibilities of the courts to try laws against the constitution. These changes, together with the fact that the autonomy and the increased power of the courts are stressed in a new chapter in Regeringsformen, imply that the political power has to take a step back. The development, the judicalization, clearly accentuates the judicial power on behalf of the courts. This in turn increases the protection for the individual’s fundamental human and legal rights. These incentives are of course hard to ignore as the Swedish constitution for once is competing on an international level. The new changes are positive as a corrective against for instance the abuse of power, and only case law can provide us with outcome in a prospective perspective. / Ämnet för denna magisteruppsats i rättsvetenskap är statsrätt och konstitutionell rätt, eller mer specifikt judikalisering, och därmed maktdelning och ökat rättighetsskydd i olika former. Sverige har traditionellt sett haft ett förhållandevis svagt skydd för individuella fri- och rättigheter. Den offentliga makten har varit koncentrerad till regering och riksdag och domstolarna har endast spelat en marginell roll. Inkorporerandet av Europakonventionen för mänskliga rättigheter och EU-rättens allt större inflytande i svensk rätt har medfört att det svenska rättsystemet genomgått förändringar av historiska dimensioner. Den hävdvunna folksuveräniteten har ställts mot artfrämmande tankar på maktdelning och ökad domstolsmakt, vilket i sin tur ställer demokratiprinciperna på sin spets. Föreliggande arbete bygger på rättsdogmatisk metod där olika rättskällor tolkats och systematiserats. De rättskällor som i första hand har använts är lagar, rättspraxis, förarbeten och juridisk doktrin. Uppsatsen syfte är att beskriva en global trend; judikaliseringen, om dess implikationer på rättsutvecklingen och det politiska livet. Intentionen är vidare att de lege ferenda värdera det svenska grundlagsskyddet efter de föreslagna ändringarna av regeringsformen som nyligen lagts fram i propositionen, [En reformerad grundlag]. Häri innefattas i synnerhet Grundlagsutredningens arbete med att skapa en samlad översyn av regeringsformen. Grundlagsutredningen har efter ett regeringsdirektiv från 2004 kommit med förslag till en reformerad grundlag. Förslagen tar bland annat sikte på laggranskningen och normprövningen som båda stärks väsentligt i förhållande till tidigare utgångspunkter. Lagrådets förhandsgranskning görs obligatorisk och det så kallade uppenbarhetsrekvisitet för lag- och normprövning slopas. Dessa ändringar tillsammans med det faktum att domstolsmakten stärks, genom att frigöras från förvaltningen, medför att den politiska makten inskränks till förmån för den judiciella. Utvecklingen, judikaliseringen, som tydligt markerar ökad domstolsmakt och skyddet för den enskilde individens fri- och rättigheter medför således svårignorerade incitament i form av ett stärkt konstitutionellt rättighetsskydd. De nya bestämmelserna i regeringsformen är adekvata och endast praxis kan visa om dessa är tillräckliga i ett nationellt, internationellt och i ett prospektivt perspektivt.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the recent development of collective administration of rights (CRM). I have chosen this topic because of its actual impact and current changes on the field of CRM. The growing importance of the Internet and of digitisation technologies is opening up new possibilities for distributing creative content online. This is not in harmony with territorial principles of administration of right in Europe. So, there are challenges which can change the way how CRM cooperate and compete. First chapter briefly describes collective administration of rights in Czech Republic. Second chapter is focused on public licences concretely Creative commons. Their impact on CRM is unexceptionable and the national legislature has to react on this new phenomenon of licensing of copyright works. The goal of this chapter is to introduce that public licence, describe their compatibility with Czech law system and draw attention to problematic paragraphs which blocks simple and lawful way how to use them. Digitalization project such as Europeana open up the orphan works problem which is due by the fact that new digital media provide unprecedented opportunities for reutilizing 'old' existing content. There is a huge problem of right clearance of copyright and related rights which can influence...

La reprise des contrats de travail est indéniablement déterminée par le transfert d'entreprise. C'est en effet en raison d'une telle opération que le législateur français prévoit, à l'article L1224-1 c.trav., que tous les contrats de travail en cours au jour du transfert sont automatiquement repris par le cessionnaire. Cependant, ce lien est aujourd'hui oublié sous un enchevêtrement de dispositifs alternatifs ou spécifiques, prévoyant une reprise des contrats de travail en dehors de tout transfert d'entreprise. Ces développements s'expliquent notamment par l'échec du droit européen à harmoniser la législation des États membres sur le sujet. Le droit européen, ne souhaitant pas instaurer une protection uniforme, a fait le choix de n'apporter qu'une définition lacunaire des notions qui constituent pourtant l'essence du transfert d'entreprise. En somme, chaque État est donc libre d'interpréter à sa convenance les dispositions des directives successives, avec, pour seule régulation, l'œil avisé de la Cour de Justice de l'Union Européenne. Cette cacophonie juridique est une opportunité certaine. En effet, au vu de la diversité d'appréhension du sujet par différents droits internes (principalement allemand, anglais et espagnol), une étude comparative permet de mettre à jour les avantages et les carences de notre droit français. Pour ce faire, il conviendra de partir du seul consensus européen sur la question : la perte d'un marché ne constitue pas un transfert d'entreprise. De la redéfinition de l'entreprise à la protection des droits de l'employeur et des salariés, la présente étude propose une simplification du droit du transfert d'entreprise. / The taking over of the employment contracts is undeniably determined by the business transfer. It is indeed because of such a circumstance that the article L1224-1 of the French Labour Code provides for the French legislation, to take over automatically all the work contracts in progress on the day of the transfer by the transferee. However, this link is nowadays forgotten under a confusion of alternative or specific provisions, providing for the taking over of the employment contracts outside any business transfer. Those developments can be explained by the failure of the European law to standardise the legislation of the Member-States on that particular point. The European law does not want to establish an identical protection and has made the choice to bring an incomplete definition of the notions that make however the gist of business transfer. All in all, each state is free to interpret to its convenience the dispositions of successive directives, under the sole control of the European Court of Justice. This legal cacophony is an opportunity. Indeed, since the topic is so variedly dealt with by different national laws (mainly German, English and Spanish), a comparative study enables to reveal the pros and cons of our French law. The starting point of our reflexion will be the only European consensus on this issue: the loss of a market shall by no means entail a business transfer. From the redefinition of the notion of business to the protection of the rights of both employers and employees, this present study advocates for a simplification of business transfer law.

L’autorité de la chose jugée, expression de l’exigence de stabilité des décisions juridictionnelles et de la capacité de l’Etat souverain à exercer son pouvoir juridictionnel en tranchant définitivement l’affaire lui étant soumise, est fortement liée à l’enchainement processuel dont elle constitue l’aboutissement naturel. Ces dernières années, en raison de l’influence du droit supranational, la chose jugée subit également un processus d’érosion de son caractère irréfragable. En particulier, alors que le conflit entre chose jugée et décisions de la Cour de justice de l’UE apparait comme « pathologique », les spécificités du système conventionnel de protection des droits de l’homme provoquent un conflit quasi « physiologique » avec la chose jugée de droit interne. La nature particulière de ce dernier type de conflit s’explique non seulement en raison du principe de subsidiarité et de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes qui caractérisent la saisine de la Cour EDH, mais aussi du fait de la nécessité d’une « restitution in integrum » du requérant victime d’une violation conventionnelle qui impose une obligation de réouverture de la procédure interne, en exécution de l’article 46 Conv. EDH. La thèse analyse, sous l’angle comparé du droit italien et français, les notions qui sous-tendent ce conflit, à savoir la valeur de la res iudicata et l’incidence des systèmes européens de protection des droits fondamentaux sur l’ordre processuel interne pour ensuite se pencher sur les modalités concrètes par lesquelles les deux ordres juridiques ont permis le dépassement de l’autorité de la chose jugée pour garantir l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour EDH. Dans le cadre ainsi tracé, la récente entrée en vigueur du Protocole n. 16 à la Conv. EDH, introduisant un mécanisme consultatif devant la Cour EDH, ainsi que les perspectives offertes par le Protocole n. 15 à la Conv. EDH et par la possible adhésion de l’Union au système conventionnel, viennent recentrer le rôle reconnu à la Cour EDH en tant que juridiction régulatrice d’un système européen de protection des droits fondamentaux, et favorisent le dépassement du conflit entre la chose jugée et les décisions européennes en faveur du paradigme du "dialogue" entre les juges. / The effect of res judicata (also known as “a thing adjudged), an expression of the stability requirement of the jurisdictional decisions and the sovereign state’s capacity to exercise its jurisdictional power by making the final judgement on the matter, is a concept strongly connected with the criminal process which constitutes its natural result. In the last few years, as a result of solicitations of supranational origin whose domestic law is subject, res judicata also undergoes a process of erosion of its irrefutable nature. In particular, while the conflict between res judicata and decisions of the Court of Justice of European Union appears to be “pathological”, the specificities of the conventional system of human right protection provoke a virtually “physiological” conflict with the the doctrine of res judicata in domestic law. This is done considering the principle of subsidiarity and the exhaustion of domestic remedies which characterize the appeal to the European Court of Human Rights jointly with the fact that the requirement of the effective "restitutio in integrum" of the applicant victim of a recognized breach of his rights imposes an obligation to reopen the domestic proceedings, according to article 46 ECHR. The thesis analyses under the angle of Italian and French law, the concepts underlying the conflict, especially the value of res judicata and the impact of European systems of protection of fundamental rights on the internal criminal process, secondly, to examine the concrete ways in which the two legal orders have allowed the effect of res judicata to be exceeded in order to guarantee the execution of ECHR judgments. In this context, the recent entry into force of the Protocol n. 16 at EDH, introducing a consultative mechanism before the ECHR, as well as the prospects outlined by the Protocol n. 15 at ECHR and by the possible accession of the European Union to the conventional system, refocus the recognized role of the ECHR as a regulatory jurisdiction of the European protection system for fundamental rights, and promote the overcoming of the conflict between res judicata and European decisions in favor of the "dialogue" between judges.

Diploma thesis sets itself a task to evaluate the using of voting right by foreign nationals in local elections in the Czech Republic. The thesis shows the approach of other member states of European Union to the voting right of foreign nationals in local elections, the legislative framework and the legal position of foreign nationals in the Czech Republic. The centre point of the thesis lies in the real experience of the foreign nationals and mayors or workers of municipal authorities with voting right in the local elections. Information gained during the research allows to study the practice of voting right. During the research there were discovered reasons why the foreign nationals participate or not in local elections. There were explained opinions of foreign nationals about the quality of information of their possibility to participate in local elections and about the conditions of voting right declared by state. Opinions and ideas of foreign nationals are compared with the opinions and experience of mayors or workers of municipal authorities and state institutions.

Transfer of Undertakings Abstract This thesis elaborates on the transfer of undertakings safeguarding employees, rooted in the European legislation in the Council Directive 77/187/EEC of 19 February 1977, replaced by the Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses. Firstly, the European legislation on the transfer of undertakings is briefly analyzed, including its historical transposition into the Czech legal system and an analysis of its interpretation in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The analysis of this legislation focuses in particular on the general nature of this institute of transfer of undertakings and on its basic pillars, such as the automaticity of the transfer, the economic unit preserving its identity, the preservation of working conditions and others. The next part of the thesis analyses the Czech regulation anchored in Act No. 262/2006 Coll., the Labour Code, as amended until 29 July 2020, which is gradually compared with the regulation at the European level, highlighting the fundamental differences caused by the somewhat loose transposition of the European regulation...

Le phénomène du religieux joue un rôle important en Europe. Le droit ecclésiastique stipule les rapports juridiques entre l’Etat et les Eglises et les Religions. L’article 9 CEDH et son développement jurisprudentiel créent les conditions d’existence d’un droit ecclésiastique européen de facto. En outre, la Déclaration 11 annexée au Traité d’Amsterdam, la Charte des Droits fondamentaux de l’Union et le Traité de Lisbonne forment les fondements d’un droit ecclésiastique de l’Union, dans la perspective d’une convergence plus avancée. La contribution de l’Eglise Orthodoxe à la construction européenne est considérée indispensable par le biais des Représentations des Eglises Orthodoxes localement établies au sein de l’Union Européenne, ainsi que de sa tradition ecclésiale. / The religious phenomenon plays an important role in Europe. The ecclesiastical law regulates the relationship between the State and the Churches/Religions. The article 9 of the ECHR and its jurisprudential development create conditions for the existence of a de facto European ecclesiastical law. In addition, the Declaration 11 annexed to the Amsterdam Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Lisbon Treaty are the foundations of an Ecclesiastical law of the Union from the perspective of a more advanced convergence. The contribution of the Orthodox Church to the European construction is considered indispensable through representations of the locally established Orthodox Churches, within the European Union and its ecclesiastical tradition. / Το θρησκευτικό φαινόμενο παίζει ένα σημαντικό ρόλο στην Ευρώπη. Το εκκλησιαστικό δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τις σχέσεις Εκκλησιών και Θρησκειών με το κράτος. Το άρθρο 9 ΕΣΔΑ και η νομολογιακή του ανάπτυξη δημιουργούν τις δομές ύπαρξης ενός ευρωπαϊκού εκκλησιαστικού δικαίου de facto. Από την άλλη, η Δήλωση 11 της Συνθήκης του Άμστερνταμ, ο Χάρτης Θεμελιωδών δικαιωμάτων και η Συνθήκη της Λισσαβόνας διαμορφώνουν τα θεμέλια ενός Εκκλησιαστικού δικαίου της Ένωσης, υπό τη προοπτική μίας πιο προχωρημένης σύγκλησης. Η συνεισφορά της Ορθόδοξης Εκκλησίας στην οικοδομή της Ευρώπης θεωρείται απαραίτητη μέσω των αντιπροσωπειών των κατά τόπους Ορθόδοξων Εκκλησιών στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση αλλά και μέσω της εκκλησιαστική της παράδοση.

This research on healthcare strategies of home-based, low-wage, immigrant careworkers contributes to the ways medical anthropology, migration studies and social science understand human-economy-family care relationships and health and carework as commodities in today's global economy. It reveals the consequences for workers as they defray the costs of care for the Italian government and contribute to their home economies. This research was conducted in Genoa, Italy, which has the largest percentage of people over the age of 70 in any city of its size in the world and a tradition of sending and receiving immigrant workers. The main question was: Under the circumstances of providing labor-intensive, in-home supportive services, how do immigrant workers respond to their own health needs? The researcher collected data from interviews with 50 careworkers, 25 professionals who provide services to the careworkers, and 23 administrators in the health system, government agencies, labor unions, and the Catholic Church. The careworkers interviewed were women from South America, as they do most of the carework jobs in this city. Long-term participant observation and interview data were analyzed to: 1) produce empirical data on health concerns of and healthcare resource use by migrant careworkers; and 2) investigate the relationships between health concerns, living/working conditions, and healthcare resource use of transnational immigrants in the informal economy. The data showed that the Catholic Church promoted immigrants as able workers, aided their elderly parishioners, and provided necessary mental health support to careworkers who experienced stress. The data also revealed that the health care system of Italy functioned well to address the physical health concerns of immigrant careworkers. The relationship between the client and the worker was important for the general well-being of the worker and her ability to maintain her general health, have time for medical appointments, socialize outside of the workplace, and attend community events. This study examined: strategies for using health resources; responses of the Italian medical system personnel to anti-immigrant legislation; use of non-State resources to meet health needs; the health consequences of caring for an elderly person in the private home; and ways to address these health consequences.

This DPhil thesis analyses the Takeover Bid Directive in the light of EU Law and examines the extent to which this Directive facilitates the exercise of the fundamental freedom of establishment and the free movement of capital in the internal market. Since the Directive is based on the EC Treaty chapter on freedom of establishment (Articles 43 and 44(2)(g) EC Treaty), it should in principle contribute to cross frontier corporate mobility in the internal market through takeover bids; this was the aim of the Commission in its various proposals. Takeover bids and the EC Treaty provisions on freedom of establishment are closely related. The Directive forms part of the EU company law harmonization programme whose weaknesses and limits are also explored. However, the Takeover Bid Directive is an EU company law instrument with strong links to EU capital market law. The initial aims of the EU legislature were to establish an internal market for companies and to achieve market integration in the field of EU company law. However, the Takeover Bid Directive is a compromise and watered down version of a proposal which the Commission envisaged would lead to a more effective pan-European takeover regime than that which actually proved possible. The need for compromise was the result of the very different legal and policy approaches of the Member States in the field of takeover regulation. Some provisions of the Directive are obligatory for all Member States. These provisions include the mandatory bid rule, the squeeze-out right, and the sell-out right. All these obligatory provisions of the Directive are in their present form open to criticism. The two key provisions of the Directive have been made optional for Member States. These are the non-frustration rule, requiring the board to obtain the prior authorization of the general meeting of shareholders before taking any action which could result in the frustration of the bid; and the breakthrough rule, requiring that any restrictions on the transfer of securities or voting rights provided for in the articles of association of the offeree company or in contractual agreements between the offeree company and the holders of its securities or in contractual agreements between holders of the offeree company’s securities shall not apply vis-à-vis the offeror during the time allowed for acceptance of the bid. Nevertheless, Member States, which opt out, are obliged to allow individual companies to opt in. Moreover, a reciprocity rule was also adopted, which allows Member States to permit those companies, which apply these provisions, to opt out again if they are the target of a bidder, which does not itself apply the same takeover provisions. Additionally, the non-frustration and the breakthrough rule are not fully comprehensive and even when a company applies them, it might still be able to evade their application since some corporate and financial structures remain outside the Directive’s scope. Finally, this thesis discusses the extent to which obstacles to cross border takeovers addressed by the Directive, or indeed left intact by the Directive, are to be regarded as restrictions on the right of establishment stricto sensu, or simply as obstacles in practice to making a successful takeover bid. More specifically, it scrutinizes the horizontal direct effect of the EC fundamental freedoms and seeks to analyze the extent to which conduct of the board and articles in the corporate constitution might be said to constitute restrictions on the freedom of establishment and on the free movement of capital.