Le prolongement du processus de communautarisation va certes avoir des conséquences sur le plan extérieur de l'Union européenne. La reconnaissance des décisions tierces par le juge français sera désormais influencée par l’application des principes et valeurs européens. La présente étude mettra l'accent sur le sort des conditions exigées, en France, pour les décisions tierces. Le rôle du juge d'exéquatur sera déterminant pour illustrer la transition de la pratique juridictionnelle. En effet, c'est le pouvoir de celui-ci qui va déterminer le sort de cette pratique envers les décisions émanant des États tiers. Outre les conventions élaborées dans le cadre européen, la convention de Bruxelles du 27 septembre de 1968 et le règlement européen n° 44/2001, ainsi que le règlement Bruxelles II, Bruxelles II bis et les accords de partenariat, ne seront pas à l'abri de notre recherche. Autrement dit, nous voulons mesurer le développement du droit international privé européen, notamment en termes d'entraide judiciaire, sur le plan extérieur. Le but est de donner au droit européen une dimension universelle. / The extension process of communitarisation will certainly have implications outside the European Union. Recognition of third decisions by the French judge will now be influenced by the application of European principles and values. This study will focus on the fate of the conditions required in France for the third decisions. The role of the judge will determine exequatur to illustrate the transition from legal practice. Indeed, it is the power of it will determine the fate of this practice to decisions from other States. In addition to the conventions developed in the European context, the Brussels Convention of 27 September 1968 and this Regulation No. 44/2001 (also Brussels II and Brussels II bis) and the partnership agreements, will not be immune to our research. In other words, we want to measure the development of European private international law, particularly in terms of mutual legal assistance on the outside. The goal is to give the European international private law a universal dimension.

La Constitution, entendue dans son acception la plus générale comme La marque suprême de souveraineté nationale, ne cesse d’évoluer au fil de l’approfondissement de la construction européenne. Un tel constat se manifeste à la fois dans le contenu matériel et normatif de la norme première, dans son aspect purement formel et dans son essence même. Pour s’en convaincre, il suffit de se reporter aux nombreuses révisions constitutionnelles ayant été effectuées sous la pression de l’intégration européenne. La doctrine évoque une communautarisation des Constitutions nationales voire une constitutionnalisation du droit communautaire. Dans cette optique, il convient de s’interroger, par le biais d’une démarche comparatiste évolutive, sur la portée effective et sur les conséquences de ces évolutions sur les contours et l’acception de la Constitution française.Est­-il encore possible d’évoquer un monopole de souveraineté pour caractériser cette dernière, face à l’exercice par l’Union européenne de la souveraineté transférée ? Est-­il réellement légitime, et juridiquement juste, de continuer à appréhender la Constitution à partir de son cadre national d’origine ? En d’autres termes, et d’une manière plus radicale, le concept de Constitution peut‐il encore être rattaché à un sens traditionnel et exclusif, tel qu’issu du droit interne? Face aux incertitudes européennes dont la norme suprême fait désormais l’objet, force est de dépasser le cadre d’étude fondamental traditionnel par la construction d’un nouveau concept de «Constitution», supplantant les principales définitions jusqu’ici admises. / The Constitution, taken in the most generally understood definition of supreme nationalauthority, is continuously evolving with the increasing structural complexity of the Europeancommunity . Such findings are in evidence not only in the material content and the normativestandard of the first degree but also in its purely formal aspect and its essence.To be persuaded this is happening, it is enough to look at the numerous constitutionalamendments brought about under the pressure of European integration.The tenet calls to mind a normalization of the national constitutions of member states into theframework of the European constitution .In this perspective, one has to ask through an evolutionary comparative step, whether thesechanges are being effective and the consequences they will have on the shaping andacceptance of the French Constitution.Is it still possible to think of the exclusive possessionof sovereignty when faced with the European Union transferred sovereignty rule.Is it truly legitimate and legally right to continue to perceive the constitution from its originalnational foundations. In other words and in a more radical way, can the concept ofConstitution be linked to a traditional and sole meaning as originating from a nationalprerogative.Faced with European uncertainties, whose legal supremacy has been put into question, onehas to go beyond the fundamentally traditional framework towards the building of a newconcept of "Constitution" which supersedes the main definitions as accepted to the presenttime.

Les fusions transfrontalières de sociétés de capitaux n’intéressent pas uniquement le droit des sociétés mais revêtent aussi d’importants aspects de droit social. Si la directive du 26 octobre 2005 facilite ces opérations, le renvoi aux législations nationales opéré soulève de nombreuses difficultés en l’absence de traitement harmonisé de leurs conséquences sociales. Les interrogations suscitées par la mise en oeuvre de la participation des travailleurs aux organes de gestion de la société issue de l’opération n’en sont qu’une illustration. D’autres questions relatives notamment au devenir des instances de représentation du personnel existant au sein des sociétés parties à la fusion, aux normes collectives ou aux contrats de travail, restent en suspens. A celles-ci et à d’autres, cette étude tente d’apporter des réponses. Les enjeux dont les fusions transfrontalières sont porteuses l’exigent. / Cross-border mergers of incorporated companies do not only interest Company Law but also comprise important aspects of Labour & Employment Law. If the European Directive dated 26 October 2005 facilitates these transactions, the reference made to national legislation raises many difficulties in the absence of harmonized treatment of the social consequences of transactions. The questions raised by the implementation of workers' participation in management bodies of the company resulting from the transaction are an illustration. Other issues include the fate of employees’ representative bodies of existing staff within the merging companies, collective norms and employment contracts, remain unresolved. To these and others, this study attempts to provide answers. The consequences of the cross-border transactions require that answers be given to the unresolved issues.

De nos jours, la coopération entre les superviseurs financiers dans l’Union européenne constitue une nécessité apparente. En effet, l’harmonisation progressive des législations des Etats membres, la mise en place du passeport européen pour faciliter la libre circulation des acteurs au sein de l’Union, la compétence nationale fondée sur le principe du pays d’origine, ainsi que la reconnaissance mutuelle des agréments et des contrôles ont rendu nécessaire la coopération entre les superviseurs financiers des Etats membres. Cette nécessité constitue une conséquence logique de l’intégration financière. D'une part, l'existence de règles communes exige une approche cohérente dans leur mise en oeuvre à travers de l'Union européenne. D'autre part, la portée croissante d'activités transfrontalières, ensemble avec l’émergence de grands établissements financiers prestant des services dans plusieurs secteurs d’activité, exige la coopération étroite entre les superviseurs financiers. En effet, dans un contexte transfrontalier et intersectoriel, la coopération constitue le principal outil de surveillance des autorités de contrôle financier. Ce processus est en plein mutation depuis l’avènement de la crise financière. Ainsi, la coopération est renforcée et centralisée à l’échelle de l’Union depuis la mise en place des Autorités européennes de surveillance. En outre, la centralisation de la supervision dans le secteur bancaire au niveau européen ne supprime pas la nécessité de coopération, en particulier en raison de l’expertise des autorités nationales, de leur connaissance des marchés bancaires nationaux, régionaux et locaux, des ressources importantes dont elles disposent déjà et de considérations géographiques et linguistiques. / Nowadays, the cooperation among the financial supervisors in the European Union is a visible necessity. The progressive harmonisation of the legislations of the Member states, the establishment of the European passport in order to facilitate the free movement of actors within the Union, the national competence based on the principle of the country of origin, as well as the mutual recognition of the authorisation procedure and of the controls made necessary the cooperation among financial supervisors in Europe. This necessity is a logical consequence of the financial integration. First, the existence of common rules requires a coherent approach in their implementation thought the European Union. Second, the increasing number of cross-border activities, as well as the emergence of big financial institutions active in several business sectors requires a close relationship between financial supervisors. In a cross-border and intersectoral context the cooperation becomes the main tool of supervision of the financial authorities. This process is in height transformation since the advent of the financial crisis. The cooperation is strengthened and centralised on European level since the establishment of the European Supervisory Authorities. In addition, the centralisation of the supervision in the banking sector at European level does not eliminate the necessity of cooperation, due in particular to the expertise of national authorities, to their knowledge of national, regional and local banking markets, their significant existing resources and to locational and language considerations.

The dissertation deals with the relationship between sport and the law, in conjunction with private international law. For more than a century sport passed through an important period of development. Many sports have been successfully forgotten, some have survived, and many can be included as the new sports with a tradition of several years or decades. Legal theory and legal practice so far took no particular need to take the issue of sports opinion. Sport is an objectively existing category in nature regardless the law. However, questions regularly associated with sports injuries and their resulting consequences emerged. The growing need for legal regulation of sport industry is primarily related to risks that sports bring to their surroundings and also to athletes. In the foreground there is the application of civil law, which affects compensation for damage to health and sports injuries. Clear solution has not been found to this day. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate the current state winter sports legislation with an emphasis on skiing. The main topic of the dissertation is responsibility for damages in connection with ski injuries. Another objective is a certain attempt to process selected issues of mutual relations between sport and the law with a particular focus on the comparison...

The criminal justice as well as the persons participating in criminal proceedings, they both are currently facing number of newly posed challenges and unanswered questions so far, due to the onward going integration of the European Union and much closer cooperation of the Member States, in the field of the Procedural Criminal Law. There have been established many new institutions within the field of the European Union in last few years and there were adopted many legal tools which directly influence the cooperation between the judicial and police authorities of individual countries. In connection with newly emerging forms of the crime and more coherent cooperation of the perpetrators of severe crime, the relevant authorities at the union level as well as at the national level encounter situations not being resolved at all, or which are specified by theoretical standards only and have not been put into practice yet. Due to the diversity and abundance of the legal tools and institutions which interfere the criminal law sphere without adjusting their mutual cooperation or without having sorted out the priority of application in many cases, the author of this thesis considers as an appropriate to have such comprehensive view to this relevant issue introduced to the specialized public, as well as having...

Le rôle des propriétés intellectuelles au sein d’une économie de l’immatériel et de l’innovation est essentiel. Les contrats d’exploitation constituent les instruments juridiques permettant la circulation de ces sources de richesse et favorisent l’optimisation de leur exploitation, tant au niveau national qu’au niveau européen. La présente thèse traite la question de l’amélioration du cadre juridique actuel des contrats d’exploitation en Europe. Plus précisément, elle a pour objectif de démontrer que, d’une part, l’insuffisance du droit des contrats d’exploitation en Europe est globale et pose problème et, d’autre part, que ce problème devrait être traité à travers la (re)construction du droit spécial des contrats d’exploitation de manière transversale et dans une perspective européenne. L’analyse a pour point de départ l’examen du statu quo à partir des droits grec, français, allemand, britannique et communautaire et aboutit à la recommandation de certaines pistes de (re)construction et d’européanisation, vue de la construction d’un véritable et cohérent droit commun européen des contrats d’exploitation. / Intellectual Property plays an essential rοle in the modern economy based on innovation and intellectual capital. Exploitation contracts of IP rights are the legal instruments that allow the circulation of these assets and enhance their exploitation both at national and European level. This thesis discusses the question of improvement of the actual legal framework of exploitation contracts of IP rights in Europe. More precisely, it aims at demonstrating that, on the one hand, the insufficiency of the law of exploitation contracts is real and far-reaching and, on the other hand, that the insufficiency problem should be dealt with the transversal (re)construction of the specific legal framework of exploitation contracts in a European perspective. The analysis starts with the examination of the deficiencies of the status quo, as reflected in Greek, French, German, British laws, and European acquis and concludes with the recommendation of further steps to be taken for the construction of a true and consistent European law of exploitation contracts of IP rights.

La lutte contre le terrorisme, ainsi que ses conséquences sur la sphère des droits de l'Homme, n'est pas un thème nouveau en Europe. Cependant, depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 perpétrés sur le sol des Etats-Unis, «confirmés» par ceux de Madrid en 2004 et Londres en 2005, elle n'a jamais incarné une telle priorité. La majeure partie des mesures prises par l'Union européenne tombe sous le titre de la coopération en matière pénale, c’est-à-dire sousl’ex-troisième Pilier, parmi lesquelles la décision-cadre sur la lutte contre le terrorisme, la décision-cadre sur le mandat d'arrêt européen et les accords entre l'Union européenne et les Etats-Unis d'Amérique sur l'extradition et l'assistance juridique mutuelle. Sur base des mesures européennes, certains Etats, historiquement non concernés par ce phénomène, ont été pressés à adopter des mesures anti-terroristes alors que d’autres y ont vu une légitimation pour renforcer leur corpus juridique déjà existant. Quel est l'impact des mesures européennes et de celles prises par les Etats sur le délicat équilibre entre la sécurité et la liberté ? En d'autres termes, quel est le rôle de l'Etat de droit : une limitation à ces mesures ou, un principe visant au renforcement du combat contre le terrorisme? / The fight against terrorism, as well as its consequences in the field of Human Rights, is not a new theme for Europe. However, since the terrorist attacks of September the 11th 2001 in the United States of America, “confirmed” by the ones of Madrid in 2004 and London in 2005, it has never embodied such a priority. The larger part of the measures taken by the European Union falls under the heading of cooperation in criminal matters, i.e. within the scope of the former Third Pillar, among which the framework decision on combating terrorism, the framework decision on the European arrest warrant and the agreements between the European Union and the United States of America on extradition and mutual legal assistance. On basis of the European measures, some States, not historically concerned by terrorism, have been compelled to carry out counter-terrorism measures whereas, others have seen a legitimation to reinforce their existing body of law. What is the impact of the European measures and the ones taken by States on the delicate balance between security and liberty? In other words, what is the role of the Rule of Law: a limitation to those measures or, a principle aiming to the strengthening of the fight against terrorism?

<p>Sveriges inträde i EU 1995 har lett till många förändringar i det svenska rättssystemet. Svenska domstolar har därmed fått en ny arbetssituation och nya skyldigheter. Flera förändringar har skett i svensk processrätt, och grundläggande EU-rättsliga principer som de om direkt effekt och EU-rättens företräde framför nationell rätt, har ställt de nationella domstolarna inför flera utmaningar.</p><p>Den mest grundläggande skyldigheten de svenska domstolarna har gentemot EU är förpliktelsen att inhämta förhandsavgörande från EU-domstolen. Sistainstansrätterna är skyldiga att göra detta närhelst de är osäkra på tolkningen och/eller tillämpningen av en EU-rättslig bestämmelse. Detta är en långtgående förpliktelse som endast har två undantag: det första är i de fall EU-domstolen redan dömt i ett identiskt fall (acte éclairé); det andra är då den nationella domstolen anser att den EU-rättsliga bestämmelsen är tillräckligt klar och tydligt för att den självständigt ska kunna tillämpa den (acte clair).</p><p>Dessa skyldigheter har lett till ett flertal problem för de svenska domstolarna. Sverige har fått skarp kritik från Kommissionen för sistainstansrätternas obenägenhet att inhämta förhandsavgörande.</p><p>Huruvida EU borde ta hårdare tag mot medlemsstaternas nationella domstolar eller om kriterierna för när skyldigheten att inhämta förhandsavgörande borde mjukas upp diskuteras flitigt i nuläget. Det finns företeelser som talar för en utveckling åt både det ena och det andra hållet, vilket gör detta till ett väldigt spännande ämne att studera.</p> / <p>Since Sweden joined EU in 1995 many things has changed in the Swedish legal order. This has led to several new obligations for the Swedish courts. There have been a number of changes in Swedish law of procedure, and fundamental principles of law set down by EU, like the principle of direct effect of EU law and its precedence over national law, has presented many challenges before the national courts.</p><p>The most fundamental obligation of the Swedish courts to EU is the duty to make a reference for a preliminary ruling to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The courts of last instance are obligated to do this in any case where they are insecure of the appropriate application of EU-law. There are only two exceptions to this rule, namely when the ECJ already has ruled in an identical matter (acte éclairé) and in cases where the national court feels that the correct interpretation of the rule of law in question is obvious (acte clair).</p><p>These obligations have lead to a number of problems for the Swedish courts. The Commission has criticized Sweden because of the national courts of last instance unwillingness to request preliminary rulings.</p><p>Whether EU should toughen up and take action against the national courts disobedience or if the criteria for when an obligation to make a reference for a preliminary ruling should get more flexible is constantly discussed at this time. There are several things that speaks for both of these developments and that makes this a very interesting topic to study.</p>

Germany’s economic dominance in Europe, generous investment incentives, and technical manufacturing prowess has encouraged an influx of Chinese-led inbound activity, concentrated in high-tech sector mergers and acquisitions. A close examination of these M&As yields evidence of systemic Chinese state-financing through both state-owned and private vehicles that likely stems from China’s “Made in China 2025” policy, which hopes to stem capital outflow and to indigenize technological innovation. As Germany braces for what it sees to be continuous attempts by China to take patented German technology through M&As, it worries that Chinese patent law will allow for rampant patent infringement by copycat Chinese entities. This paper presents an overview of the root causes of China’s heavy economic activity in Germany, as well as an analysis of the legal concerns held by German firms based on a close reading of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China and strategic recommendations for German companies hoping to work with or in China.