This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.

The subject-matter of the presented thesis is cross-border healthcare in the European Union. The thesis focuses deeply on the overall evaluation of the recently adopted Directive on patients' rights. The primary objective of this thesis is to comprehensively analyse the new legislation on cross-border health care within the European Union, i.e. Directive on patients' rights. Based on theoretical findings, the thesis aims to assess the potential impact of the Directive on the provisions of cross-border healthcare within the European Union and its influence on the healthcare system in the Czech Republic. The contents of the thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is introductory and provides information concerning the relevant provisions of primary law that provides European Union with competences in the area of health. The second chapter deals with the developments of the legal framework for cross- border healthcare in the European Union and clarifies in detail the specific nature of cross- border health care. Considerable focus is placed on analysis of concrete rights of migrant patients that are derived from the comprehensive case law of CJEU. The third chapter is exclusively devoted to the legal analysis of the various aspects of the Directive on patients' rights and evaluates the...

THE DOCTRINE OF THE PROHIBITION ON PARALLEL IMPORTS RESTRICTIONS WITHIN COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION The aim of this thesis is to analyse the current approach of EU competition law to parallel imports restrictions in light of nearly a half-century of EU Courts' case-law's evolution and in comparison with the approach adopted by US antitrust law. The traditional attitude of the EU Courts and of the Commission towards competition restraints of this type is described in literature in clear terms. However, this is not the case when it comes to the recent and current ambiguous developments within EU competition law. Therefore, this thesis aims to verify these two hypotheses. The first hypothesis says that evolution of the EU institutions approach to parallel imports restrictions has a circular nature: it starts from the traditional, intransigent position adopted in the early decades of European integration and it continues through a more lenient, economic approach in the period of the so called modernization of EU competition law to return to a rather traditional attitude typical of the current times. According to the second hypothesis, the current EU institutions' attitude towards parallel imports restrictions has nevertheless been shifted, during the modernization period, to a more...

The thesis examines the expressions and origins of negative attitudes to gender equality in the Czech Republic, which have been noticeable especially in the process of implementation of the EU sex equality acquis. It asks whether and how they can be explained with reference to socio-legal developments that started during Czechoslovakia’s State Socialist past, but are still relevant today. In order to answer these research questions, the thesis examines how gender equality has been regulated through law and how it has been understood by law-makers, judges and legal scholars in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic during State Socialism (1948-1989) and Transition (1989-today). The thesis examines legal developments in gender-relevant areas, most importantly in antidiscrimination law. It also excavates the underlying, sometimes hidden, but crucial understandings of key concepts such as ‘women’, ‘gender’, ‘equality’, ‘discrimination’ and ‘rights’. The thesis argues that while formal legal guarantees for women have largely been satisfactory in the Czech Republic by international standards, the way these formal legal guarantees are understood, interpreted and applied has not been gender-progressive. It argues that the reasons for this are: (i) entrenched patriarchal ideas about women’s appropriate role both in private and public life; (ii) a failure to understand gender as a social construct and to recognize gender order as a pervasive social structure; (iii) an inadequate conceptualization of equality and a refusal to combat sex discrimination; and (iv) a limited understanding of the role of law and of rights in the shaping of social relations. It argues that these understandings have been considerably path-dependent on State Socialism, be it through a rejection of anything perceived as State Socialist (which has harmed redistributive policies), as well as through the mostly unconscious retention of ideas or their absence (which has led to a blindness to the cultural aspects of patriarchy).

The Diploma Thesis deals with the relationship between International and European law in the context of actual events. The main aim is to analyse this relationship on the particular case of Yassin Abdullah Kadi by means of the wide scale of expert opinions and discussions. The main aim will be achieved through several partial aims (theoretical definition of essential conceptions relating to the theme, description of particular UN resolutions and their implementation into European law, analysis of the judgements of EU judicial authorities in the Kadi case).

Die vorgelegte Arbeit behandelt die Haftungsbelastung des Arbeitnehmers, wenn dieser im Rahmen seiner Arbeitstätigkeit einen Dritten schädigt. Es handelt sich um eine rechtsvergleichende Betrachtung, die sich die Erstellung eines europäischen Regelungsentwurfes zum Ziel gemacht hat. Rechtsvergleichend konnte festgestellt werden, dass im europäischen Rechtsraum teils gravierende Unterschiede bei der Haftungsinanspruchnahme des Arbeitnehmers zu verzeichnen sind. Diese Unterschiede beruhen auf divergierenden Wertungen der Frage ob eine Haftungsaufteilung zwischen Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer geboten ist. Von den untersuchten Argumenten für und wider einer Haftungsentlastung des Arbeitnehmers haben sich die Fürsorgepflicht des Arbeitgebers und das Betriebsrisiko als tragende Argumente für eine Haftungsverlagerung erwiesen. Es wird daher die Haftung des Arbeitnehmers nur für vorsätzliches Verhalten vorgeschlagen. Im übrigen wird das Haftungsrisiko dem Arbeitgeber zugewiesen. Für den europäischen Rechtsraum wird eine Versicherungspflicht empfohlen. Die Pflichtversicherung tritt hierbei für den entstehenden Schaden ein. Nur im Falle der Vorsatzhandlung durch den Arbeitnehmer kann diesem gegenüber Regress genommen werden. Die Versicherung wird nach diesem Modell durch den Arbeitgeber abgeschlossen. Eine Mindestversicherungssumme soll festgelegt werden. Im Einzelfall wird bei hinreichend nachgewiesener Liquidität eine Befreiung von der Versicherungspflicht ermöglicht. Die Beitragsgestaltung richtet sich nach der Gefahrgeneigtheit der im Betrieb durchgeführten Arbeiten sowie nach der Häufigkeit von Haftungsfällen, so dass das individuelle Schadensrisiko des Unternehmens berücksichtigt wird. Eine zuverlässige Kontrolle des Versicherungsabschlusses soll von staatlicher Seite aus gewährleistet werden. Eine Vereinheitlichung dieser Haftungsfrage im europäischen Rechtsraum sollte nur im Rahmen eines europäischen Zivilrechtsbuches erfolgen. Es wurden die bestehenden Harmonisierungsmöglichkeiten untersucht. Eine Privatrechtsvereinheitlichung kann nach Autorenauffassung am besten über den Weg eines Modellgesetzes umgesetzt werden. / The present dissertation deals with the liability an employee bears in case he injures a third person in course of employment. It’s a comparative study which aims to draft an outline for a unified European rule. There were apparent differences between the compared European laws regarding the topic of vicarious liability. The variations in how liability is shared between employee and employer are created by dissimilar morals and values. Of the studied arguments for or against the principle of vicarious liability have two persuaded in favour of a shared liability between the parties of employment. The first is the employers obligation to care for the welfare of his employees and the second the inherent risk of the business itself which puts an obligation on the employer to share the liability for damage done to third parties in course of employment. In detail this study suggests to keep the employee liable for intended acts only. Apart the liability is to be carried by the employer. The concept proposes further a compulsory insurance which is to be paid for by the employer. The insurance however is obliged to step in for all the damage done in course of the employment by the employee. Only in case of intention there is the right of the insurance to take regress at the employee. Part of the concept is a minimum sum to be insured. State enterprises and comparable solvent companies shall have the opportunity to apply for an exception of the requirement to insure. Insurance rate should connect to the individual risk of the business, considering the risk-level in course of the operation of the particular business and the quantity of actual damages done. A reliable control by officials is necessary to ensure that the employer cared for the insurance. A unification of the matter should only take place in a European context of a unified civil law. A study of the existing possibilities to harmonise private law in Europe led to the conclusion that the subject of vicarious liability within a new European civil code should be drawn in the shape of a model law.

La notion d’intérêt général façonne non seulement la concession des droits de propriété industrielle, mais également les limites imposées à leurs titulaires et la manière dont le contrôle de l’exercice de ces droits est réalisée. La prise en compte de la notion d’intérêt général en matière de licence des droits de propriété industrielle n’est pas la même en droit brésilien, français et de l’Union européenne. L’expérience française et européenne en la matière permet d’apporter des critiques et de nouveaux éléments de réflexion permettant une remise en cause du système actuel de contrôle des licences des droits de propriété industrielle brésilien, en vue de l’adoption d’un régime plus respectueux de la liberté des parties. L’étude du droit français et de l’Union Européenne permet d’envisager l’application du droit de la concurrence brésilien à ces contrats, sans préjudice d’une garantie d’adéquation à l’intérêt général. / Concerns for the public interest do not only shape the granting of industrial property rights, but also impose limitations on exploitation of such rights by owners and have an impact on how owners exercise their rights. The consideration of the public interest related to licensing of industrial property rights is not the same in Brazilian, French and European Union laws. Comparative study of the French and European practices in this field can be used to aid Brazilian lawyers in criticizing and considering new elements to challenge the current screening system of license agreements inBrazilian law, proposing the adoption of a contractual freedom-oriented system. This thesis undertakes an analysis of French and European Union laws, which allows us to take into consideration Brazilian competition law as a mechanism to control industrial property licenses without prejudice to public interest.

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<p>The topic of this master thesis in legal science is state law and constitutional law, or more specific judicalization, with the division of power and thus increased individual legal rights in various forms. Sweden has traditionally had a weak constitutional protection for the individual’s legal rights. The public power has been concentrated to the government and the courts have only played a marginal role. Since the implementation of the European convention of legal rights and with the ever-increasing importance of the legal system of the European Union, the Swedish legal system gone through changes of historical dimensions.</p><p>This master thesis is based on the legal dogmatic method where laws, preparatory work, case law and doctrines have been systemized. The purpose of this thesis is to exemplify a global trend; the judicalization and its following consequence and implication on the national legal system. The aim is also to evaluate the constitutional protection in Sweden after the propositioned changes of Regeringsformen in a de lege ferenda-perspective.</p><p>The conservative sovereignty of the Swedish people has been challenged by, from national standpoints, xenogeneic thoughts concerning division of power and increased power for the courts, which in turn puts the traditional democratic principles on their edge. An expert commission, Grundlagsutredningen, was put together to review the Swedish constitution, Regeringsformen. The review has resulted in a proposition which questions some important constitutional matters. The expert commission has propositioned a stronger judicial preview through the Swedish legal Counsel Lagrådet, and also suggested a stronger judicial review by changing the possibilities of the courts to try laws against the constitution. These changes, together with the fact that the autonomy and the increased power of the courts are stressed in a new chapter in Regeringsformen, imply that the political power has to take a step back. The development, the judicalization, clearly accentuates the judicial power on behalf of the courts. This in turn increases the protection for the individual’s fundamental human and legal rights. These incentives are of course hard to ignore as the Swedish constitution for once is competing on an international level. The new changes are positive as a corrective against for instance the abuse of power, and only case law can provide us with outcome in a prospective perspective.</p> / <p>Ämnet för denna magisteruppsats i rättsvetenskap är statsrätt och konstitutionell rätt, eller mer specifikt judikalisering, och därmed maktdelning och ökat rättighetsskydd i olika former. Sverige har traditionellt sett haft ett förhållandevis svagt skydd för individuella fri- och rättigheter. Den offentliga makten har varit koncentrerad till regering och riksdag och domstolarna har endast spelat en marginell roll. Inkorporerandet av Europakonventionen för mänskliga rättigheter och EU-rättens allt större inflytande i svensk rätt har medfört att det svenska rättsystemet genomgått förändringar av historiska dimensioner. Den hävdvunna folksuveräniteten har ställts mot artfrämmande tankar på maktdelning och ökad domstolsmakt, vilket i sin tur ställer demokratiprinciperna på sin spets.</p><p>Föreliggande arbete bygger på rättsdogmatisk metod där olika rättskällor tolkats och systematiserats. De rättskällor som i första hand har använts är lagar, rättspraxis, förarbeten och juridisk doktrin. Uppsatsen syfte är att beskriva en global trend; judikaliseringen, om dess implikationer på rättsutvecklingen och det politiska livet. Intentionen är vidare att de lege ferenda värdera det svenska grundlagsskyddet efter de föreslagna ändringarna av regeringsformen som nyligen lagts fram i propositionen, [En reformerad grundlag].</p><p>Häri innefattas i synnerhet Grundlagsutredningens arbete med att skapa en samlad översyn av regeringsformen. Grundlagsutredningen har efter ett regeringsdirektiv från 2004 kommit med förslag till en reformerad grundlag. Förslagen tar bland annat sikte på laggranskningen och normprövningen som båda stärks väsentligt i förhållande till tidigare utgångspunkter. Lagrådets förhandsgranskning görs obligatorisk och det så kallade uppenbarhetsrekvisitet för lag- och normprövning slopas. Dessa ändringar tillsammans med det faktum att domstolsmakten stärks, genom att frigöras från förvaltningen, medför att den politiska makten inskränks till förmån för den judiciella. Utvecklingen, judikaliseringen, som tydligt markerar ökad domstolsmakt och skyddet för den enskilde individens fri- och rättigheter medför således svårignorerade incitament i form av ett stärkt konstitutionellt rättighetsskydd. De nya bestämmelserna i regeringsformen är adekvata och endast praxis kan visa om dessa är tillräckliga i ett nationellt, internationellt och i ett prospektivt perspektivt.</p>

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