La croissance des activités anthropiques au cours du dernier siècle a contribué à la dispersion et à l’établissement d’espèces végétales non-natives à travers le monde. Ces espèces sont des moteurs importants de changements environnementaux puisqu’elles ont la capacité de modifier les communautés végétales natives notamment à travers la compétition. Puisque les humains sont un des principaux moteurs d'introduction, d'établissement et de propagation d'espèces non-natives et que toute mesure de gestion, pour être efficace, dépend d’une acceptabilité sociale, il est nécessaire de comprendre les perceptions et les choix relatifs à leur utilisation et à leur gestion. La présente recherche a servi à : i) comprendre les perceptions des différentes parties prenantes envers les différentes espèces végétales non-natives de l’île Navarino, une zone tampon de la Réserve de la Biosphère du Cap Horn (RBCH) dans la région subantarctique chilienne ainsi qu’à ii) identifier les dynamiques de niches et les zones à haut potentiel d’établissement (i.e. points chauds) de quatre de ces espèces, qui serviront ensemble d’outils à la gestion de la RBCH. Pour répondre au premier objectif, sept groupes de parties prenantes ont été identifiés (i.e. résident-e-s, résident-e-s aîné-e-s, conservationnistes, membres de la marine, touristes, membres de la communauté autochtone yaghan, employé-e-s des services publics), à l’intérieur desquels 21 entrevues semi-dirigées ont été conduites. Pour répondre au deuxième objectif, les données de présence globales et régionales de quatre espèces végétales herbacées non-natives particulièrement abondantes i.e. Bellis perennis, Cerastium fontanum, Taraxacum officinale et Trifolium repens ainsi que les données climatiques associées ont servi à développer des modèles de distribution des espèces utilisant la méthode d’entropie maximale (MaxENT). En ce qui concerne le premier objectif, les résultats ont révélé des lacunes dans la compréhension du concept d’espèces non-natives parmi les différentes parties prenantes dans le contexte local. D’autre part, les analyses ont révélé de nombreuses valeurs positives associées aux espèces de plantes non-natives à Navarino, notamment la valeur esthétique. Aussi, cette recherche a montré que la plupart des parties prenantes étaient indifférentes à la gestion des espèces de plantes herbacées non-natives. En ce qui concerne le deuxième objectif, les résultats ont révélé un changement de niche habituellement utilisée par les espèces liée au climat moins favorable de Navarino ainsi qu’une forte plasticité pour les quatre espèces mentionnées ci-haut. Néanmoins, les quatre populations auraient atteint l’équilibre à Navarino. Finalement, la combinaison des modèles globaux et régionaux montre que les zones de points chauds se situent plus particulièrement sur la côte sud de l’île et s’étendent au Nord dépendamment des espèces. Basés sur les résultats obtenus, nous suggérons donc (i) de sensibiliser davantage les parties prenantes aux plantes non-natives, (ii) d'intégrer leurs valeurs dans les décisions de gestion futures et (iii) de surveiller les distributions des espèces végétales non-natives à Navarino à des fins de prévention en considérant l’emplacement stratégique de l'île de Navarino comme un tremplin potentiel pour la dispersion des espèces non-natives vers l'Antarctique. / The growth of human activities over the last century has contributed to the dispersal and establishment of non-native plant species around the world. These species are important drivers of environmental change since they have the capacity to modify native plant communities, especially through competition. Since human are the main drivers of introduction, establishment and spread of non-native species and since management strategies need to take into account public attitudes to be successful, it is necessary to understand the perceptions and choices regarding their use and management. The present study aimed to: i) understand the perceptions of different stakeholders towards the different non-native plant species of Navarino Island, a buffer zone of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR) in the Chilean sub-Antarctic region and ii) identify niche dynamics and high potential establishment areas (i.e. hotspots) of four of these species, which together will serve as multidisciplinary tools for the CHBR management. To address the first objective, seven stakeholder groups were identified (i.e residents, elder residents, conservationists, marine members, tourists, Yaghan community members, public service employees), within which 21 semi-directed interviews were conducted. To address the second objective, global and regional occurrences of four of the most abundant species, i.e. Bellis perennis, Cerastium fontanum, Taraxacum officinale and Trifolium repens and associated climatic data were used to develop species distribution models using the maximum entropy method (MaxENT). Regarding the first objective, results of this study revealed shortcomings in the non-native concept understanding among stakeholders in a local context. On the other hand, the analyzes revealed many positive values associated with non-native plant species in Navarino, notably the aesthetic value. Nevertheless, this study showed that most stakeholders were indifferent to the management of non-native herbaceous plant species. Regarding the second objective, results revealed a niche shift usually used by species due to the less favorable climate of Navarino Island as well as high plasticity for the four plant species mentioned above. However, plant populations might have reached the equilibrium. Finally, the combination of global and regional models shows that hotspots areas are located more particularly on the south coast of the island and extend to the north depending on the species. Based on the results obtained in this study, we therefore suggest (i) increasing awareness of non-native plant among stakeholders, (ii) integrating their values into future decisions, and (iii) preventing dispersal of non-native plant species through Antarctica by monitoring species distribution on Navarino.

Among exotic species that are capable of invading, establishing, and reaching pest status, few pose the range of impacts to biotic (e.g., competition with native species, predation, herbivory, introduction of other exotics) and abiotic (e.g., soil, hydrology) ecosystem components that can be attributed to the wild pig (Sus scrofa). Despite the presence of wild pigs throughout the southeastern United States for centuries, new invasions continue to occur in previously uninhabited and often under-investigated landscapes, including bottomland and upland forests. The recent invasion of the Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge (hereafter, NNWR) in east-central Mississippi represents an opportunity to understand not only a species invasion during an emergent stage, but also to improve and better inform the methods used to combat such species in forested landscapes. In recent years, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has begun to observe direct impacts to this ecologically sensitive area which is critically important to not only migratory waterfowl but also a multitude of other faunal (e.g., amphibians, reptiles, and avian species of concern) and floral species. As a result, identifying wild pig spatial distributions (e.g., movements, occurrence) and estimating wild pig abundance in the NNWR have each increased in priority. My dissertation research has facilitated an improved understanding of how wild pigs have invaded this novel landscape through investigations of space use, abundance, and occurrence, and will better inform and improve efficiency of future monitoring and control efforts. Understanding how this wild pig invasion relates to the NNWR landscape may also provide information that can be used to better address wild pig invasions of similar landscapes, with added value for those that are similarly characterized by sensitive ecosystems (i.e., managed for migratory waterfowl, species of concern) that are currently faced with this emerging threat. Given the universality of many of the methodological approaches undertaken in this effort, this multifaceted investigation also provides broader implications for other landscapes and exotic species of interest.

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Les infrastructures linéaires sont reconnues pour faciliter la dispersion de plantes indésirables dans leur emprise et les habitats adjacents. Toutefois, les impacts des emprises de lignes électriques ont été peu étudiés, particulièrement en milieux humides. Cette étude a examiné la végétation des emprises de lignes électriques et de leurs habitats adjacents dans 23 tourbières ombrotrophes (bogs) et 11 minérotrophes (fens). Dans les fens, la dispersion des espèces indésirables est facilitée le long des emprises et certaines espèces peuvent se propager à plus de 43 m dans les habitats adjacents. Au contraire, ces infrastructures ne semblent pas favoriser la dispersion des espèces indésirables dans les bogs puisque leur présence était limitée à la marge des sites et était négligeable dans les habitats tourbeux adjacents. Finalement, les caractéristiques intrinsèques des tourbières, telles leur degré de minérotrophie (bog ou fen) et leur structure végétale (tourbière ouverte, semi-forestière ou forestière) semblent grandement influencer l’envahissement. / Linear infrastructures are known to facilitate the spread of undesirable plants within their right-of-way (ROW) as well as in adjacent habitats. However, the impacts of power-lines ROWs have been weakly studied, particularly in wetlands. This study examined the vegetation of 23 ombrotrophic (bogs) and 11 minerotrophic (fens) peatlands intersected by a power-line ROW. The results showed that the spread of undesirable species along the feature is possible in fens and that some of those species could disperse into the adjacent habitat to more than 43 m from the ROW. Inversely, those features seemed to be inefficient dispersal vectors in bogs, because undesirable species were restricted to the bog margin in the ROW, and almost none dispersed in the adjacent habitats. Finally, intrinsic characteristics of peatlands, such as their degree of minerotrophy (bog or fen) and their vegetation type (open, semiforested or wooded peatland) seem to be important factors influencing invasion.

Resumo: A modelagem de nicho ecológico é uma ferramenta potencialmente importante para o entendimento dos padrões de distribuição geográfica dos organismos da Mata Atlântica, gerando assim informações para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de seleção de áreas prioritárias para conservação da biodiversidade. Os anfíbios anuros, por serem ecologicamente especializados, são excelentes organismos modelo para estudos de biogeografia, o que torna interessante a modelagem de nicho ecológico deste grupo. No entanto, apesar da evolução recente da área de modelagem de nicho, é difícil escolher um método robusto e realista, sendo necessários mais estudos que suportem a seleção de métodos e a avaliação dos resultados. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o estudo da modelagem de nicho ecológico de espécies da Mata Atlântica, tendo como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de métodos de modelagem para os anfíbios anuros e possíveis aplicações em problemas relacionados à conservação da biodiversidade. Os temas abordados nesta dissertação são apresentados sob a forma de quatro artigos científicos. O primeiro artigo e capitulo central da dissertação pretende auxiliar na modelagem de nicho ecológico de anfíbios anuros que possuem distribuição restrita ao domínio da Mata Atlântica. Através de uma abordagem metodológica o foco do trabalho foi testar o desempenho de modelos, selecionar variáveis ambientais e investigar a influência do tamanho da área de estudo no processo de modelagem de nicho ecológico de Hypsiboas bischoffi. O segundo artigo está inserido na temática das invasões biológicas, uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade na Região Neotropical. O resultado da previsão mostrou com sucesso áreas de potencial de invasão da espécie exótica rã-touro, Lithobates catesbeianus, na Mata Atlântica. O terceiro artigo é o desenvolvimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Ecological niche modeling has the potential to be important in understanding geographical distribution patterns of organisms in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and therefore in guiding strategies for selection of prioritary areas for biodiversity conservation. Anuran amphibians are ecologically specialized which makes them excellent model organisms for biogeographic studies through ecological niche modeling. However, despite the recent evolution in the field of ecological modeling, it is difficult to select a robust and realistic method, and more work will be necessary to aid in method selection and result evaluation. The present work is a contribution to studying Atlantic Forest species distributions using ecological niche modeling, aiming at developping modeling approaches using anuran amphibians and at applying those to specific questions concerning the conservation of biodiversity. The chapters of this dissertation are presented in the form of four scientific articles. The first and central chapter of the dissertation examines several ecological niche models of an anuran with geographic distribution restricted to the Atlantic Forest domain. The methodological approach aimed at selecting environmental variables, testing model performance and investigating the influence of study area size in ecological niche models of the treefrog Hypsiboas bischoffi. The second article deals with the question of biological invasions, one of the gravest biodiversity threats to the Neotropical region. Predictive modeling successfully showed the potential areas of invasion for the exotic American bull frog in the Atlantic Forest. The third article reports the development of a methodology to model the potential distribution of rare species, a non-ideal but necessary approach to produce predictive maps that may allow new targeted surveys in areas of strongly predicted species occurrence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: João Miguel de Barros Alexandrino / Coorientador: Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad / Banca: Paulo De Marco Júnior / Banca: Claudio José Von Zuben / Mestre

Many regional and local factors can influence the distribution of native and exotic species in ecological communities. I examined the regional- and local-scale determinants of native and exotic vascular plant species richness and composition in a highly fragmented oak savanna ecosystem on southeastern Vancouver Island. In sharp contrast to most reported results, I found a negative relationship between native and exotic richness at the regional scale, and no relationship at the local scale. Two extrinsic factors, surrounding road density and climate, best explained the regional-scale relationship by each affecting natives and exotics in opposite ways. Road density and climate were also the dominant predictors of native and exotic composition at the regional scale. Patterns in the patch occupancy of individual species confirmed the importance of these factors but I found that low surrounding road densities and cool, wet conditions predicted the presence of many natives and the absence of many exotics. Environmental factors explained variation in richness and composition at the local scale, but these factors were different for natives and exotics. My results suggest that natives and exotics respond to roads and climate in fundamentally different ways. Roads increase both exotic propagule pressure and disturbance, which may facilitate exotic invasion. In contrast, disturbance from roads may increase the likelihood of local extinction for particular natives. Differing climatic preferences within the native and exotic species pools may also partially explain the observed patterns. There was no evidence that native diversity directly affects exotic diversity (or vice versa). Surprisingly, I found that connectivity was not an important predictor of richness or composition despite the high degree of habitat fragmentation in this ecosystem.

El Poecílido Gambusia holbrooki, mundialmente introducido en sistemas acuáticos epicontinentales, presenta una alta capacidad invasora y supone una seria amenaza para las comunidades nativas. En la Península Ibérica, destaca su impacto sobre los Ciprinodóntidos nativos, aunque también supone una amenaza para los sistemas salinos, principalmente en regiones áridas. Para contribuir al establecimiento de criterios científicos para el manejo de esta especie, la presente tesis doctoral aporta información básica sobre la estructura y parámetros de la biología de poblaciones habitantes de sistemas salinos del sureste peninsular. Se plantearon tres objetivos generales: (1) Ampliar el conocimiento sobre la biología y ecología de G. holbrooki en sistemas lóticos de carácter salino. (2) Estudiar la interacción trófica entre G. holbrooki y la especie nativa Aphanius iberus en un sistema salino. (3) Realizar y analizar una experiencia de control sostenido sobre una población de G. holbrooki aislada en la cabecera de un arroyo salino. / The Poeciliid Gambusia holbrooki, globally widespread in freshwater aquatic systems, is highly invasive and represents a serious threat to native communities. In the Iberian Peninsula, its impact on the native Cyprinodontids has been emphasized, although it also poses a threat to arid saline systems. To contribute to the establishment of scientific criteria in management plans of its invasive populations, the present PhD thesis aims to provide basic information about population structure and biological traits of G. holbrooki populations inhabiting saline systems in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, with three general objectives: (1) To increase knowledge of the biology and ecology of G. holbrooki in saline lotic systems. (2) To analyse trophic interaction between G. holbrooki and the native Aphanius iberus in a saline system. (3) To conduct and examine the results of an experience of sustained control of a population of G. holbrooki isolated in the headwaters of a saline stream.

Over the last 3 decades, freshwater aquaculture has become one of the most important food industries. However the constant introduction of a reduced number of very successful species for aquaculture has been identified as one of the main activities related to the alarming decline of fish biodiversity worldwide. This issue has raised awareness amongst the scientific community, governmental authorities and the general public towards freshwater fish biodiversity. This new awareness has promoted the development of “green” markets and environmentally friendly strategies, aiming for a reliable production of protein sources. The development of native species aquaculture has been presented as a strong alternative for sustainable aquaculture and the protection of biodiversity. However, it seems clear that unplanned native species aquaculture developments can be as detrimental on local biodiversity as the introduction of exotic fish, if not more dangerous. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of native species aquaculture have to be clearly analysed before any aquaculture development. This study aimed to establish a philosophical background regarding the use of native fish species in aquaculture in contrast to the introduction of exotic species that may compete for a similar niche as food in local markets. The main ecological impacts that exotic fish species may have on natives, such as competition, predation, and hybridization were discussed. In addition, a well planned native species Aquaculture Strategy for the Protection of Biodiversity was produced, at catchment level, within a Geographic Information System (GIS). For the development of the native species aquaculture strategy in central Mexico, four species of Atherinids (Chirostoma estor, C. Jordani, C. promelas and Atherinella balsana) and two species of native Ictalurids (Ictalurus balsanus and Ictalurus dugesii) were included in this study. These six species are relatively new to aquaculture and they were selected on the basis of their importance in local fisheries and markets in their native basins of the Lerma-Santiago and Balsas rivers. Both of these basins are of great importance in central Mexico, not only because of their biodiversity but also because of their high human population densities and socio-economic status. The use of Geographic Information Systems was a fundamental factor in the development of the native species aquaculture strategy at catchment level, consisting of site suitability models (SSM) for each species in their corresponding native catchments. Overall, SSM identified 13,916 km2 and 11,178 km2 highly suitable for aquaculture of the studied Atherinids and Ictalurids respectively, based on Water, Soil and Terrain, Infrastructure and Risk sub-models. A set of predictive species distribution models (PSDM), which related ecological characteristics for each studied species with relevant environmental and topographic parameters into a GIS, were also produced. Such models were developed for the establishment of potential natural ranges of distribution for each species, as well as their potential to become exotic in new environments, as a potential for invasion model (PI). Based on a partial verification, both PSDM and PI models produced results that were satisfactorily consistent with the known distribution of each modelled species. The combination of SSM and PSDM produced an Aquaculture Strategy for the Protection of Biodiversity model (ASPB) which identified the most environmentally friendly suitable areas for aquaculture sites. In contrast, the combination of the SSM with PI models into an ASPB model identified the site suitability potential for non-native species that are genetically close to native ones, in an attempt to reduce the known impacts that exotic species have on local biodiversity. In this way the ASPB model identified 7,651 km2 suitable for aquaculture of I. balsanus in its native Balsas basin and 15,633 km¬2 suitable for aquaculture of the non-native I. dugesii. ASPB models were produced for all the studied species. The final results were used to produce a set of guidelines for the development of sustainable aquaculture of native species at catchment level that cover genetic and ecological implications, as well as a well planned decision making tool produced in a GIS.

Many regional and local factors can influence the distribution of native and exotic species in ecological communities. I examined the regional- and local-scale determinants of native and exotic vascular plant species richness and composition in a highly fragmented oak savanna ecosystem on southeastern Vancouver Island. In sharp contrast to most reported results, I found a negative relationship between native and exotic richness at the regional scale, and no relationship at the local scale. Two extrinsic factors, surrounding road density and climate, best explained the regional-scale relationship by each affecting natives and exotics in opposite ways. Road density and climate were also the dominant predictors of native and exotic composition at the regional scale. Patterns in the patch occupancy of individual species confirmed the importance of these factors but I found that low surrounding road densities and cool, wet conditions predicted the presence of many natives and the absence of many exotics. Environmental factors explained variation in richness and composition at the local scale, but these factors were different for natives and exotics. My results suggest that natives and exotics respond to roads and climate in fundamentally different ways. Roads increase both exotic propagule pressure and disturbance, which may facilitate exotic invasion. In contrast, disturbance from roads may increase the likelihood of local extinction for particular natives. Differing climatic preferences within the native and exotic species pools may also partially explain the observed patterns. There was no evidence that native diversity directly affects exotic diversity (or vice versa). Surprisingly, I found that connectivity was not an important predictor of richness or composition despite the high degree of habitat fragmentation in this ecosystem.