Detta examensarbete är format efter författarnas egen vilja att skriva om matematikundervisning som återfinns utanför klassrummet. Det är skrivet på institutionen för matematikämnets och naturvetenskapsämnenas didaktik vid Stockholms universitet. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka huruvida den extramurala matematik kan ges utrymme som komplement till traditionell skolbänksmatematik på gymnasiet. Syftet är även att konstruera uppgifter och övningar åt matematiklärare som lämpar sig för att bedriva extramural matematik. Även denna del riktar sig mot gymnasiet. För att besvara frågeställningen "Vilka möjligheter finns det för den extramurala matematiken att fungera som ett komplement till den traditionella skolbänksmatematiken?" har vi arbetat på flera sätt. En litteraturstudie har utförts för att undersöka hur forskare och andra experter uttalar sig kring matematikundervisningen i och utanför klassrummet. Vidare har vi genom enkätundersökningar försökt lista ut vad elevers åsikter är kring att om möjligt bedriva undervisning utanför klassrummet. Vi har även undersökt lärares inställning och åsikter till huruvida en undervisning utanför klassrummet är möjligt att bedriva. Slutligen har vi konstruerat matematikuppgifter som är avsedda att utföras i en utomhusmiljö. Dessa uppgifter har konstruerats utifrån vår egen fantasi och med kursplanerna i matematik som referensram för uppgifternas syften och mål. Lärarintervjuerna visar att lärare ofta undviker att bedriva extramural matematikundervisning, detta då de finner svårigheter att komma på uppgifter för utomhusbruk, samt den tidsbrist som råder då man ska bedriva undervisning utanför skolan. Från enkätundersökningen och fokusgrupperna konstaterar vi att eleverna önskar mer variation i undervisningen och är öppna för nya vägar till kunskap, exempelvis genom att lösa extramurala matematikproblem i grupp. Litteraturstudien visar vidare, att dagens dåliga matematikkunskaper som elever besitter, beror på exempelvis ointresse och dålig motivation hos eleverna. Lösningen på detta problem är ej självklar och entydig, men en varierad matematikundervisning där miljöombyte och uppgifter av utmanande karaktär kan främja elevens lust till lärande. 3 Vi finner att det finns möjligheter för den extramurala matematiken att fungera som ett komplement till den traditionella skolbänksmatematiken. För att detta ska fungera krävs det att undervisningen fungerar ur såväl ett lärar- som elevperspektiv. Läraren behöver vara engagerad och påhittig, där planering av uppgifternas omfång och svårighet är viktiga komponenter. Läraren behöver vara lyhörd för elevernas tankar och funderingar, och även ha ett stort tålamod. Om undervisningen utanför klassrummet stimulerar elevernas intresse och att de förmår att arbeta i grupp, ser vi att det finns det möjligheter för den extramurala matematiken att ta plats i den svenska gymnasieskolan. Vi finner att det inte finns någon universell undervisningsmall i ämnet matematik, men att en varierad undervisningsmiljö kan bidra positivt till matematikintresset.

Studies relating to Electronic Games (EG) and the development of language acquisition for ESL learners have shown remarkable results. A Swedish study researching vocabulary proficiency reported that “frequent gamers had a higher total mean score than the moderate gamers, and in turn the moderate gamers had a higher score than the non-gamers” (Sundqvist & Sylvén, 2012, p. 313). Regarding oral proficiency, willingness to communicate and language strategies Horowitz (2019) illustrates that verbal linguistic competence increases concurrently with extended periods of exposure to EG. Games and grades in English similarly seem to have some overlap (Sundqvist & Sylvèn, 2012; Uuskoski, 2011). “Massively multiplayer online games, role-playing games, strategy games and shooter games also had noticeable statistically significant correlations with good grades” (Uuskoski, 2011, p. 43). The adage of the more you use it, the better you become seems to have further implications when the use of EG seems to not only increase the average grades, vocabulary, and oral skills in addition to possibly increasing the motivation of EFL students. However, a vital aspect that has often been overlooked in other studies is how students and users of EG perceive their own language learning and what implications this entails for learners of English. This study consists of the attitudinal values of 50 adolescent students in an International School in Stockholm towards L2 language skills and language motivation through EG. In order to measure the study a quantitative analysis was conducted based on answers from a questionnaire. The results showed that a majority of the students had positive attitudes towards the use of Electronic Games (EG) and increasing their English proficiency. It was additionally discovered that both receptive and productive skills when playing were considered useful with significant differences between girl and boy gamers. In regards to EG and student motivation to learn more in school by playing EG a majority however found EG to not give any major contributions. Furthermore, students believed they learned the most English at school although EG and other sources had some importance.

Sweden is seen as a successful adopter of English as an additional language (EAL) and the country is a frontrunner in the globalization of the English language. Much of the success could be attributed to the large presence of English in Swedish society. Additionally, EAL learners are acquiring the English language out-of-school to a larger extent, often referred to as Extramural English (EE). Therefore, it is important to investigate how EE affects learners, teachers and discuss how it can change education. This has been done by evaluating the current state of research through a systematic literature review. It was found that learners engage in a variety of EE activities, with playing online games and watching movies being the activities with the most English exposure. Learners engage in these activities mostly out of their own interests or because of other socially driven motives. EE affects their opinion of English and could have negative effects on their attitude towards school English. Teachers are aware of the gap between EE and school English and try to integrate activities similar to EE activities in class. However, it is a challenge to find authentic material that fits a large number of learners’ interests. In conclusion, there is a need for more research that could point to a clear cause-and-effect relationship between EE and high proficiency in English. This thesis also calls on teachers, principals, and school leaders to prepare to change education if EE becomes a more widespread phenomenon.

The present study aims to investigate the possible impact that extramural English (EE) has on students’ foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the Swedish EFL classroom. The focus lies specifically on speaking anxiety and its relation to EE, if certain EE activities have a greater importance than others, and if there are gender differences in EE activities and levels of speaking anxiety. The study was carried out in a secondary school in Stockholm, Sweden. The 142 participants attended the last term of ninth grade when the study was carried out. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire and results demonstrated that the more extramural English the participants engaged in, the lower their levels of speaking anxiety were. Results also showed that productive EE activities seemed to have a greater impact than receptive activities on FLA. Finally, the study also revealed gender differences in preferred EE activities as well as in levels of speaking anxiety. The participating girls, as a group, had higher levels of speaking anxiety than the boys and were more involved in receptive EE activities than the participating boys. Additionally, the boys spent more time on activities involving video games than girls.

The umbrella term used in research to imply exposure to the English language outside the classroom is “extramural English”. The impact of the engagement in activities by second language learners of English through extramural activities is generally perceived as positive for language development. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions of teachers in Swedish lower secondary school on the influence of online extramural English on the written and spoken English proficiency of students, enrolled in years six till nine, learning English as a foreign language.A qualitative study in the form of an online questionnaire, consisting of open- and closed-ended questions, is used to answer three research questions: 1. What is the overall perspective of English teachers on their students’ proficiency in English and the influence of extramural English? 2. What is the perspective of English teachers on their students’ proficiency in written English and the influence of extramural English? 3. What is the perspective of English teachers on their students’ proficiency in oral English and the influence of extramural English? Teachers clearly believe that oral communication and listening skills benefit more than reading and writing skills from online extramural activities in English.

English is a globally used language and with the emergence of the digital era, it surrounds usall over the world. This had led to pupils in Sweden meeting English even outside school,which is a concept called extramural English, EE in short (Sundqvist, 2009). This thesisexamines Swedish teachers, who teach years F-3, beliefs on the concept of extramuralEnglish, as well as how they incorporate extramural English via digital resources in theirteaching. To investigate this, both a survey and three interviews with teachers who teachstudents in year F-3 are analyzed.This study shows that most of the teachers who participated are not familiar with the conceptof extramural English, but they all work with similar materials and have similar attitudestowards the concept. This thesis highlights the importance of educated teachers oncontributing factors and pedagogical conditions that extramural English provide to languageteaching, in order to maintain pupils' motivation and create a meaningful English teaching. / <p>Engelska</p>

Swedish pupils are exposed to English outside school to a large extent today, which makes English Foreign Language (EFL) teaching challenging in several ways. The topic for this study arouse when some pupils expressed that working with text and workbooks or digital teaching materials tended to be boring or lacking challenges. Pupils meet English in various environments and in order to be able to communicate they need to have a language, not just knowing about a language. The Swedish curriculum emphasizes the importance of pupils being presented to teaching aids which can provide them with a rich and dynamic language, as well as authentic content in order to reflect on and enhance their own use of language. Previous research showed that working with authentic materials and authentic recipients may provide pupils with learning situations that promote communication and motivation to enhance pupil’s English knowledge. In order to explore Swedish EFL teachers’ perceptions on working with authentic recipients in grades 4-6, a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results from the questionnaire and interviews show that Swedish EFL teachers include activities with authentic recipients to some extent, but there seem to be a discrepancy between how often they do it and to what extent they wish to do it. The results also show that there is a discrepancy between what kind of activities teachers perform and what kind of activities they would like to perform. The results of teachers’ beliefs in this study may contribute to further research on possibilities to facilitate the use of authentic recipients in EFLteaching, if preferred.

Any activities where English can be encountered in outside of school, have been labeled by Sundqvist (2009) as “extramural English activities”. One of these activities is playing games (both digital and board games), which in accordance to the research by Sundqvist (2009) and Sundqvist and Sylvén (2012) has a great impact on the learner’s English proficiency. In accordance to these prior findings, the focus of this degree project is on the gaming habits of year three students in Swedish elementary school. After presenting a theoretical background and key elements from earlier research, I examine to what extend the students play digital games, what type of games are played and most importantly; do students in year three play digital games in English? Further on, I investigate the student’s vocabulary proficiency and connect the two parts of my research together, searching for correlations between time spent gaming and vocabulary depth. This degree project also includes a gender aspect and compares gaming habits and vocabulary proficiency of girls and boys, along with interviews with four teachers and their perception on students’ participation in extramural activities and English motivation.

In Sweden, 50% of all teenagers between the ages 12-18 spend at least three hours a day, spending their time on anything from digital games to YouTube and homework research. Given the popularity of such activities, it is worthwhile investigating to what degree any one of them might be used to help facilitate English second language learning. Research show that digital games use lead to an enhanced vocabulary comprehension, reading comprehension, speaking comprehension, lowered anxiety level and enhanced willingness to communicate for L2 English learners. In the current study we used a qualitative teacher interviews and a quantitative student questionnaires to determine to what extent Swedish elementary school teachers and students in the southern part of Sweden perceive extramural multiplayer online games as being effective for facilitating L2 learning motivation and vocabulary acquisition, as well as their strategies for implementing digital gaming. The major conclusions of this study from both a teacher and student perception is that the motivation is enhanced in students who are frequent gamers, also enhancing their motivation in the classroom to learn English. Additionally, teachers found a wider vocabulary and knowledge of synonyms in students who frequently play games.

While online activity is increasing among young Swedish students, motivation to learn English in school is decreasing (Skolverket, 2011). While many studies confirm the positive effect that leisure gaming can have on language acquisition (Atma, Azmi &amp; Hassan, 2020; Ferdig &amp; Pytash, 2014; Li, 2020; Rudis &amp; Poštić, 2017), how students’ motivation is affected is far less researched. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the effects on language learning motivation that extracurricular video games might have and what external factors surrounding gaming that modulate students’ motivation to learn English in school. We examined nine studies related to these topics and used multiple theories about motivation to analyze our findings. The results of our research review indicate that playing video games at home can be generally seen to increase students’ motivation to learn English in school. Studies also demonstrate that factors such as age, culture and student-beliefs could modulate the motivation affected by extra-curricular video gaming. Finally, research suggests that the greater the distance is between a student's current language proficiency and the desired proficiency, the greater the motivation appeared to be.