In future cities, urban drainage and flood management systems should be designed not only to reliable during normal operating conditions but also to be resilient to exceptional threats that lead to catastrophic failure impacts and consequences. Resilience can potentially be built into urban drainage systems by implementing a range of strategies, for example by embedding redundancy and flexibility in system design or rehabilitation to increase their ability to efficiently maintain acceptable customer flood protection service levels during and after occurrence of failure or through installation of equipment that enhances customer preparedness for extreme events or service disruptions. However, operationalisation of resilience in urban flood management is still constrained by lack of suitable quantitative evaluation methods. Existing hydraulic reliability-based approaches tend to focus on quantifying functional failure caused by extreme rainfall or increases in dry weather flows that lead to hydraulic overloading of the system. Such approaches take a narrow view of functional resilience and fail to explore the full system failure scenario space due to exclusion of internal system failures such as equipment malfunction, sewer (link) collapse and blockage that also contribute significantly to urban flooding. In this research, a new analytical approach based on Global Resilience Analysis (GRA) is investigated and applied to systematically evaluate the performance of an urban drainage system (UDS) when subjected to a wide range of both functional and structural failure scenarios resulting from extreme rainfall and pseudo random cumulative link failure respectively. Failure envelopes, which represent the resulting loss of system functionality (impacts) are determined by computing the upper and lower limits of the simulation results for total flood volume (failure magnitude) and average flood duration (failure duration) at each considered failure level. A new resilience index is developed and applied to link resulting loss of functionality magnitude and duration to system residual functionality (head room) at each considered failure level. With this approach, resilience has been tested and characterized for a synthetic UDS and for an existing UDS in Kampala city, Uganda. In addition, the approach has been applied to quantify the impact of interventions (adaptation strategies) on enhancement of global UDS resilience to flooding. The developed GRA method provides a systematic and computationally efficient approach that enables evaluation of whole system resilience, where resilience concerns ‘beyond failure’ magnitude and duration, without prior knowledge of threat occurrence probabilities. The study results obtained by applying the developed method to the case studies suggest that by embedding the cost of failure in resilience-based evaluation, adaptation strategies which enhance system flexibility properties such as distributed storage and improved asset management are more cost-effective over the service life of UDSs.

[pt] O presente trabalho busca discutir mecanismos em pauta na literatura em relação à injeção de água de salinidade otimizada com os resultados de 10 (dez) testes de escoamento bifásico óleo/água para 2 (dois) cenários carbonatos e 1 (um) arenito. O principal objetivo foi estudar o efeito de íons potencialmente determinantes (Ca, Mg, SO4, NaCl), além da temperatura, no fator de recuperação e curvas de permeabilidade relativa óleo-água. Em relação a carbonatos, avaliou-se se Ca/Mg e SO4 tinham algum papel na alteração da molhabilidade da formação e, em caso positivo, se esse efeito era exacerbado em ambiente de baixa salinidade. Em relação a reservatórios areníticos, comparou-se a injeção de água dessulfatada com água do mar diluída. Dos testes de deslocamento realizados em amostras de arenito, observou-se que água do mar diluída, injetada após água do mar dessulfatada foi capaz de, em média, acrescer o FR em 2,8 por cento e em reduzir o Sor de 2,1 por cento. Quanto ao cenário carbonato A de alta temperatura avaliado (95 graus Celsius), observou-se que água otimizada, quando injetada após água dessulfatada, foi capaz de aumentar o FR em 15,3 por cento e diminuir o Sor em 12,1 por cento. Ainda, quando se introduziu água otimizada de forma secundária, observou-se redução no Sor em 4,6 por cento e aumento do FR em 5,9 por cento quando comparado com a injeção usual de água. No carbonato B, injeção da água otimizada após água dessulfatada levou a um acréscimo de 10,1 por cento no FR e diminuição de 7,1 por cento no Sor. Tanto no cenário arenito quanto nos carbonatos, não houve produção adicional de óleo quando injetado água do mar após a injeção de água otimizada. Isso corrobora a ideia de que o fluido customizado permitiria atingir o máximo de eficiência de deslocamento. / [en] The present work seeks to discuss possible mechanisms in the literature based in the results of 10 (ten) oil / water core flooding experiments in 2 (two) carbonate scenarios and 1 (one) sandstone scenario Rock and oil samples from real reservoirs were used in experimental conditions of temperature and pressure close to the field reality. The main objective was to study the effect of Ca, Mg, SO4, NaCl and temperature on the recovery factor and oil-water relative permeability curves.Regarding the carbonate scenario, it was evaluated whether Ca / Mg and SO4 had any role in altering the wettability of the formation and, if so, whether this effect was exacerbated in a low salinity environment. For the sandstone reservoirs, the injection of desulfated water and seawater diluted were compared. From the displacement tests carried out in the sandstone samples, it was observed that the diluted sea water, injected after the desulfated sea water, was able to average increase the RF by 2.8 percent and to reduce the Sor by 2.1 percent. Regarding the hightemperature carbonate scenario evaluated (95 degrees Celsius) it was observed that the optimized water, when injected tertiarily, was able to increase the RF by 15.3 percent and decrease the Sor by 12.1 percent, in comparison to the desulfated seawater. In carbonate B, optimized water injection after desulfated water led to a 10.1 percent increase in the recovery factor and a 7.1 percent decrease in the residual oil saturation. Mainly, in both sandstone and carbonate scenarios, there was no additional oil production when sea water was injected after the optimized water injection. This corroborates the idea that the taylor-designed fluid achieves maximum displacement efficiency.

Les départements franciliens de la Seine-Saint-Denis et du Val-de-Marne sont exposés au risque d'inondation pluviale urbaine. Ce risque pourrait s'aggraver en raison du changement climatique. Cette thèse propose une lecture sociologique et politique du risque d'inondation pluviale et du changement climatique afin de définir les spécificités des systèmes territoriaux de gestion du risque et le programme politique de l'adaptation au changement climatique. À partir de l'analyse des différents instruments politiques utilisés pour organiser la gestion du risque pluvial et l'adaptation au changement climatique, complétée par des entretiens réalisés avec les professionnels de la gestion urbaine de l'eau et de l’assainissement, les élus locaux et les habitants des zones inondables, cette étude propose de décrire et d'expliquer les pratiques organisées localement pour gérer le risque ainsi que leurs évolutions. Les évolutions à l'œuvre sur les territoires ne correspondent que partiellement à celles promues par la politique d'adaptation au climatique. Elles sont encadrées et contraintes par les ressources et les stratégies politiques des acteurs locaux. Ce travail met en exergue la dimension politique du programme de l'adaptation et des évolutions à l'œuvre au sein des collectivités locales en matière de gestion des risques. Il insiste sur les concepts d'énoncés politiques et d'interactions stratégiques pour étudier les politiques des risques / In Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne (France) several cities are exposed to pluvial flooding. This situation could worsen with climate change. This research develops a social and political perspective of pluvial flooding and climate change risks, in order to define the specificities of local systems which manage pluvial flooding and the contents of the adaptation policy. From the analysis of different policy instruments used to organize pluvial flooding management and climate change adaptation, as well as interviews with urban water management professionals, local officials elected, and citizens who are living in floodable areas, this study describes the local practices and their evolutions. The current evolutions in local practices correspond only partially to those promoted by the climate change policy. The evolutions of risks management practices also depend on resources and political strategies of local stake holders. This work highlights the political program of climate change adaptation and the evolutions in risk management at the local scale. It emphasizes the concepts of policy statements and strategic interactions as keys to analyse risks policies

Inondations qui se produisent dans les zones urbaines sont régies par une fréquence accrue. Structures de protection contre les inondations existantes démontrent ses inconvénients. Une des solutions est émouvant de culture du risque et de trouver l'équilibre entre la forme de l'utilisation des terres et de l'urbanisation grâce à des stratégies d'adaptation, d'atténuation, de prévention et intervention et de rétablissement. La nouvelle approche globale est basée sur le concept de résilience donner une nouvelle place pour le développement et la mise en œuvre de nouvelles approches en vertu de gestion des risques d'inondation (FRM) cadres existants. Ajout de résilience à la gestion des risques d'inondation est une première étape. Grâce à une gestion des risques d'inondation opérationnelle a pour la résilience des prestations. L'indice résilience Flood (FRI) est développé dans cette thèse est une approche unique pour l'évaluation de la résistance aux inondations dans les systèmes urbains avec la priorité principale de la structure du système lorsque l'évaluation se fait sur les micro et méso échelle et sur la dimension du système lorsque la résistance aux inondations est évaluée sur macro échelle. La réflexion est mise sur le développement de la méthode par l'évaluation de la gestion des risques d'inondation existants (FRM) cadres. Grâce à l'évaluation, il est possible de constater le niveau d'intégration et de mise en œuvre de l'élément essentiel du risque d'inondation. La méthode développée pour l'évaluation de la résistance aux inondations est potentiellement applicable à tout système urbain à une échelle géographique. / Floods that happen in urban areas are governed by increased frequency. Existing flood defence structures demonstrate its downsides. One of the solutions is moving to risk culture and finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization through adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery strategies. The new holistic approach is based on resilience concept give a place for new development and implementation of new approaches under existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Adding resilience to flood risk management is a first step. The Flood Resilience Index (FRI) is developed in this thesis is a unique approach for evaluation of flood resilience in urban systems with the main priority on system structure when evaluation is done on micro and meso scale and on system dimension when flood resilience is evaluated on macro scale. The main reflection is on the development of method by evaluation of existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to notice the level of integration and implementation of crucial element of flood risk. The developed method for evaluation of flood resilience is potentially applicable to any urban system of any geographic scale. Connections and dependences between main city elements and natural hazards (in this case urban flooding process) are defined. With its implementation, social, economical, political and cultural relations between cities will be more visible and better established and flood risk management well implemented.

When the effects of wind and air pressure combine with a high tide to give unusually high water levels this can lead to severe coastal flooding. This happened in England in early 1953 when 307 people died in the East Coast Flood. In Britain today such events, now called storm surges, are forecast daily using computer models from the National Oceanographic Centre in Liverpool, formerly the Liverpool Tidal Institute (TI). In 1919, when TI was established, such events were considered unpredictable. TI's researchers, Joseph Proudman (1888-1975), Arthur Doodson (1890-1968), Robert Henry Corkan (1906-1952) and Jack Rossiter (1919-1972), did much mathematical work to attempt to change this. In 1959 Rossiter published a set of statistical formulae to forecast storm surges on the East Coast and a national warning system was predicting such events using these formulae. At this point TI believed they had made surges at least as predictable as they could with their existing methods. This thesis provides a narrative of how this perceived rise in the predictability of surges happened, analysing how TI worked to achieve it between 1919 and 1959 by following two interwoven, contingent and contested threads: practices of calculation and patronage. A key aspect of this thesis is the attention I pay to material practices of calculation: the methods, technologies and management practices TI's researchers used in their mathematical work on storm surge forecasting. This is the first study by historians of oceanography or meteorology that pays this detailed level of attention to such practices in the construction of forecasting formulae. As well as using published accounts, I analyse statistical research in the making, through notes, calculations, graphs and tables produced by TI's researchers. They used particular practices of calculation to construct storm surges as calculable and predictable scientific objects of a specific kind. First they defined storm surges as the residuals derived from subtracting tidal predictions from observations. They then decided to use multiple regression, correlating their residuals with pressure gradients, to make surges predictable. By considering TI's practices of calculation the thesis adds to the literature on mathematical research as embodied and material, showing how particular practices were used to make a specific phenomenon predictable. I combine this attention to mathematical practice with analysis of why TI's researchers did this work. US historians have emphasised naval patronage of physical oceanography in this period but there is very little secondary literature for the British case. The thesis provides a British case study of patronage of physical oceanography, emphasising the influence on TI's work not only of naval patronage but also of local government, civil state and industrial patronage. Before TI's establishment Proudman argued that it should research storm surges to improve the Laplacian theory of tides. However, when the new Institute received patronage from the local shipping industry this changed and the work on forecasting surges was initially done as part of a project to improve the accuracy of tidal predictions, earning TI further patronage from the local shipping industry. After a flooding event in 1928 the reasons for the work and the patronage again shifted. Between then and 1959 TI did this work on commission from various patrons, including local government, civil state and military actors, which connected their patronage to national debates about state involvement in flood defence. To understand why TI's researchers worked on forecasting surges I analyse this complex mix of patrons and motivations. I argue that such complex patronage patterns could be fruitfully explored by other historians to further existing debates on the patronage of oceanography.

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall retrieval algorithms are evaluated in tropical cyclones (TCs). Differences between the Precipitation Radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) retrievals are found to be related to the storm region (inner core vs. rainbands) and the convective nature of the precipitation as measured by radar reflectivity and ice scattering signature. In landfalling TCs, the algorithms perform differently depending on whether the rainfall is located over ocean, land, or coastal surfaces. Various statistical techniques are applied to quantify these differences and identify the discrepancies in rainfall detection and intensity. Ground validation is accomplished by comparing the landfalling storms over the Southeast US to the NEXRAD Multisensor Precipitation Estimates (MPE) Stage-IV product. Numerous recommendations are given to algorithm users and developers for applying and interpreting these algorithms in areas of heavy and widespread tropical rainfall such as tropical cyclones.

Översvämningar är ett stort globalt problem som förväntas bli allt mer frekventa. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur klimatanpassningsarbetet kring översvämningsrisker hanteras på lokal nivå, i detta fall i Halmstad kommun. Syftet menar också att jämföra beskrivningen av hur arbetet bedrivs i praktiken med teori och tidigare forskning. Frågeställningarna som ska besvara syftet är om hur Halmstad kommun beskriver dess arbete och vad det finns för förklaring till detta samt hur detta kan tolkas och förklaras utifrån forskningsteoretiska begrepp ‘evidens’ och ‘urban resiliens’.   Studien har utförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie genom en intervju med kommunal tjänsteperson och innehållsanalys av styrdokument relevanta för kommunens klimatanpassningsarbete. Det teoretiska ramverket består av begreppen ‘resiliens’ och ‘evidens’ som förklaras med en sammankopplad figur. Studiens resultat visar att klimatanpassningsarbetet är komplext då flera aspekter måste avvägas men Halmstad kommun är välutvecklade inom frågan främst då de är en resursrik kommun. / Flooding is a global issue that’s becoming more frequent. This study means to investigate how climate adaptation may be managed on a local level, by performing a case study of Halmstad municipality. We mean to investigate and compare how the work is described in practice and theory. This will be done by answering questions on how the municipality describes their work, how it can be explained and how it can be interpreted in the context of the theoretical concepts' ‘evidence’ and ‘urban resilience’.  The study is based on qualitative methods, an interview and content analyses of strategic documents. The theory consists of the terms ‘resilience’ and ‘evidence’ that are interpreted with an explanatory figure.  The studies' result highlights the complexity of climate adaptation since many aspects of climate risk must be acknowledged. Halmstad can, however, be considered developed in this area which is explained by the resources at their disposal.

Flood risk increases with rising sea levels and coastal settlements need to adapt to this increasing risk. For that, hazard and risk assessments are an important step. Coastal floods have caused problems in Iceland in the past and are thought to do so in the future as well. Therefore, a coastal flooding risk as- sessment needs to be made for Iceland. A risk assessment is currently in the early steps of preparation and a fitting method needs to be developed. To facilitate the process, an overview of the methods used in neighbouring countries is provided here and the suitability of the methods for Iceland is discussed. Building on these methods, a coastal flood scenario is produced for both present and future conditions as a preliminary hazard assessment for the country. The scenario produced is an upper bound scenario, highly unlikely but still possible. As a result, flooded areas are mapped and areas that need to be studied further in regard to flood hazard and risk are identified. It is shown that hazard estimation can be per- formed for Iceland through scenario production and that scenario results can be used in risk assessments. / De nuvarande klimatförändringar i världen kommer påverka människor på många olika sätt. En av de många saker som förändras är havsnivån. Havsnivån har stigit allt snabbare sedan i början av 1900 talet och kommer nästan säkert att fortsätta stiga i flera århudraden. Förhöjda havsnivåer föl- jer ökad översvämningsrisk som vi måste anpassa oss efter (Church, Clark, et al., 2013). Därför är riskbedömningar, alltså systematiska förfarande för att värdera risk, viktiga så att passande förebyggande åtgärder kan användas för att minska negativa påverkan från havsöversvämningar. En bedömning av översvämningsrisk från havet fattas för Island men för närvarande förbereder Is- ländska Meteorologiska Byrån att genomföra en. En tillämplig method behövs hittas och för att un- derlätta arbetet beskrivas i denna rapport metoder för preliminära bedömningar av översvämningsrisk från några av Islands grannländer; Danmark, Norge, Sverige och Storbrittanien. I huvudsak använder alla dessa länder liknande metoder, även om de har olika fysiska förutsättningar. De använder statis- tiska återkomsttider från mareograf data och informationer om historiska översvämningar för att bedöma faran. Sårbarhet identifieras inom fyra sårbarhets klasser, ofta genom ett index. Till slut sammanställs faro- och sårbarhetskartor för att bedöma risken och utpeka områden med översvämningsrisk. Eftersom Island har inte tillräckligt mycket data för att använda samma metoder som grannländerna, produceras i den här rapporten ett scenario för att värdera översvämningsfaran. Scenariot bygger på idéer från grannländerna och ska vara osannolikt men möjligt. Det är beräknad för både nuvarande och framtida förhållanden. Genom att subtrahera landhöjden från scenario havsnivån är översvämningsdju- pet beräknat. Några områden vart vattnet sannolikt skulle flöda och måste vara grundligt forskade är identiferade. Många påverkande faktorer är inte inkluderade i scenariot och därför anger resultatet inte noggranna översvämningskartor utan grovt överblick över översvämningsfaran. Resultaten ger alltså en idé om vart faran från havsöversvämningar är som störst och i vilka områden framtidiga havsnivåförän- dringar kommer bli som största. De visar också att ett scenario kan användas för farobedömning på Island, som sen kan kombineras med sårbarhetsbedömning via en index för att bedöma översvämn- ingsrisken på samma sätt som i grannländerna.

Diploma thesis deals with a suggestion of flood protection measures on the Svitava river in km 6,000 – 9,000. Solved locality is found in Brno, particularly in city parts of Husovice and Židenice. Thanks to used joined 1D and 2D model were made hydraulic calculations for peak water stages Q1, Q5, Q20 a Q100. The outputs of hydraulic calculations were used afterwards for creation of maps of flood danger and drawing documentation of flood protection measures.

The University Area (UA), a low-income, unincorporated neighborhood in Hillsborough County, Florida, is a site of sustainable redevelopment by the local government and nonprofit organizations. Throughout the past decade, the transitions in local and state political climates have significantly impacted the residents’ ability to advocate for infrastructural and environmental improvement to the site. This thesis discusses the findings of a research project dedicated to exploring resident perspectives of stormwater management, infrastructure, and the redevelopment currently occurring the University Area. Drawing from theoretical concepts in political ecology, environmental justice, and the interplay of agency and structure, this research investigates the impacts of flooding on the UA’s residents and infrastructure; specifically, the ways it affects the population’s interaction with their environment. Data were collected using a mixed methods approach including participant observation; semi structured interviews with residents, developers, and community organization employees; ground truthing the area to verify the location of the stormwater drains present in a selection of the UA; a historical review of the area’s land use; and analysis of critical environmental justice databases. Findings indicate that flooding in the University Area is related to historical oppressive housing strategies against minority and low-income populations. Results found that flooding in UA is caused by a combination of faulty infrastructure (impervious surfaces and a subpar, unmaintained stormwater system), increasing rain events (climate change), and the lack of municipality support (power dynamics). The oppressive power dynamic present in the relationship between the residents and their respective property owners and the county municipality services exacerbates problems with flooding. Redevelopment plans in the University Area must address the effects of historical marginalization and disenfranchisement of the current residents with respect to housing segregation and lack of municipality support. Without these considerations, the cycle of disenfranchisement faced by the current residents of the UA will likely continue and worsen over time.