This thesis aims to describe how the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) tends to maternal health care in floodings and whether it should be deemed sufficient. Floodings in Pakistan (2010), Bangladesh (2017) and Sudan (2013) are used as units of analysis when conducting a content analysis. The theoretical framework consists of critical success factors for disaster response based in the emergency management literature. A big part of the theoretical framework revolves around the importance of expertise and rationality in disaster response planning and implementation. The three floodings received relief efforts from IFRC which are presented in emergency appeal reports. Lists on essential maternal health care interventions in combination with the theoretical framework create analysis questions that are posed to the appeals. Results are presented in a table naming the prevalence of each intervention in each report. The findings show that maternal health care was seen to and deemed sufficient in only one of the three cases: Pakistan. The conclusion is that the discourse on maternal health care in natural disasters should be developed and that further research on the subject needs to be conducted.

Die bisherigen Untersuchungen zu den Folgen extremer Hochwasserereignisse beschäftigten sich überwiegend mit den durch hohe Wasserstände und Fließgeschwindigkeiten verursachten direkten und tangiblen Schäden an Gebäuden und Infrastrukturen. Den durch schadstoffhaltiges Hochwasser hervorgerufenen direkten und indirekten sowie in der Regel intangiblen Konsequenzen für Mensch und Umwelt ist - insbesondere im Hinblick auf deren räumliche Verteilung - im Rahmen des Hochwasserrisikomanagements nur geringe Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet worden. Während Hochwasserereignissen können toxische Stoffe - wie beispielsweise Arsen, Blei, Cadmium oder Quecksilber sowie persistente organische Kontaminanten wie DDT oder HCH - aus belasteten Gewässer- und Ufersedimenten sowie Altstandorten und Altablagerungen freigesetzt werden. Diese Stoffe werden von der Hochwasserwelle aufgenommen, zum überwiegenden Teil partikulär gebunden transportiert und bei nachlassender Fließgeschwindigkeit und ablaufendem Hochwasser als Sedimente in den Überflutungsbereichen deponiert. In Abhängigkeit von der Nutzung der überschwemmten Gebiete sind nach einem Hochwasser unterschiedliche Rezeptoren den abgelagerten Sedimenten und darin enthaltenen Schadstoffen in der Regel langfristig ausgesetzt. Mögliche Rezeptoren sind zum Beispiel Menschen, Nutz- und Wildtiere, Futter- und Nahrungspflanzen sowie Böden mit ihren spezifischen Bodenfunktionen. Kern dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer räumlich differenzierten Methodik zur integrierten Analyse und Bewertung von stofflichen Hochwasserrisiken. Um deren Anwendbarkeit zu überprüfen, wird die entwickelte Methodik im Rahmen einer Fallstudie an Überflutungsbereichen entlang des Unterlaufes der Vereinigten Mulde zwischen Bitterfeld und Priorau erprobt, wobei der Fokus auf dem Rezeptor Mensch liegt. Die Methodik basiert auf der Integration von Verfahren der Hochwasserrisikoanalyse und der Schadstoffrisikoanalyse. Diese werden unter Verwendung eines angepassten Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence-Konzeptes kombiniert. Die Methodik besteht aus drei größeren Hauptelementen: (1.) der Gefahrenanalyse, (2.) der Expositionsanalyse und (3.) der Schadstoffrisikocharakterisierung und -bewertung. Die Gefahrenanalyse beschreibt die Freisetzung, den Transport und die Ablagerung der Stoffe in Abhängigkeit von der Hochwassercharakteristik, den Substanzeigenschaften sowie den Verteilungsprozessen nach der Ablagerung, beispielsweise dem Transfer vom Boden in die Pflanze. Ergebnisse der Gefahrenanalyse sind Karten der Schadstoffquellen in Form räumlich verteilter Stoffkonzentrationen in Umweltmedien wie Böden und Pflanzen. Die Expositionsanalyse stellt die Verbindung zwischen den Schadstoffquellen und den Rezeptoren her. Bindeglied sind Expositionspfade, beispielsweise die orale Aufnahme von kontaminiertem Boden oder der Verzehr von Pflanzen, die auf belasteten Böden angebaut werden. Teil der Expositionsanalyse ist eine so genannte Rezeptoranalyse, die - aus Landnutzungstypen abgeleitet - Vorkommen bestimmter Rezeptoren identifiziert und diese charakterisiert. Dabei bezieht die Rezeptoranalyse sowohl die räumliche Verteilung der Rezeptoren als auch deren Eigenschaften ein. Für den Rezeptor Mensch sind dies etwa physiologische Parameter wie Körpergewicht oder Atemrate sowie verhaltensbezogene Parameter wie Zeit-Aktivitätsbudgets oder Nahrungsaufnahmeraten. Daran anschließend wird mit der Expositionsanalyse im engeren Sinne die Exposition der Rezeptoren gegenüber bestimmten Stoffen quantifiziert, indem Transfer- und Aufnahmeraten von Expositionsmedien wie Boden, Nahrung oder Luft ermittelt und mit den darin enthaltenen Stoffkonzentrationen in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Ergebnis der Expositionsanalyse sind räumlich explizite Darstellungen der inneren Exposition, d.h. täglich aufgenommener resorbierter Schadstoffmengen. Darauf folgend werden im Zuge der Risikocharakterisierung die Effekte der Exposition mit Hilfe von Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen analysiert, die dann in Form von toxikologisch begründeten Referenzwerten als Basis für die finale stoffbezogene Risikobewertung dienen. Diese erfolgt durch Vergleich der inneren Exposition mit toxikologischen Referenzwerten in Form von tolerablen Aufnahmeraten. Die gesundheitlichen Risiken werden durch den Quotienten aus resorbierter Dosis und tolerabler Dosis beschrieben und als stoff- und pfadspezifischer Risikoindex flächenhaft dargestellt. Abschließend erfolgt eine Bewertung der Risiken mittels einer die Unsicherheiten der Referenzwerte berücksichtigenden Bewertungsfunktion. Die Methodik ist in Form eines GIS-basierten Rechenmodells umgesetzt und im Rahmen einer Fallstudie an der Vereinigten Mulde für verschiedene hydraulische Szenarien im Sinne simulierter Abflüsse verschiedener Jährlichkeiten - 100, 200 und 500 Jahre - erprobt worden. Als ausgewählte Ergebnisse liegen räumlich differenzierte Risikobewertungen für die Stoffe Arsen, Cadmium, Quecksilber und Blei unterschieden nach den Expositionsmedien Boden/Hausstaub, Luft sowie pflanzliche Nahrung vor. Exemplarisch seien hier ausgewählte Bewertungsergebnisse in Form des sogenannten Gefahrenwertes für ein HQ500-Szenario dargestellt: Durch die orale Aufnahme von Arsen über Boden/Hausstaub wird für den Rezeptor Kleinkinder räumlich begrenzt die Risikoschwelle überschritten, wobei die Handlungsschwelle nicht erreicht wird. Die Ergebnisse für Cadmium, Quecksilber und Blei liegen deutlich unter der Risikoschwelle. Ein ähnliches Bild zeigt sich für die Aufnahme über die Luft. Hier wird bei lebenslanger Exposition für Arsen die Risikoschwelle überschritten, für die anderen Stoffe werden Gefahrenwerte weit unter der Risikoschwelle ermittelt. Bezogen auf den Verzehr von Nahrungspflanzen aus Eigenanbau zeigen sich bei lebenslanger Exposition für Cadmium großräumig erhebliche Überschreitungen des Handlungsschwellenwertes. Für die anderen Stoffe finden sich nahezu flächendeckend Überschreitungen des Risikoschwellenwertes, die aber nicht an die Maßnahmenschwelle heranreichen.:1 Zielstellung und Einführung 1.1 Zielstellung 1.2 Problemaufriss 1.3 Stand der Forschung 1.4 Kapitelübersicht 2 Grundlagen und Rahmenkonzepte zu Risiken 2.1 Grundbegriffe 2.2 Risikobegriffe und -konzepte 2.2.1 Risikodefinitionen 2.2.2 Analyse und Bewertung von Risiken 2.2.3 SPRC-Konzept 2.2.4 Zyklus-Konzepte des Risikomanagements 2.3 Hochwasserrisiken 2.3.1 Hochwasserrisikomanagement 2.3.2 Hochwassergefahrenanalyse 2.3.3 Vulnerabilitätsanalyse 2.3.4 Hochwasserrisikoermittlung 2.4 Schadstoffrisiken 2.4.1 Gefahrenidentifikation 2.4.2 Dosis-Wirkungsanalyse 2.4.3 Expositionsanalyse 2.4.4 Risikocharakterisierung 2.5 Risikobewertung 2.5.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 2.5.2 Bewertung von Hochwasserrisiken 2.5.3 Bewertung von Schadstoffrisiken 2.5.4 Vergleichende Risikobewertung 2.6 Risikosteuerung 2.6.1 Maßnahmen 2.6.2 Rechtliche Instrumente 3 Konzeption der Methodik 3.1 Gesamtkonzept einer integrierten Analyse- und Bewertungsmethodik 3.2 Gefahrenanalyse 3.3 Expositionsanalyse mit Rezeptoranalyse 3.4 Risikocharakterisierung 3.5 Risikobewertung 3.6 Unsicherheitsanalyse 3.7 Gesamtablauf der Methodik 4 Erprobung und Implementierung der Methodik 4.1 Fallstudie Vereinigte Mulde bei Bitterfeld 4.1.1 Beschreibung des Untersuchungsgebietes 4.1.2 Szenarioansatz und Szenarien 4.2 Gefahrenanalyse 4.3 Rezeptoranalyse 4.4 Expositionsanalyse 4.4.1 GIS-Implementierung 4.4.2 Expositionsmodellierung 4.4.3 Expositionsmedien Sediment, Boden, Hausstaub 4.4.4 Expositionsmedium Luft 4.4.5 Expositionsmedium pflanzliche Nahrung 4.5 Risikocharakterisierung 4.6 Risikobewertung 4.7 Unsicherheitsanalyse 5 Empirische Ergebnisse 5.1 Gefahrenanalyse 5.1.1 Bodenkonzentrationen Basisszenario 5.1.2 Bodenkonzentrationen Hochwasserszenarien 5.2 Rezeptoranalyse 5.3 Expositionsanalyse und Risikocharakterisierung 5.4 Risikobewertung 5.4.1 Expositionsmedien Boden und Hausstaub 5.4.2 Expositionsmedium Luft 5.4.3 Expositionsmedium pflanzliche Nahrung 5.5 Unsicherheitsanalyse 5.5.1 Expositionsmedium Boden/Hausstaub 6 Diskussion und Ausblick 6.1 Methodik 6.2 Empirische Ergebnisse 6.3 Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungs- und Akronymverzeichnis Anhang / Research on the consequences of flood events has so far focused on direct tangible damages to buildings and infrastructure caused by high water levels and flow velocities. In the context of flood risk management only little interest has been paid to direct and indirect as well as dominantly intangible consequences caused by flood pollutants to human and ecological receptors - especially taking their spatial distribution into account. During floods toxic substances such as trace elements (e.g. Arsenium, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Zinc) and persistent organic pollutants (e.g. HCHs, DDX) can be released from contaminated river bank sediments or former industrial sites. These substances are taken up by the flood water, get transported - mainly bound to fine particles - and get deposited as sediments in the floodplain in case of decreasing flow velocities. Depending on the land use in the floodplain, different receptors can be exposed to the sediments with the associated contaminants. Potential receptors are humans, livestock, wild animals, food and fodder plants as well as soils with their specific soil functions. The core of this thesis is the development of a spatially explicit methodology which enables the integrated analysis and evaluation of substance-based flood risks. To test the applicability, the developed methodology is applied within a case study dealing with floodplains along the lower reaches of the Vereinigte Mulde River situated between Bitterfeld and Priorau (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). In this case study, the focus is on the receptor man or, more specifically, human health. The methodology is based on an integration of procedures from the fields of flood risk analysis and contaminant risk analysis. These procedures are integrated using an adopted Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence concept. The three main elements of the methodology are hazard analysis, exposure analysis and contaminant risk determination and evaluation. At first, the hazard analysis describes the release, transport and deposition of substances based on flood characteristics and substance properties as well as fate and transfer processes after sedimentation (e.g. soil-to-plant transfer). Results of the hazard analysis are maps of spatially distributed substance concentrations in environmental media such as soils and plants, i.e. the (secondary) contaminant sources. Within the exposure analysis the linkages between the contaminant sources and the receptors are described. Connecting elements are exposure pathways such as the ingestion of contaminated soil or the consumption of food produced on such soils. Part of the exposure analysis is a so-called receptor analysis which indicates and characterises potential human receptors that are derived from land-use types. The receptor analysis takes the receptors\' spatial distribution as well as certain properties into account. Taking the receptor human, these properties are physiological parameters such as body weight or respiration rate and behavioural parameters, e.g. activity budgets or food consumption patterns. Subsequently, with the exposure analysis in a narrower sense, the exposure of the receptors to a certain substance is quantified by calculating transfer and intake rates of exposure media such as soil, food or air taking into account the corresponding substance concentrations in these media. Results of the exposure analysis are spatially explicit representations of absorbed contaminant amounts for a certain receptor, i.e. daily resorbed exposure doses. In the course of the contaminant risk determination, the effects (consequences) of the receptors\' exposure are analysed by dose-response relationships, setting the basis for the final substance-based risk assessment in terms of toxicologically derived reference values. Health risks are expressed as ratio between calculated resorbed dose and tolerable resorbed dose and are presented as maps of substance- and pathway-specific risk indices. In a final step, an evaluation is carried out based on a method that takes the uncertainty of the toxicological reference values into account. The methodology has been implemented in a GIS-based calculation model and was applied within a case study to simulate floods with certain return periods (100, 200, and 500 years). Selected results are spatially differentiated risk evaluations for the substances arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead distinguished based on the exposure media soil/house dust, air and home-grown vegetable food. Taking the 500-year flood-scenario and the risk evaluation value as an example, the following results have been derived: the oral intake of arsenic via soil/house dust leads to a spatially restricted exceedance of the risk level of the receptor infant, whereas the action level is not reached. The results of cadmium, mercury and lead are clearly below the risk level. A similiar pattern shows for the pulmonary intake via air. Based on lifetime exposure, the risk level for arsenic is exceeded, for all other substances the values are far below the risk level. Considering the intake of cadmium via consumption of home-grown vegetables, the action level is notably exceeded in large areas. The other substances show a nearly general exceedance of the risk level without reaching the action level.:1 Zielstellung und Einführung 1.1 Zielstellung 1.2 Problemaufriss 1.3 Stand der Forschung 1.4 Kapitelübersicht 2 Grundlagen und Rahmenkonzepte zu Risiken 2.1 Grundbegriffe 2.2 Risikobegriffe und -konzepte 2.2.1 Risikodefinitionen 2.2.2 Analyse und Bewertung von Risiken 2.2.3 SPRC-Konzept 2.2.4 Zyklus-Konzepte des Risikomanagements 2.3 Hochwasserrisiken 2.3.1 Hochwasserrisikomanagement 2.3.2 Hochwassergefahrenanalyse 2.3.3 Vulnerabilitätsanalyse 2.3.4 Hochwasserrisikoermittlung 2.4 Schadstoffrisiken 2.4.1 Gefahrenidentifikation 2.4.2 Dosis-Wirkungsanalyse 2.4.3 Expositionsanalyse 2.4.4 Risikocharakterisierung 2.5 Risikobewertung 2.5.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 2.5.2 Bewertung von Hochwasserrisiken 2.5.3 Bewertung von Schadstoffrisiken 2.5.4 Vergleichende Risikobewertung 2.6 Risikosteuerung 2.6.1 Maßnahmen 2.6.2 Rechtliche Instrumente 3 Konzeption der Methodik 3.1 Gesamtkonzept einer integrierten Analyse- und Bewertungsmethodik 3.2 Gefahrenanalyse 3.3 Expositionsanalyse mit Rezeptoranalyse 3.4 Risikocharakterisierung 3.5 Risikobewertung 3.6 Unsicherheitsanalyse 3.7 Gesamtablauf der Methodik 4 Erprobung und Implementierung der Methodik 4.1 Fallstudie Vereinigte Mulde bei Bitterfeld 4.1.1 Beschreibung des Untersuchungsgebietes 4.1.2 Szenarioansatz und Szenarien 4.2 Gefahrenanalyse 4.3 Rezeptoranalyse 4.4 Expositionsanalyse 4.4.1 GIS-Implementierung 4.4.2 Expositionsmodellierung 4.4.3 Expositionsmedien Sediment, Boden, Hausstaub 4.4.4 Expositionsmedium Luft 4.4.5 Expositionsmedium pflanzliche Nahrung 4.5 Risikocharakterisierung 4.6 Risikobewertung 4.7 Unsicherheitsanalyse 5 Empirische Ergebnisse 5.1 Gefahrenanalyse 5.1.1 Bodenkonzentrationen Basisszenario 5.1.2 Bodenkonzentrationen Hochwasserszenarien 5.2 Rezeptoranalyse 5.3 Expositionsanalyse und Risikocharakterisierung 5.4 Risikobewertung 5.4.1 Expositionsmedien Boden und Hausstaub 5.4.2 Expositionsmedium Luft 5.4.3 Expositionsmedium pflanzliche Nahrung 5.5 Unsicherheitsanalyse 5.5.1 Expositionsmedium Boden/Hausstaub 6 Diskussion und Ausblick 6.1 Methodik 6.2 Empirische Ergebnisse 6.3 Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungs- und Akronymverzeichnis Anhang

We investigate systems with a mixed phase space, where regular and chaotic dynamics coexist. Classically, regions with regular motion, the regular islands, are dynamically not connected to regions with chaotic motion, the chaotic sea. Typically, this is also reflected in the quantum properties, where eigenstates either concentrate on the regular or the chaotic regions. However, it was shown that quantum mechanically, due to the tunneling process, a coupling is induced and flooding of regular islands may occur. This happens when the Heisenberg time, the time needed to resolve the discrete spectrum, is larger than the tunneling time from the regular region to the chaotic sea. In this case the regular eigenstates disappear. We study this effect by the time evolution of wave packets initially started in the chaotic sea and find increasing probability in the regular island. Using random matrix models a quantitative prediction is derived. We find excellent agreement with numerical data obtained for quantum maps and billiards systems. For open systems we investigate the phenomenon of flooding and disappearance of regular states, where the escape time occurs as an additional time scale. We discuss the reappearance of regular states in the case of strongly opened systems. This is demonstrated numerically for quantum maps and experimentally for a mushroom shaped microwave resonator. The reappearance of regular states is explained qualitatively by a matrix model. / Untersucht werden Systeme mit gemischtem Phasenraum, in denen sowohl reguläre als auch chaotische Dynamik auftritt. In der klassischen Mechanik sind Gebiete regulärer Bewegung, die sogenannten regulären Inseln, dynamisch nicht mit den Gebieten chaotischer Bewegung, der chaotischen See, verbunden. Dieses Verhalten spiegelt sich typischerweise auch in den quantenmechanischen Eigenschaften wider, so dass Eigenfunktionen entweder auf chaotischen oder regulären Gebieten konzentriert sind. Es wurde jedoch gezeigt, dass aufgrund des Tunneleffektes eine Kopplung auftritt und reguläre Inseln geflutet werden können. Dies geschieht wenn die Heisenbergzeit, das heißt die Zeit die das System benötigt, um das diskrete Spektrum aufzulösen, größer als die Tunnelzeit vom Regulären ins Chaotische ist, wobei reguläre Eigenzustände verschwinden. Dieser Effekt wird über eine Zeitentwicklung von Wellenpaketen, die in der chaotischen See gestartet werden, untersucht. Es kommt zu einer ansteigenden Wahrscheinlichkeit in der regulären Insel. Mithilfe von Zufallsmatrixmodellen wird eine quantitative Vorhersage abgeleitet, welche die numerischen Daten von Quantenabbildungen und Billardsystemen hervorragend beschreibt. Der Effekt des Flutens und das Verschwinden regulärer Zustände wird ebenfalls mit offenen Systemen untersucht. Hier tritt die Fluchtzeit als zusätzliche Zeitskala auf. Das Wiederkehren regulärer Zustände im Falle stark geöffneter Systeme wird qualitativ mithilfe eines Matrixmodells erklärt und numerisch für Quantenabbildungen sowie experimentell für einen pilzförmigen Mikrowellenresonator belegt.

<p>Drainage water recycling (DWR) is the practice of capturing, storing, and reusing subsurface drained agricultural water to support supplemental irrigation and has recently been proposed as a practice for improving the crop production and water quality performance in the tile-drained landscape of the U.S. Midwest. This study describes the development of a modeling framework to quantify the potential irrigation and water quality benefits of DWR systems in tile-drained landscapes and the application of the model using ten years of measured weather, tile drain flow and nutrient concentrations, water table, and soil data from two sites in the U.S. Midwest. From this modeling framework, the development and testing of an open-source online tool is also presented.</p><p></p><p>A spreadsheet model was developed to track water flows between a reservoir and drained and irrigated field area at each site. The amount of tile drain flow and associated nutrient loads that could be captured from the field and stored in the reservoir was estimated to calculate the potential water quality benefits of the system. Irrigation benefits were quantified based on the amount of applied irrigation annually. A reservoir size representing 6% to 8% of the field area with an average depth of 3.05 m was sufficient in meeting the annual irrigation requirements during the 10-year period at each site. At this reservoir size, average annual nitrate-N loads were reduced by 20% to 40% and soluble reactive phosphorus loads by 17% to 41%. Variability in precipitation within and across years, and differences in soil water characteristics, resulted in a wide range of potential benefits at the two sites.</p><p>An online tool was developed from the model, and a variance-based global sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine influential and low-sensitivity input parameters. The input parameter, depth of root zone, was the most influential input parameter suggesting that the estimation of total available water for the field water balance is a critical component of the model. Input settings describing the irrigation management and crop coefficients for the initial establishment and mid-season crop growth periods were also influential in impacting the field water balance. Reservoir seepage rate was influential in regard to the reservoir water balance, particularly at larger reservoir sizes. Sensitivity analysis results were used to develop a user-interface for the tool, Evaluating Drainage Water Recycling Decisions (EDWRD).</p><p>This study shows that DWR is capable of providing both irrigation and water quality benefits in the tile-drained landscape of the U.S. Midwest. The developed modeling framework supports future research on the development of strategies to implement and manage DWR systems, and the online tool serves as a resource for users to increase their awareness and understanding of the potential benefits of this novel practice.</p><p></p>

Understanding flow and transport in porous media is critical as it plays a central role in many biological, natural, and industrial processes. Such processes are not limited to one length or time scale; they occur over a wide span of scales from micron to Kilometers and microseconds to years. While field-scale simulation relies on a continuum description of the flow and transport, one must take into account transport processes occurring on much smaller scales. In doing so, pore-scale modeling is a powerful tool for shedding light on processes at small length and time scales.<br><br>In this work, we look into the multi-phase flow and transport through porous media at two different scales, namely pore- and Darcy scales. First, using direct numerical simulations, we study pore-scale Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics. We study the evolution of Lagrangian velocities for uniform injection of particles and numerically verify their relationship with the Eulerian velocity field. We show that for three porous media velocity, probability distributions change over a range of porosities from an exponential distribution to a Gaussian distribution. We thus model this behavior by using a power-exponential function and show that it can accurately represent the velocity distributions. Finally, using fully resolved velocity field and pore-geometry, we show that despite the randomness in the flow and pore space distributions, their two-point correlation functions decay extremely similarly.<br><br>Next, we extend our previous study to investigate the effect of viscoelastic fluids on particle dispersion, velocity distributions, and flow resistance in porous media. We show that long-term particle dispersion could not be modulated by using viscoelastic fluids in random porous media. However, flow resistance compared to the Newtonian case goes through three distinct regions depending on the strength of fluid elasticity. We also show that when elastic effects are strong, flow thickens and strongly fluctuates even in the absence of inertial forces.<br><br>Next, we focused our attention on flow and transport at the Darcy scale. In particular, we study a tertiary improved oil recovery technique called surfactant-polymer flooding. In this work, which has been done in collaboration with Purdue enhanced oil recovery lab, we aim at modeling coreflood experiments using 1D numerical simulations. To do so, we propose a framework in which various experiments need to be done to quantity surfactant phase behavior, polymer rheology, polymer effects on rock permeability, dispersion, and etc. Then, via a sensitivity study, we further reduce the parameter space of the problem to facilitate the model calibration process. Finally, we propose a multi-stage calibration algorithm in which two critically important parameters, namely peak pressure drop, and cumulative oil recovery factor, are matched with experimental data. To show the predictive capabilities of our framework, we numerically simulate two additional coreflood experiments and show good agreement with experimental data for both of our quantities of interest.<br><br>Lastly, we study the unstable displacement of non-aqueous phase liquids (e.g., oil) via a finite-size injection of surfactant-polymer slug in a 2-D domain with homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability fields. Unstable displacement could be detrimental to surfactant-polymer flood and thus is critically important to design it in a way that a piston-like displacement is achieved for maximum recovery. We study the effects of mobility ratio, finite-size length of surfactant-polymer slug, and heterogeneity on the effectiveness of such process by looking into recovery rate and breakthrough and removal times.

Due to recent summers’ amplified frequency in intense rainstorm events, so-called cloudbursts, in places of the world not normally prone to such extreme weather phenomena, interest has aroused amongst authorities regarding measures to address in order to minimize the devastating impact of the subsequent floods. Such measures include physical planning of the townscape in terms of avoiding water to pond in inappropriate places. An important tool in this process is flood modelling. By utilizing advanced numerical hydraulic models, risk areas in the urban environment can be identified and important flow paths can be detected. A computer model that is able to simulate the two-dimensional surface runoff is MIKE 21, a part of the MIKE by DHI software series for water environment modelling. MIKE 21 comes in two versions, the Classic version and the Flexible Mesh (FM) version. The Classic version employs a structured orthogonal mesh to describe the topography/bathymetry of the computational domain, whilst the FM version bases its general domain description on a triangulated, unstructured mesh. In contrast to the Classic approach, the FM description allows for an altered resolution within the study area. This allows for an increase of the mesh resolution in the proximity of structures that are assumed important for the flood propagation, and a decrease in homogenous areas that are not expected to be as important regarding the general flood distribution. In this report, the suitability of applying the FM version in precipitation-related urban flood modelling purposes has been investigated. The results have been compared to those obtained from the Classic model, which represents the current method employed to perform these kind of analyses. The main investigations have been conducted in scenarios representing a rainfall event with a return period of 100 years. As no calibration data was available for the sites investigated at this kind of extreme event, the results only relate to each other. The results showed no significant difference between the models regarding where water generally will flow and accumulate. However, the spatial and volumetric distribution of the water in risk areas is more severe in the Classic model’s results. This was assessed to be the consequence of a parameter, only existing in the FM model, which suppresses the momentum equations of the model and by doing so, retains water in the mesh elements and prevents it to flow unimpeded until a certain depth is achieved. Too low values of this parameter caused instabilities in the program. Additionally, the required workload to set up the FM model was found significantly higher compared to the Classic model. Accordingly, no sensible reason to change from the Classic to the FM approach in urban flood modelling could be found. / På grund av de senaste somrarnas ökade återkomst av kraftiga och intensiva regn, så kallade skyfall, i delar av världen som vanligtvis inte har varit speciellt utsatta för den här typen av väderfenomen har medvetenheten av deras förstörande kraft ökat bland kommuner och myndigheter. Med det har också intresset kring översvämningsförebyggande åtgärder ökat. Sådana åtgärder inkluderar den fysiska utformningen av stadsbilden ifråga om exempelvis höjdsättning för att undvika vattenansamlingar på olämpliga ställen. I denna process är översvämningsmodellering ett viktigt redskap. Med hjälp av avancerade numeriska hydrauliska modeller kan riskområden samt flödesvägar i stadsmiljön kartläggas. MIKE 21 är en datormodell som kan simulera den tvådimensionella ytavrinningen. MIKE 21 är en del av programsviten MIKE by DHI och återfinns i två versioner, MIKE 21 Classic och MIKE 21 Flexible Mesh (FM). Classicversionen utgår från ett rutnätmönstrat grid för att beskriva topografin/batymetrin i beräkningsdomänen, medan den i FM-versionen bygger på en triangulär, ostrukturerad konstruktion. I och med sin ostrukturerade uppbyggnad tillåter FM-beskrivningen en varierad upplösning inom studieområdet, tillskillnad från Classic-tillvägagångssättet. Detta gör det möjligt att i FM-modellen öka upplösningen i komplexa områden som anses särskilt viktiga för att kunna ge en korrekt bild av översvämningsförloppet, medan en lägre upplösning kan tilldelas mer homogena områden som anses ha en mindre viktig betydelse för den generella översvämningsutbredningen. Den här rapporten har undersökt hur väl MIKE 21 FM lämpar sig i skyfallsanalyser. Resultaten har jämförts mot de resultat som erhållits från Classic-modellen, som representerar det nuvarande tillvägagångssättet att utföra skyfallsanalyser på. Huvudutredningarna byggde på scenarion som kan uppstå när ett 100-årsregn faller över studieområdena. Eftersom ingen mätdata från ett sådant skyfall fanns att tillgå har resultaten från de två modellerna endast jämförts i förhållande till varandra. Resultaten visade inte på några egentliga skillnader ifråga om var vatten ansamlas. Dock kunde det påvisas att både den ytliga och volymetriska utbredningen i och kring ansamlingsplatserna var högre i Classicmodellen. Detta bedömdes ha att göra med en djupparameter som endast återfinns i FM-modellen. Denna parameter styr när modellens momentekvationer tas med i beräkningen. På så sätt styr den när vatten kan flöda mellan elementen i meshet. För låga värden på den leder till instabiliteter i programmet. Vidare visade sig arbetet med att framställa en FM modell vara betydligt mer tidskrävande jämfört med Classicmodellen. Med bakgrund av detta kunde inte någon anledning till varför MIKE 21 Classic skulle frångås i skyfallsanalyser hittas.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The frequency and magnitude of floods in the midcontinental United States have increased in recent decades due to changing precipitation patterns as global temperatures rise. These trends pose major social and economic risks to the region, which is home to tens of millions of Americans and a global agricultural center. It is therefore critical to understand if current fluvial dynamics are within the scope of past fluvial-climate relationships, or if they represent a novel response to recent climate and land-use changes. Presented is a 1600-year-long flood frequency record for the moderately sized (~29,400 km2 watershed) White River, Indiana. Flood frequencies were determined using 14C-based sediment accumulation rates at Half Moon Pond, an oxbow lake on the lower White River’s floodplain. Comparison with regional paleoclimate data shows that White River flooding was frequent when atmospheric circulation resembled the negative mode of the Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection, particularly during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (950-1250 CE) and the Current Warm Period (last ~150 years). During these times, the regional climate was dominated by warm-season precipitation originating from the Gulf of Mexico. Conversely, White River flooding was less frequent during the Little Ice Age (1250-1800 CE) when cold-season precipitation from the North Pacific/Arctic dominated (+PNA-like conditions). The pre-1790 CE White River flood history was antiphased with reconstructed Ohio River flood frequencies from southern Illinois. This dynamic is consistent with discharge in small to moderate sized watersheds being sensitive to rainstorm runoff and large watersheds being sensitive to snowmelt runoff. After 1790 CE, flooding frequencies of both river systems increased to their highest levels, despite a shift to -PNA-like conditions. This change was likely due to extensive Euro-American land-clearance, which increased runoff/erosion by reducing evapotranspiration, interception, and infiltration. While the White River responded strongly to climatic conditions in the past that were similar to present conditions (-PNA-like conditions), recent land-use practices have amplified the effects of the current hydroclimate. Since a warming climate is expected to increase regional average precipitation and extreme rainfall events, and that landscape modifications have lowered surface resilience to hydroclimate events, flooding will likely become more frequent in the coming decades.

Klimatförändringar är en komplex risk som innebär nya utmaningar för dagens och framtidens riskhantering. Översvämningsrisken ökar i takt med att skyfall och kraftiga regn blir mer frekventa samtidigt som havsnivåerna stiger. Att samhällen klimatanpassas är av största vikt med tanke på att utsläppsnivåerna fortsätter att öka och en klimatförändring vid det här laget är oundviklig. I städer världen över syns en trend där tidigare industrihamnar omvandlas till områden med vattennära bebyggelse. För att hantera översvämningsrisken är det vanligt att olika typer av översvämningsskydd byggs, till exempel vallar och dammar. Forskning visar att sådana typer av skydd tenderar att leda till minskad riskuppfattning och en slags falsk trygghet som leder till ökad exploatering i översvämningshotade områden. Detta påverkar samhällens resiliens negativt och kan leda till förödande konsekvenser om skydden ger vika. Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskap om hur klimatanpassningsåtgärder för översvämningar påverkar samhällens resiliens och att undersöka relationen mellan hantering av översvämningsrisk och utveckling av bebyggelse i urban miljö. Avsikten är att detta ska kunna stödja framtida utformande av klimatanpassningsåtgärder för att göra dem så ändamålsenliga som möjligt. Studien genomförs som en kvalitativ fallstudie av Arvika kommuns hantering av översvämningsrisk. Empirin består av utvalda dokument från kommunen samt intervjuer med representanter från räddningstjänst, länsstyrelse och myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. Materialet bearbetas med hjälp av innehållsanalys och kopplas till teorier kring resiliens och riskhomeostas. I resultatet framgår att kunskapen kring översvämningsrisk innan en stor översvämning i kommunen var bristfällig och att översvämningsrisk dittills prioriterats bort i kommunens riskinventering. Efter händelsen har kunskapen ökat, samverkan mellan aktörer har förbättrats och arbetssätten hos räddningstjänsten har förändrats. Intervjuerna visar att synen på översvämningsskyddets påverkan på resiliensen är övervägande positiv och att skyddet ses möjliggöra för exploatering i stadens hamnområde, men att detta är behäftat med en viss osäkerhet. / Climate change is a complex risk that entails new challenges for risk management. The risk of flooding increases as sea levels rise and rainfall and heavy rain become more frequent. The adaptation of communities to climate change is of the utmost importance, given that emission levels continue to increase and climate change at this stage is inevitable. In cities around the world, there is a trend where former industrial ports are being transformed into areas with waterfront buildings. To manage the risk of flooding different types of flood protection are built, for example levees, dikes and dams. Research shows that such types of protection tend to lead to reduced risk perception and a false sense of security which in turn results in increased exploitation of flood-threatened areas. This has a negative effect on the resilience of societies and can lead to devastating consequences should the protection break. The aim of the study is to contribute to knowledge about how climate adaptation measures for floods affect community resilience and to investigate the relationship between flood risk management and the development of buildings in urban environments. The intention is that the findings of this study can work as support in future design of climate adaptation measures to make them more efficient. The study is carried out as a qualitative case study of Arvika municipality's management of flood risk. Data are collected from key municipal documents and semi-structured interviews with representatives from the communal emergency service, the county administrative board and The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The material is divided into categories with the help of qualitative content analysis and are later discussed using theories about resilience and risk homeostasis. The results show that the knowledge about flood risk before a major event in the municipality was deficient and that the risk of flooding up to that point had been neglected in the municipality's risk inventory. After the incident, the knowledge has increased, collaboration between actors has improved and the working methods of the emergency service have changed. The interviews show that the view of the flood protection's impact on resilience is predominantly positive and that the protection is seen as enabling exploitation in the city's port area, but that this is subject to a certain degree of uncertainty.

<p>Land use change is a major cause of degradation to freshwater ecosystems. Excess nutrients and toxins, physical infrastructure, and habitat removal can lead to deleterious impacts on water quality, flooding, and biological integrity. The overarching inquiry of this dissertation was to assess how social and ecological dimensions of stormwater interact to influence stormwater and its management. A three-part study was conducted to investigate the ecological and social dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. In part one, I investigated the impacts of urbanization on stream metabolism— a fundamental ecological process. The proliferation of inexpensive water quality sensors has allowed researchers to investigate stream functional processes at a high temporal resolution. I used high-resolution dissolved oxygen data to estimate gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) across 12 urban creeks in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. I used descriptive statistics and regression models to investigate the influence of light, temperature, and hydrological disturbances on GPP and ER. The results demonstrate that urbanization shifts metabolic regimes towards highly productive summers with substantial declines in GPP following summer storm events. My research shows that ER is associated with water temperature and is resistant to hydrological disturbances. These findings have management implications because as summer heat and storms intensify with climate change, my work suggests that stream organisms will become more vulnerable to scour and hypoxia.</p><p> </p><p>In part two, I conducted a systematic literature review to identify salient social norms impacting water quality best management practice (BMP) adoption across urban and rural lands. Furthermore, I synthesized situational factors that mobilize and reproduce social norms associated with BMP adoption. The results demonstrate that social norms create expectations for conventional farming practices and manicured residential lawns, as well as a social responsibility for neighborly cohesion and environmental stewardship. Social norms supporting water quality BMPs were fostered during times of management uncertainty and in response to social sanctions and benefits. I found that social norms supporting water quality BMPs were more readily mobilized when supported by key community leaders, knowledge brokers, and institutional actors.</p><p> </p><p>In part three, I examined if and how an individual’s race, gender, and education level shape one’s concern about and willingness to participate in stormwater management. Stormwater risks can be immediate burdens and at times life-threatening for marginalized people because environmental injustices based on race, gender, and class can dictate exposure to and recovery from environmental risks like flooding and water pollution. Although marginalized groups bear the brunt of environmental risks, they are not likely to be perceived by others as highly concerned about the environment. I investigated differences, if any, in peoples’ willingness to participate in stormwater management based on their race, gender, and educational level by analyzing community opinion surveys in Charlotte, North Carolina. Results suggest that socially marginalized individuals are more concerned about creek flooding than others and subsequently more likely to participate in conservation behaviors. This analysis calls attention to how adverse environmental conditions may shape the perspectives of those experiencing them and facilitate a greater willingness to engage in conservation practices. Collectively, this dissertation highlights the interconnectedness of human and ecological drivers of function and resilience in aquatic freshwater ecosystems with implications for future directions of freshwater management that prioritize social equity and sustain social infrastructures.</p>

Urbanization is continuously growing all over the world. Both developing and developed countries encourage rapid expansion for increased growth and production. However, urbanization in combination with climate change can lead to higher chances of extreme flood events. Mankind always settled around rivers and floodplains that are naturally more flood prone areas, making stormwater modeling and urban planning indispensable for safety and reduction of flood risk.Until now many important studies have been conducted on the dangers of living in floodplains of urbanized cities, but most of them are about developing countries such as Bangladesh or Vietnam, leaving a noticeable gap in the developed world. However, all these researches share one thing in common as they do not take into account the interactions between water and society by ignoring the constantly changing human factor.Socio-hydrology is a new branch of hydrology closely related to Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) that tries to explore this dynamic relationship. This study explores the historical evolution of a highly urbanized industrial city in Finland and attempts to understand both the human and engineering effects of urbanization. The city of Pori is the most flood prone area in Finland, which makes for an important study that will yield important results and possible recommendations for future research, while for the first time incorporating socio-hydrology, the human factor and flood risk in a major European city.This is an empirical project with data collected from various different sources put all together for the first time that could change the perceptions of both inhabitants and scientists and be the basis for a more thorough, modeling based research in the future. The research question of this dissertation is how socio-hydrological dynamics have affected flood risk changes over the past decades in the city of Pori. / Urbaniseringen växer fortlöpande över hela världen. Både industriländer och utvecklingsländer befrämjar snabb expansion för ökad tillväxt och produktion. Dock leder urbanisering i kombination med klimatförändring till högre risk för extrema översvämningar. Människor har i alla tider bosatt sig runt vattendrag och flodslätter som naturligt är mer benägna att översvämmas, något som gör att dagvattenhantering och stadsplanering är absolut nödvändigt för ökad säkerhet och reducerad översvämningsrisk.Fram tills nu har många viktiga studier genomförts som behandlar farorna för människor bosatta i urbaniserade städer intill flodslätter, men de flesta av dem har utgått från utvecklingsländer som Bangladesh eller Vietnam, något som lett till en märkbar avsaknad av information gällande industri-länder. Gemensamt för dessa studier är dock att de ignorerar den ständigt föränderliga mänskliga faktorn och på så sätt inte tar i beaktning interaktioner mellan vatten och samhälle.Socio-hydrologi är en ny gren inom hydrologi som är nära besläktad med Integrerad Vattenresurs-förvaltning och som försöker utforska detta dynamiska samspel. Denna studie undersöker den historiska utvecklingen av en starkt urbaniserad industristad i Finland och försöker tolka de mänskliga och tekniska effekterna av urbanisering. Staden Pori (Björneborg på svenska) är den mest översvämningsbenägna platsen i Finland, vilket gör denna studie till ett viktigt arbete för att ta fram betydelsefulla resultat och eventuella rekommendationer för framtida forskning. Dessutom inkorporeras socio-hydrologi, den mänskliga faktorn och översvämningsrisk för första gången i forskning gällande en större europeisk stad.Detta är ett empiriskt projekt med data insamlat från olika källor som sammanställts för första gången och som kan förändra både invånares och forskares synsätt, samt vara en grund för mer utförlig och modellbaserad forskning i framtiden. Frågan som denna avhandling försöker besvara är hur socio-hydrologisk dynamik har påverkat förändringar av översvämningsrisker i staden Pori i Finland över de senaste årtiondena.