O Centro de Estudos de Línguas (CEL) é um projeto da Secretaria da Educação do governo do estado de São Paulo que oferece aos alunos da rede estadual e, em alguns casos da rede municipal, cursos gratuitos de línguas estrangeiras. Devido à evasão de alunos e ao baixo número de matrículas em alguns idiomas, a cada estágio as turmas ficam menores, exigindo a formação de salas multisseriadas para garantir ao estudante a continuação e a conclusão do curso. As classes multisseriadas dos CEL são compostas por discentes de várias idades e que possuem diferentes níveis de conhecimento da língua estrangeira. Nossa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias de ensino que os professores de língua italiana dos CEL utilizam para ensinar nas turmas multisseriadas. Fomos orientados pela hipótese de que os professores do CEL empregariam estratégias de ensino iguais ou parecidas às aplicadas pelos docentes que lecionam no ensino multisseriado da zona rural. Para a realização desta pesquisa, fizemos uma revisão sobre o funcionamento dos CEL, sobre as salas multisseriadas do campo e sobre as estratégias de ensino adotadas no contexto multisseriado e em aulas de línguas estrangeiras. Com o propósito de alcançar o nosso objetivo, adotamos a metodologia qualitativa e escolhemos o questionário on-line e a entrevista individual, semiestruturada como técnicas de coleta de dados. As participantes do estudo são professoras de italiano de grupos multisseriados de Centros de Estudos de Línguas da capital e da Grande São Paulo. Cruzamos os dados obtidos pelas duas técnicas e analisamos as três estratégias de ensino mais presentes no discurso das professoras. Comprovamos que as docentes usam estratégias que também podem ser verificadas na zona rural, ou seja, organização dos espaços físico e social, administração do tempo e emprego dos materiais didáticos. O espaço social é mais valorizado que o físico, o que conta é o aprimoramento da aprendizagem e a interação entre os estudantes de estágios diferentes. O tempo é administrado muitas vezes de forma inconsciente, mas está sempre presente na organização do atendimento dos diferentes estágios. O livro didático é essencial, todavia há um empenho em criar outras atividades empregando vários tipos de materiais. A análise nos mostrou que a maioria das professoras decidiu ensinar com os grupos organizados de maneira multisseriada. Na ausência de uma orientação pedagógica específica e do reconhecimento do Estado, as docentes, por meio da prática, criam a forma própria de lecionar, esforçam-se em adequar estratégias de ensino para cada turma. / The Language Study Center (LSC) is a governmental project of the Education Secretariat of the São Paulo State that offers for the students from state and, in some cases from the municipal, free courses in foreign languages. Due to the evasion students and low number of enrollments in some languages, each stage classes are smaller, requiring the formation of multigrade classrooms to ensure students the continuation and completion of the course. The multigrade classes of LSC are composed of students of different ages and have different levels of knowledge of a foreign language. Our research aims to analyze the use of instructional strategies to teach by the italian teachers in multigrade classes of LSC. We were guided by the assumption that LSC teachers employ teaching strategies in the same way or similar to those applied by the teachers who teach in multigrade teaching the countryside. For this research, we have made a review of the functioning of multigrade classrooms and the teaching strategies adopted for foreign language classes in multigrade context. In order to achieve our goal, we adopted a qualitative methodology choosing the online questionnaire and individual interviews, semi-structured as data collection techniques and well. Study participants are italian teachers of multigrade classes from São Paulo Language Study Centers. We crossed the data obtained by the two techniques and analyze the three instructional strategies more present in the discourse of teachers. We have proved that the teachers use strategies that can also be checked in the countryside, that is, related to physical and social space, time and materials. The social space is more valued than the physical, what counts is the improvement of learning and interaction among students of different stages. Time is administered often unconsciously, but is always present in the organization of care of the different stages. The textbook is essential, but there is a commitment to create other activities using various materials. The analysis has shown that most teachers decided to teach in organized groups multisseriate way. In the absence of a specific tutoring and state recognition, the teachers, through practice, create their own way of teaching, strive to adapt instructional strategies for each class.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans les domaines de l’acquisition et de la didactique des langues étrangères. Sa nature est quantitative et descriptive. Elle porte sur les stratégies d’apprentissage des sinogrammes par des étudiants francophones dans un environnement instructif. L'objectif, dans un premier temps, est de connaître les stratégies spécifiques employées par les étudiants francophones pour apprendre les sinogrammes et de savoir si les stratégies employées dépendent du niveau de connaissance de la langue, du sexe, de l’âge et du style d'apprentissage.Le questionnaire, nommé SILCC (Strategy Inventory of Learning Chinese Character), que nous avons conçu dans cette étude a pour but d'observer les stratégies utilisées, puis les données sont analysées à l'aide de méthodes statistiques inférentielles. Le deuxième objectif est d’appliquer les résultats à la didactique du chinois langue étrangère. En fonction des résultats obtenus, des modèles de formation aux stratégies d’apprentissage et leur intégration dans les matériaux pédagogiques sont ensuite proposés. / This thesis is in the field of acquisition and teaching foreign language. It covers learning strategies of Chinese characters by French students in an instructional environment. The nature of this study is quantitative and descriptive. The first objective is to know which strategies are used by French students to learn Chinese characters and how those strategies are correlated with the student’s Chinese level, the student’s gender, the age and the learning style. A questionnaire, called SILCC (Strategy Inventory of Learning Chinese Character), has been designed in this study to analyze those strategies. The output data are analyzed using inferential statistical methods. The second objective is to apply the results for teaching activities and to propose a model of training strategies that can be used in academic materials.

L’approche interculturelle, devenue transversale et interdisciplinaire, a été adoptée puis érigée en composante essentielle, incontournable et incontestable en didactique de langues étrangères depuis les années 1970. Cependant, une analyse critique de la bibliographie dédiée et des différents usages, tous domaines confondus, fait ressortir des malentendus et des positionnements épistémologiques et méthodologiques diversifiés, voire même contradictoires, amenant ainsi certains auteurs à dresser des critiques et à proposer des pistes de réorientation. Par ailleurs, nous avons constaté que dans le domaine d’enseignement des langues étrangères au Mozambique, l’interculturel n’était pas aussi omniprésent et ne faisait pas l’objet de plusieurs recherches au même titre qu’en Europe, par exemple. C’est dans cette perspective que nous avons mené cette recherche afin d’évaluer les connaissances des enseignants et les mécanismes de prise en compte de cette approche dans les cours de français langue étrangère au Mozambique. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé des documents (programmes et manuels) et mené des enquêtes par le biais d’observations non participantes, d’entretiens semi-directifs et d’un questionnaire. En croisant les résultats des différentes analyses, nous avons constaté que les discours et les représentations étaient marqués par la tendance générale caractérisant l’interculturel car, d’une part, tous les enseignants croient et déclarent savoir ce qu’il est, tout en éprouvant des difficultés à expliquer ses mécanismes et à illustrer leurs connaissances avec des activités mises en place en classe et, d’autre part, ils considèrent comme interculturelles des activités et pratiques plutôt civilisationnelles et culturalistes. Ceci nous amène à douter de la pratique de l’interculturel dans ce contexte, malgré les objectifs contenus dans le programme et les déclarations des enseignants. En effet, nous avons noté que les notions étaient mal maîtrisées, conduisant à des incohérences dans les représentations des enseignants. Nous estimons qu’il est nécessaire de mettre en place des actions visant l’approfondissement, la mise à jour des acquis et la prise en compte de cette dimension à trois niveaux : la formation des enseignants, les programmes et les manuels d’enseignement / The intercultural approach, which has become cross-cutting and interdisciplinary, has been adopted and established as an essential, indispensable and indisputable component of foreign language teaching since the 1970s. However, a critical analysis of the bibliography dedicated to it and of the various uses, in all fields combined, reveals diverse and even contradictory epistemological and methodological misunderstandings and positions. This has led some authors to draw up criticisms and to suggest ways for reorientation. Furthermore, we found that in the field of foreign language teaching in Mozambique, intercultural issues were not as ubiquitous and the subject of much research as in Europe, for example. It is in this perspective that we conducted this research in order to evaluate teachers' knowledge and the mechanisms for taking this approach into account in French as a foreign language courses in Mozambique. To do this, we analyzed documents (programs and textbooks) and conducted surveys through non-participant observations, semi-directive interviews and a questionnaire. Cross-checking the results of the various analyses, we have observed that speeches and perceptions were marked by the general tendency characteristic of interculturality because, on the one hand, all teachers believe and declare that they know what it is, while having difficulty explaining its mechanisms and illustrating their knowledge with classroom activities. On the other hand, they consider civilization and cultural activities and practices to be intercultural. This leads us to doubt the practice of interculturality in this context, despite the objectives contained in the curriculum and the teachers' declarations. Indeed, we found that the concepts were poorly mastered, leading to inconsistencies in teachers' representations. We believe that it is necessary to put in place measures to further develop, update and take into account this dimension at three levels: teacher training, curricula and text books

Atualmente, é notável a expansão do oferecimento de aulas de inglês para crianças pequenas no Brasil. As modalidades disponíveis no mercado são variadas e os pais que se interessam por elas podem optar por cursos específicos de língua estrangeira, escolas internacionais, bilíngues, ou até mesmo escolas regulares que ofereçam aulas de inglês incluídas em suas grades curriculares. De qualquer maneira, todas elas são acessíveis quase que exclusivamente por meio do ensino privado. Ancorados nos pressupostos da Análise do Discurso desenvolvidos na França (Pêcheux, 1975), e no Brasil (Orlandi, 2001; Coracini, 1998),analisamos as representações de criança, língua estrangeira e ensino de língua estrangeira presentes nos dizeres da legislação brasileira, da mídia (reportagens e sites institucionais) e de coordenadoras da área, buscando compreender de que forma as justificativas da inclusão desse componente curricular se materializam e com quais sentidos se relacionam. Esta análise nos permitiu depreender certas regularidades nos sentidos: em primeiro lugar, as representações de criança veiculam duas perspectivas dominantes: a de um ser passivo, que aprende rápido por não realizar processos mentais complexos e uma outra relacionada à ideia de um trabalhador em potencial. Em segundo lugar, quanto às representações de ensino de LE, há dizeres que referem o processo de aprendizagem como absorção, ou, então, modelagem de comportamentos. As representações de LE, por sua vez, remetem majoritariamente a um sentido de garantia de sucesso da vida profissional. Finalmente, pudemos concluir que a prática do ensino de inglês para crianças emerge de uma cadeia discursiva cujos sentidos estão maciçamente alinhados com os dizeres do mercado neoliberal. A análise das justificativas pedagógicas do ensino de inglês para crianças tornou-se, uma análise das projeções da criança no mercado de trabalho e da naturalização da lógica capitalista para a formação e preparação das crianças de elite. Assim, parece que o mais cedo do aprendizado linguístico coincide com o mais cedo da aceitação das práticas do mercado na educação e também da euforização da produtividade, excluindo, até da mais precoce infância, o acesso ao ócio ou a não-obrigatoriedade da produção. / Currently there is a remarkable expansion of English courses for young children in Brazil. There are several modalities available and among them parents may choose from foreign language courses, international and bilingual schools up to schools where English classes are provided in their curricula. Nevertheless, they are all available almost exclusively through private education. Relying on Discourse Analysis assumptions (Pêcheux, 1975; Orlandi, 2001; Coracine, 1998), we have analyzed the representations of children, foreign language and foreign language teaching in the utterances of Brazilian legislation, in the media (reports and institutional sites) as well as in pedagogical coordinators talk, aiming at understanding how the justifications for the inclusion of this curricular component materialize in the discourse, and what senses they relate to. The analysis enabled us to identify certain sense regularities. Firstly, representations of children point to two dominant meanings: one which refers to the belief that they learn fast because they do not perform complex mental processes, and another related to the fact that they are potential workers. Regarding the representations of English teaching, the sayings refer to the learning process as absorption or behavior modeling. The second one concerns representations of English that refer mostly to its sense as a guarantee of success in professional life. Finally, we concluded that the practice of teaching English to children emerges from a discursive chain whose senses are overwhelmingly aligned with the utterances of the neoliberal market. Our analysis of the justifications for teaching English to school children has revealed itself the analysis of projections of the child into the labor market and the naturalization of capitalist logic in the education and the upbringing of elite children. Thus, it seems that the \"early\" language learning coincides with the \"early\" acceptance of market practices in education, as well as the valorization of productivity, preventing, from the earliest childhood, access to idleness or the right to non-compulsory production engagements.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os aspectos culturais, bem como seu tratamento didático, em uma coleção de livros didáticos de inglês desenvolvidos para atender os critérios do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático, o qual passou a incluir livros de língua estrangeira para o Ensino Fundamental em 2010. Esta análise insere-se em um contexto em que a língua inglesa alcança um número cada vez maior de pessoas em diversas partes do mundo, especialmente entre os que a usam como língua internacional, o que nos impõe a necessidade de repensar a abordagem cultural adotada em seu ensino. Trabalhos em áreas como a linguística aplicada, a educação e as ciências sociais nos mostram que a língua, enquanto processo social e dialogicamente construído, nunca pode ser considerada separada da cultura e esta, ainda que concebida de diversas formas ao longo da história, sempre fez parte do ensino de línguas. Na tradição de ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira, o ensino de aspectos culturais frequemente serviu para que os alunos se adequassem à cultura estrangeira, evitando problemas. A partir de uma perspectiva que entende o inglês como língua internacional localmente apropriada, o foco deixa de recair sobre os países tradicionalmente associados ao idioma, EUA e Inglaterra, para pensarmos em uma competência intercultural mais abrangente, a fim de preparar os alunos para possíveis encontros interculturais. Para desenvolver essa competência, faz-se necessário que os alunos tenham contato com elementos de diferentes culturas e os ponham em relação com a sua própria cultura. Ao analisarmos a coleção didática, nosso objetivo era não somente identificar a abordagem cultural adotada, mas verificar se essas questões que vêm sendo discutidas há algumas décadas influenciam, de alguma forma, a produção de livros didáticos. Para isso, identificamos a existência de referências culturais específicas e os países aos quais se associavam, observamos os tópicos propostos e, ao analisar uma seção especialmente dedicada a temas socioculturais, examinamos se estes buscavam desenvolver os saberes necessários para a construção da competência intercultural (BYRAM, 1997). Após a análise, constatamos que o livro didático analisado apresentou um baixo número de referências culturais, mesmo que estas estivessem associadas a diferentes países, incluindo o Brasil, e que a abordagem cultural mostrou-se ainda incipiente, principalmente no tocante ao enfoque intercultural. / This work aims at analyzing the cultural aspects, as well as their didactic treatment, in an English textbook series developed to meet the criteria of the Brazilian Textbook National Program (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático), which has started to include foreign language textbooks for students from the 6th to the 9th grade in Fundamental Education (in the Brazilian educational system) in 2010. This analysis is inserted in a context in which English reaches an increasing number of people around the world, especially among those who use it as an international language, which imposes the need to rethink the cultural approach adopted in its teaching. Works in areas such as applied linguistics, education, social sciences show us that language, thought as a dialogically constituted social process, can never be considered separated from culture and this one, even though conceived in different ways throughout history, has always been part of language teaching. In the TEFL tradition, the teaching of cultural aspects has frequently served to make students conform to the foreign culture, thus avoiding problems. From a perspective that understands English as an international language locally appropriated, the focus ceases from falling on countries which have traditionally been associated with the language, the USA and England, so that we can think of a broader intercultural competence to prepare students for possible intercultural encounters. In order to develop such competence, it is necessary that the students have some contact with elements from different cultures and put them in relation with their own culture. By analyzing a textbook series, our aim was not only to identify the cultural approach adopted but also to check if the questions that have been discussed over the past decades influence in any way the production of textbooks. For that purpose, we identified the existence of culturespecific references and the countries they were related to, observed the proposed topics and, when analyzing a section especially dedicated to socio-cultural themes, we examined whether those aimed at developing the savoirs required to the building of the intercultural competence (BYRAM, 1997). After the analysis, we noticed that the textbook series under analysis presented a low number of cultural references, even though they were associated to different countries, including Brazil, and that the cultural approach has proved inchoate, mainly when it comes to an intercultural focus.

The topic of the thesis is the use of translation exercises in foreign language lessons (namely Spanish). The first part of the thesis deals with the development of foreign language teaching, the status of mother tongue (and translation) in foreign language teaching, positive cross-linguistic transfer and interference. Further, individual methods of foreign language teaching are analyzed. It is stated whether or not the translation exercises are used for each of the methods. In the second part, we find the definition and categorization of the translation and examples of the translation exercises. The last part is focused on stylistics (narrative techniques, writing genres and functional styles). The specifics of translation are listed and the translation exercises are suggested for each functional style.

Culture is an integral part of the FL classroom, yet teachers often face difficulties when incorporating it into their curricula. This survey study gathered data from teachers of many different languages, including ASL, all at the secondary level in the state of Utah. The study attempts to describe how secondary FL teachers view the role of culture in language teaching. It also details which models, means, or methods teachers use to communicate culture to their students, as well as the amount of culture included in their lesson planning, instruction, and assessment. Factors that contribute to more culture inclusion in the secondary classroom are also discussed. Findings from this study support previous research in the field, but also reveal particular definitions, insights, and dilemmas. These ideas form a basis to suggest pedagogical implications and further research for an effective model of culture integration for the FL teaching profession.

This qualitative study has investigated a month-long French-as-a-foreign-language summer program. Its goal was to compare teacher (n=4) and student (n=6) perspectives regarding learning objectives, challenges, and preferred teaching/learning approaches and methods, and to evaluate results against Whyte (2011), who argued that a schism in French university language teaching leads to the dominance of explicit (traditional teacher-fronted) instruction at the expense of more communicative teaching approaches. Data collection took place via classroom observations, pre-course interviews and surveys, a post-course teacher focus group, and weekly student reflective logs. A total of 2,211 references were coded to 276 thematic nodes. Results suggest that the teachers involved primarily embrace a traditional classroom dynamic but apply strategies associated with multiple methods, providing evidence for use of what has become known as the Eclectic Method. Some alignment was found between teachers and students concerning goals, challenges, and teaching approaches, and mixed support was obtained for Whyte’s claim regarding a deficit of communicative language teaching, in that both explicit and implicit teaching were observed. / Graduate

<p>In our ever more international world, the English language plays an important role. This is</p><p>also reflected in its prominent position as a core subject in the Swedish school system. It is</p><p>therefore important that English teachers offer students an environment in which they have</p><p>the best possible opportunities to be successful in reaching the goals specified in the</p><p>syllabuses. One variable in a successful foreign language classroom is the teacher's usage</p><p>ofthe target language.</p><p>This study is about English teachers' views on the issue of target language usage in the</p><p>classroom, versus usage of the mother tongue. In this study, at Upper Secondary level, the</p><p>interviews show that the teachers are, more or less, in agreement that the target language</p><p>should be used all the time in the classroom. There are, however, occasions in which the</p><p>interviewed teachers do not work according to their own beliefs and methods and revert to</p><p>using Swedish. The main such occasions can briefly be said to be: explanation of grammar,</p><p>non-subject related "mentor's issues" and classroom management issues. In addition, this</p><p>study argues that the governing documents, previous research, as well as well-known</p><p>theories on the subject support a high usage of the target language by the teacher.</p>

<p>In Brazil, English is studied from first grade of elementary school. For some reason after eleven years of study, students in general have problems communicating orally and in writing. Swedish students, on the other hand, seem to be able to communicate quite proficiently in English, even though it is also considered to be foreign language learning. The purpose of this comparative study is to discover what differs in the Brazilian and Swedish learning and teaching that makes the Swedish results superior. The purpose was to compare English learning as a foreign language in Sweden and in Brazil, and questionnaires were distributed to teacher and students. Of the many possibilities raised as hypotheses for the effective English learning in Sweden, teacher’s educational background, working hours per week, number of students per teacher, were found to be more problematic in Brazil, according to the teachers’ questionnaire. When it comes to students, it appears that Brazilian students show a lack of commitment to their learning tasks and awareness of the importance of learning English. In addition, several social aspects have to be taken into account when judging the educational situation of a country, but the importance of a good education can never be overlooked.</p>