Le présent travail porte sur l'étude expérimentale, analytique et numérique du comportement mécanosorptif et viscoélastique couplé du bois. Le comportement mécanosorptif intègre notamment le phénomène hygroverrou qui se caractérise par un blocage des déformations en phase de séchage sous contrainte. Afin d'aborder cette étude, la structure, la microstructure ainsi que le comportement hydromécanique du bois sont rappelés. Parallèlement, la théorie de la viscoélasticité linéaire ainsi que les méthodes analytiques propres à la résolution de tels problèmes sont présentées. Ensuite, des essais mécanosorptifs préliminaires de caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques sont effectués sur du Sapin Blanc (Abies alba Mill.) du Massif central grâce à un dispositif expérimental approprié. La description du dispositif expérimental, du protocole utilisé ainsi que les dimensions des échantillons testés sont présentées. Des essais mécanosorptifs en relaxation et en fluage sous chargement et humidité relative variables sont également effectués. En particulier, deux essais en relaxation sous déformation imposée constante et humidité relative variable et un essai de fluage sous contrainte et humidité relative variables de façon cyclique, sont exposés. Sur la base des données issues des essais préliminaires et viscoélastiques, la déformation hygroverrou est isolée via la partition de la déformation selon des parts élastique, visqueuse et hydrique. Par la suite, un modèle analytique est proposé pour la modélisation de la déformation hygroverrou. Un modèle pseudo élastique, basé sur les lois de Hooke (en humidification) et de Hooke restreint (en séchage), est formulé en rigidité et en complaisance. Dans ce cas, plusieurs modèles rhéologiques viscoélastiques mécanosorptifs sont proposés. Ces modèles sont classés en fonction du couplage de leurs effets et du principe de partition formulés en contrainte ou en déformation. Des lois de comportement basées sur ces modèles et formulées sous forme d'équations intégrales et incrémentales adaptées à la mise en oeuvre numérique sont finalement développées. Enfin, des exemples illustratifs montrent l'équivalence des deux expressions pseudo élastiques formulées en rigidité et en complaisance ; parallèlement, une validation des modèles viscoélastiques mécanosorptifs proposés, en relaxation et en fluage, par comparaison aux résultats expérimentaux est effectuée. Ces résultats montrent l'efficacité des modèles établis ainsi que la pertinence des essais expérimentaux réalisés pour la mise en évidence et la prise en compte des comportements mécanosorptif et viscoélastique couplés.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and its onset is highly incident in the lungs, with very low long-term survival rates. Chemotherapy plays a significant role for lung cancer treatment, and pulmonary delivery may be a potential route for anticancer drug delivery to treat lung tumors. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. In this work, we hypothesize that formulations of CoQ10 may be developed for pulmonary delivery with a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile that will have the potential to improve a pharmacodynamic response when treating lung malignancies. The formulation design was to use a vibrating-mesh nebulizer to aerosolize aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ stabilized by phospholipids physiologically found in the lungs. In the first study, a method was developed to measure the surface tension of liquids, a physicochemical property that has been shown to influence the aerosol output characteristics from vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Subsequently, this method was used, together with analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheology, to further evaluate the factors influencing the capability of this nebulizer system to continuously and steadily aerosolize formulations of CoQ₁₀ prepared with high pressure homogenization. The aerosolization profile (nebulization performance and in vitro drug deposition of nebulized droplets) of formulations prepared with soybean lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were evaluated. The rheological behavior of these dispersions was found to be the factor that may be indicative of the aerosolization output profile. Finally, the pulmonary deposition and systemic distribution of CoQ₁₀ prepared as DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC dispersions were investigated in vivo in mice. It was found that high drug amounts were deposited and retained in the mouse lungs for at least 48 hours post nebulization. Systemic distribution was not observed and deposition in the nasal cavity occurred at a lower scale than in the lungs. This body of work provides evidence that CoQ₁₀ may be successfully formulated as dispersions to be aerosolized using vibrating-mesh nebulizers and achieve high drug deposition in the lungs during inhalation.

The major hurdle in the development of transdermal route as a versatile drug delivery method is the formidable transport barrier provided by the stratum corneum. Despite decades of research to overcome the stratum corneum barrier, limited success has been achieved. The objectives of this research were to develop and characterize two different strategies to overcome the stratum corneum barrier for transdermal delivery of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines. In the first strategy, coated microneedles (sharp-tipped, micron-sized structures) were developed to enable delivery of drugs directly into the skin by bypassing the stratum corneum barrier. In the second strategy, instead of bypassing the barrier, microdermabrasion was used to selectively abrade stratum corneum with sharp microparticles for topical drug application. Coated microneedles For developing painless microneedles, the first detailed study was performed to characterize the effect of microneedle geometry on pain caused by microneedle insertions in human volunteers. This study demonstrated that microneedles are significantly less painful than a 26-gage hypodermic needle and that decreasing microneedle length and numbers reduces pain. Next, the first in-depth study of microneedle coating methods and formulations was performed to (i) develop a novel micron-scale dip-coating process, (ii) test the breadth of compounds that can be coated onto microneedles, and (iii) develop a rational basis to design novel coating formulations based on the physics of dip-coating. Finally, a plasmid DNA-vaccine was coated onto microneedles to immunize mice, to provide the first evidence that microneedle-based skin immunization can generate a robust in vivo antigen-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte response using similar, or lower, DNA doses on microneedles as when using the gene gun or intramuscular injection. Microdermabrasion We demonstrated for the first time that microdermabrasion in monkeys and humans can selectively, yet completely remove the stratum corneum layer. Using a mobile mode of microdermabrasion, an increase in the number of treatment passes led to greater tissue removal. Furthermore, topical application of Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus after microdermabrasion induced virus-specific antibodies in monkeys. In conclusion, both coated microneedles and microdermabrasion were developed to enable delivery of biomolecules into the skin, indicating their potential for transdermal delivery of a wide range of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines.

Neste trabalho são analisados os quatro modos de plasmon, ligados simétrico (Sb) e assimétrico (ab), fuga pelo núcleo (ln) e fuga pela cobertura (lc), que se propagam em uma fibra óptica fracamente guiada envolta por um filme metálico. No filme metálico é depositada uma camada dielétrica extra e acima desta, uma outra denominada cobertura. A análise será desenvolvida para filmes metálicos de prata, paládio e ouro. Esta estrutura é muito útil na confecção de sensores ópticos. / In this work the four Plasmon modes are analyzed, the symmetrical (Sb) and asymmetrical bounded (ab); the core (ln) and covering leaky modes (lc), that propagate in weakly guided optical fibers with a metallic film around that. In the metallic film a layer extra dielectric is deposited and above this, another layer denominated covering. The analysis will be developed for metallic films of the Silver, Palladium and Gold. This structure is very useful to making optical sensors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EstefaneGML_DISSERT.pdf: 1743429 bytes, checksum: 278db485c2938a47ce6dc5f0b6962c1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / This work presents the positional nonlinear geometric formulation for trusses using different strain measures. The positional formulation presents an alternative approach for nonlinear problems. This formulation considers nodal positions as variables of the nonlinear system instead of displacements (widely found in literature). The work also describes the arc-length method used for tracing equilibrium paths with snap-through and snap-back. Numerical applications for trusses already established in the literature and comparisons with other studies are provided to prove the accuracy of the proposed formulation / Este trabalho apresenta a formula??o posicional n?o linear geom?trica para treli?as usando diferentes medidas de deforma??o. A formula??o posicional ? uma abordagem alternativa para problemas n?o lineares. Essa formula??o considera as posi??es nodais como vari?veis do sistema n?o linear em vez dos deslocamentos (que ? largamente utilizado na literatura). O trabalho tamb?m descreve o m?todo do comprimento de arco, usado para tra?ar caminhos de equil?brio com snap-through e snap-back. Aplica??es num?ricas com treli?as j? consagradas na literatura e compara??es com outros trabalhos s?o fornecidos para provar a acur?cia da formula??o proposta

Recent studies on human cognition have presented credible evidence that learners are not tabula rasa as previously conceived by traditional theorists, rather they enter new lessons with some preconceptions, most of which are resistant to change in spite of teachers' efforts to assuage them. As such the challenges confronting science educators and educational psychologists are to understand the nature of learners' preconceptions, designing and implement appropriate instructional interventions that would enable the learners become aware of and reconcile their conceptions that are inconsistent with accepted views of science. Several perspectives have been advocated on how learners' preconceptions can be modified through instructions. While traditional theorists subscribe to substitution of inaccurate conceptions with accurate ones, the constructivists identify with giving the learners autonomy to inquire and re-evaluate their own ideas. The former has been confronted with widespread criticism and is becoming less and less tenable. This research identifies with the latter. Conceptual change entails restructuring of ideas. It is a cognitive process that involves change in attitude toward learning. Based on the theoretical assumption that learning is facilitated through teaching that give the learners autonomy search to new ideas, verify them, and restructure existing ideas, I developed a model of conceptual change from where I deduced the four sub variables of the conceptual change that this study explored. The sub variables include formulation of ideas, search for new ideas, review of meaning, and transfer of knowledge. My assumption was that conceptual change can be facilitated through instructions that engage learners in experiences relevant to the four sub variables that I have mentioned. This conceptual framework served as my reference point for the designing of the Constructivist Teaching Model that consists of four instructional phases. Judging that I was resident and working in Seychelles as a teacher trainer at a time I developed the Constructivist Teaching Model, I chose to implement and evaluate it first in Seychelles. Hence this study is titled `The implementation and evaluation of a constructivist intervention in secondary school science teaching in Seychelles'. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the constructivist teaching model as an intervention to facilitate conceptual change. Basically, there are two main aims of this study. First, to investigate to what extent the constructivist teaching model facilitates conceptual change. Secondly, to investigate if the paradigms shift from the traditional method to the constructivist method of science teaching is welcomed in Seychelles. This study was carried out in two phases Pretest and Evaluation. Pretest was aimed at identifying the weaknesses of the initial version of my model of constructivist teaching with a view to eliminate those weaknesses to further strengthen the model. In a nutshell pretest was a step taken to enhance the validity of the model. Evaluation on the other hand was aimed at making a judgment whether a difference actually exists between the learners that received constructivist instruction and those that received traditional lecture instruction in terms of the four sub variables of conceptual change. To enable for this judgment necessitated an experiment. The experiment was conducted with a total of six secondary schools selected from the ten secondary schools on the island. The participants included 178 learners, 6 science teachers and 8 independent persons. The learners were constituted into three Bands; 1, 2 and 3. Each Band consisted of a Control group and an Experimental group. Altogether six groups were formed, with 3 Control groups and 3 Experimental groups. There were 59 learners in Band 1, comprising of 29 learners in the Control group and 30 learners in the Experimental group; Band 2 comprised a Control group of 25 learners and an Experimental group of 28 learners; and Band 3 consisted of 33 learners in each group. The learners in Band 1 were used for pretest that lasted for five week. The learners in Bands 2 and 3 were used in the evaluation that lasted for thirteen weeks. The groups were non-equivalent, suggesting that randomisation was not possible as the learners were in intact classes. Learners in the experimental groups received constructivist instruction while their counterparts in the control groups received traditional lecture instruction. Both groups were exposed to the same experimental conditions except in the methods of teaching. Data was collected through teacher interviews, independent observation, measurement of learners' achievement, and analysis of documents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analysed on the basis of content or meaning of the information given by the respondents. Following the design of this study the performance and achievements of learners that received constructivist instruction were compared with their counterparts who received traditional instruction. Guiding this study are two main assumptions. The first is the assumption of equality of the variance, and the second is the assumption of normality of the distribution. The results of Levene's test of equality of variances indicated a violation of the assumption of homogeneity of the variances of TI and CI groups while the results of test of skewness and kurtosis give the indication of normality of distribution of scores in both groups. The results of descriptive statistics analysis showed that the learners who received constructivist instruction performed better than the learners that received traditional instruction in terms of formulation of ideas, search for new ideas, review of meaning, and transfer of knowledge. The results of inferential statistics showed that the difference in the means of the two groups on each of the sub variables of conceptual change is significant. This evidence indicates that my model of constructivist teaching produced an effect measuring 0.86 and a power of 0.85 based on Cohen's Blueprint, and a reliability of 0.72 based on Cronbach's test of internal consistency. Besides statistical evidence, analysis of the opinions of science teachers who implemented the Constructivist Teaching Model in their respective classes and the independent persons who observed teaching and learning in both the experimental and control groups showed a preference for the constructivist approach over the traditional approach. On the grounds of the evidence gathered through observation and measurement this study concludes that the constructivist approach to science teaching is more effective than traditional lecture approach in facilitating the ability of secondary school learners in Seychelles to reconstruct ideas. This study also found that science educationists in Seychelles welcome the paradigm shift from the traditional approach to the constructivist approach. / Educational Studies / D. Educ. (Psychology of Education)

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Att on 2017-11-10T18:26:52Z (GMT) / Submitted by Liliane Rocha (liliane.rocha@gestaokairos.com.br) on 2017-11-10T18:36:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Final - MPGPP _Versão Finalissima 11.11.pdf: 1255192 bytes, checksum: 20b0c06a4727cfcfe0e4f1186de5bfee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-11-10T23:39:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Final - MPGPP _Versão Finalissima 11.11.pdf: 1255192 bytes, checksum: 20b0c06a4727cfcfe0e4f1186de5bfee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T11:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Final - MPGPP _Versão Finalissima 11.11.pdf: 1255192 bytes, checksum: 20b0c06a4727cfcfe0e4f1186de5bfee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / A proposta deste estudo foi analisar a percepção das Diretorias Regionais de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social (DRADS) do Estado de São Paulo em relação à implantação do Plano Estadual de Assistência Social (PEAS) concluído no final de 2015 e com validade até 2019. Apesar de reconhecido como um processo de construção participativa por todos os atores da Secretaria Estadual de Desenvolvimento Social (SEDS), o período pós-elaboração do PEAS tem se mostrado um momento desafiador no que se refere à implementação das diretrizes e projetos em âmbito regional. Consideradas como instâncias estratégicas no desdobramento das políticas estaduais de assistência social, as DRADS são responsáveis pela interlocução com os municípios do Estado de São Paulo e, portanto, a compreensão e corresponsabilidade pelas ações eleitas como prioritárias. A implementação depende da capacidade de cada diretoria regional em apoiar e comunicar as gestões municipais na busca pelos resultados definidos no PEAS. Buscou-se, portanto, o entendimento do processo vivenciado na elaboração do PEAS e posteriormente a identificação de questões não trabalhadas junto às DRADS para subsidiar uma adequada implementação do plano com os municípios. Dessa forma, ao definir o referencial teórico que subsidiou toda análise, partiu-se para as entrevistas semiestruturadas e, por fim, para a realização de um survey semiestruturado considerando o universo das 26 DRADS. Como referência para respaldar as considerações sobre a implementação da política estadual junto aos municípios, buscou-se a experiência do Estado do Paraná, que aponta várias estratégias na busca pela redução da extrema pobreza. Com o trabalho foi possível verificar lacunas na implementação do plano e, consequentemente, apontar sugestões de melhorias que envolvem conceder às DRADS o papel de protagonista na elaboração dos próximos planos estaduais de assistência social, melhorar a qualificação dos profissionais, avançar no uso de tecnologias e garantir maior periodicidade nos encontros para acompanhamento das ações das diretorias regionais. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the perception of the Regional Board of Social Assistance and Development (DRADs) in the State of São Paulo with regard to the deployment of the State Social Assistance Plan (PEASS) completed in the end of 2015 and valid until 2019. Although its recognition as a participatory construction by all the actors at the State Social Development Department (SEDS), the period after PEAS’s elaboration has been a challenging moment with regard to the deployment of the guidelines and projects in regional scopes. The DRADs are considered as strategic instances for the unfolding of the state social assistance politics and are also responsible for the interlocution with the municipalities in the State of São Paulo and, therefore, for the comprehension and co-responsibility for the priority actions. The deployment depends on each regional board’s capacity of supporting and communicating the municipality administrations in search for the targets defined by PEAS. Therefore, we seeked for the understanding of the whole PEAS elaboration process and then for the identification of not-worked questions next to DRADs in order to subsidize a suitable plan deployment with the municipalities. This way, while defining the theoretical references of the analyzes, we started the semi-structured interviews and, at last, to a semi-structured survey considering the 26 DRADs universe. As a reference to support the considerations about the deployment of the State Politics jointly to the municipalities, we used the State of Paraná experience, that points to several strategies to pursuit the extreme poverty reduction. It was possible to note the gaps in the plan deployment and consequently point to improvement suggestions that involve granting the DRADs a main role at the next steps elaborations of the state social assistance plans, enhancing the professional qualification, advancing in technology usage and ensuring more frequent meetings in order to monitor the regional boards’ actions.

The objective of the study was to examine the marketing strategies of Ethiopian medium and large textile companies. The textile sector became the focus of this study because it has performed far below expectation, despite the government‘s unreserved support to the sector and the country‘s comparative advantage in the sector. To attain the stated objective, qualitative research approach with case study design was employed. The cases were selected based on two criteria; production of finished textile products and operation in both local and global markets. Accordingly, nine companies qualified these criteria and all of them were used as cases. The RBV was the theory employed to explain the differences in performances among firms‘ in similar environment. Furthermore, within and cross case analyses were employed to get in-depth understanding and to explain about the marketing strategies of the firms. The major findings of the study indicate that the emphasis given to marketing strategy and the marketing resources and capabilities commitment thereof were found to be so low that the companies seemed to equate marketing strategy with selling strategy. Furthermore, the companies failed to link their marketing enabling environment with their marketing strategy. Similarly, such weak link was reflected between the firms‘ marketing strategy and their market performances. Hence, the marketing strategies of the case companies are so weak that with their current marketing strategy, it is difficult for them to be competent in the local market, let alone in the international markets. Generally, both empirical and conceptual conclusions were drawn from the findings. As a result, the cross-case findings indicate that marketing resources commitment is linearly linked to marketing strategy which in turn is linked to export performances. Therefore, it can be understood that the link between enabling environment and marketing strategy is direct and the link between marketing strategy and marketing performances is linear. Hence, it can be understood from this transitivity that there exists a link between firms‘ enabling environment and their marketing performances. / Business Management / D.B.L.

This research investigates formulation, compounding and thin-wall injection moulding of Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites (PPCNs) prepared using conventional melt-state processes. An independent study on single screw extrusion dynamics using Design of Experiments (DoE) was performed first. Then the optimum formulation of PPCNs and compounding conditions were determined using this strategy. The outcomes from the DoE study were then applied to produce PPCN compounds for the subsequent study of thin-wall injection moulding, for which a novel four-cavity injection moulding system was designed using CAD software and a new moulding tool was constructed based upon this design. Subsequently, the effects of moulding conditions, nanoclay concentration and wall thickness on the injection moulded PPCN parts were investigated. Moreover, simulation of the injection moulding process was carried out to compare the predicted performance with that obtained in practice by measurement of real-time data using an in-cavity pressure sensor. For the selected materials, the optimum formulation is 4 wt% organoclay (DK4), 4 wt% compatibiliser (Polybond 3200, PPgMA) and 1.5 wt% co-intercalant (erucamide), as the maximum interlayer spacing of clay can be achieved in the selected experimental range. Furthermore, DoE investigations determined that a screw speed of 159 rpm and a feed rate of 5.4 kg/h are the optimum compounding conditions for the twin screw extruder used to obtain the highest tensile modulus and yield strength from the PPCN compounds. The optimised formulation of PPCNs and compounding conditions were adopted to manufacture PPCN materials for the study of thin-wall injection moulding. In the selected processing window, tensile modulus and yield strength increase significantly with decreasing injection speed, due to shear-induced orientation effects, exemplified by a significantly increased frozen layer thickness observed by optical microscopy (OM) and Moldflow® simulation. Furthermore, the TEM images indicate a strong orientation of clay particles in the flow direction, so the PPCN test pieces cut parallel to the flow direction have 36.4% higher tensile modulus and 13.6 % higher yield strength than those cut perpendicular to the flow direction, demonstrating the effects of shear induced orientation on the tensile properties of thin-wall injection moulded PPCN parts. In comparison to injection speed, mould temperature has very limited effects in the selected range investigated (25-55 °C), in this study. The changes in moulding conditions show no distinctive effects on PP crystallinity and intercalation behaviour of clay. Impact toughness of thin wall injection moulded PPCN parts is not significantly affected by either the changes in moulding conditions or clay concentration (1-5 %). The SEM images show no clear difference between the fracture surfaces of PPCN samples with different clay concentrations. TEM and XRD results suggest that higher intercalation but lower exfoliation is achieved in PPCN parts with higher clay content. The composites in the thin sections (at the end of flow) have 34 % higher tensile modulus and 11 % higher yield strength than in the thicker sections, although the thin sections show reduced d001 values. This is attributed to the significantly enhanced shear-induced particle/molecular orientation and more highly oriented frozen layer, according to TEM, OM and process simulation results. In terms of the reduced d001 values in the thin sections, it is proposed that the extreme shear conditions in the thin sections stretch the PP chains in the clay galleries to a much higher level, compaction of clay stacks occurs as less interspacing is needed to accommodate the stretched chains, but rapid cooling allows no time for the chains to relax and expand the galleries back. Overall, data obtained from both actual moulding and simulation indicate that injection speed is of utmost importance to the thin-wall injection moulding process, development of microstructure, and thus the resulting properties of the moulded PPCN parts, in the selected experimental ranges of this research.

This thesis investigates policy formulation and implementation processes in Zambia. A number of issues emerge with respect to the weaknesses of the system and how policy decisions worsened Zambia's economic performance instead of improving it. The Kaunda era policies of nationalization had an adverse impact on productivity of industries as well as affecting the resource flow from donors and business houses. On the other hand President Chiluba's reforms in the 1990s have had both positive and negative impacts on the people of Zambia. The rapid privatization and liberalization affected employment levels thereby worsening the poverty levels. Further, the liberalization brought in stiff competition from other countries forcing most manufacturing companies to close down. The policy environment based on the Bretton Woods Institutions seems not to be working as result of not taking into account the local Zambian situation. On the other hand, there were positive macroeconomic developments such as growth in GDP, lowering of inflation and stabilizing of exchange rates as from 1996. This has however not improved the living standards of the people. In Zambia, the shifts back and forth between strong and weak planning institutions have negatively affected policy development and implementation. There has been uncoordinated policy development; as a result, some policies in the major sectors are contradictory while in other cases policies are not linked to the resource envelope, making them un-implementable. Secondly, the institutional framework for policy development is not effective. There is generally lack of coordination among ministries, provinces and other stakeholders in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of development programmes. This thesis urges that the improving planning capacities at the national, provincial and district levels should improve the processes of policy development and implementation in Zambia, which will in turn help to reduce poverty. Further, the districts should be the centre for the bottom-up process. In order to carryout this responsibility, efforts should be made to improve their capacities. As for the top-down process, the Sector Advisory Groups should continue to participate in the planning, monitoring and evaluation so as to contribute to policy formulation and implementation. These should be coordinated by the National Development Coordinating Committee (NDCC) through a Planning Bureau. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)