This dissertation presents the life story of Freda Diesing, artist, teacher, and the first Haida woman known to become a professional carver. Diesing holds the Haida name Skilquewat, which translates as the descriptive phrase "On the trail of Property Woman." This phrase makes an appropriate title, as it reflects both the research process and the form of the written result. Diesing's life is not presented here as a monolith discovered, singular and clearly bounded, but rather as an organic accretive identity, constantly in the process of construction and negotiation. Diesing defines herself in relation to her mother and her grandmother, and her stories tell how they negotiated their own identities during times of rapid cultural change. For all three women changes in Haida culture under pressure from wider Canadian society tended to emphasize the role of women in the domestic sphere, as wives and mothers, while mmimizing their wider political and social impact. Diesing, a woman of mixed ethnic decent, who married late, has no children, lives only on the mainland and grows increasingly independent and active as an elderly widow, resists easy classification. She performs her own identity variably, depending upon her audience. By developing her identity as a Haida artist and teacher Diesing has been able to negotiate a position of continuing respect and influence appropriate to her chiefly heritage, despite inauspicious circumstances in her own life and in the contemporary history of the Haida people. Yet it is not being recognized as an artist or a master carver that has been Diesing's primary intention. Rather she has used her art itself as a tool in achieving a goal she defines as most important: helping both Natives and non-Natives understand and take pride in the indigenous cultural heritage of the Northwest Coast. More than an artist, Freda Diesing is a teacher. Through the stories she tells, and through her own life's example, she reminds us all of the continuing vitality of Northwest Coast cultures, and especially of the important contributions of women in Coastal society.

This dissertation presents the life story of Freda Diesing, artist, teacher, and the first Haida woman known to become a professional carver. Diesing holds the Haida name Skilquewat, which translates as the descriptive phrase "On the trail of Property Woman." This phrase makes an appropriate title, as it reflects both the research process and the form of the written result. Diesing's life is not presented here as a monolith discovered, singular and clearly bounded, but rather as an organic accretive identity, constantly in the process of construction and negotiation. Diesing defines herself in relation to her mother and her grandmother, and her stories tell how they negotiated their own identities during times of rapid cultural change. For all three women changes in Haida culture under pressure from wider Canadian society tended to emphasize the role of women in the domestic sphere, as wives and mothers, while mmimizing their wider political and social impact. Diesing, a woman of mixed ethnic decent, who married late, has no children, lives only on the mainland and grows increasingly independent and active as an elderly widow, resists easy classification. She performs her own identity variably, depending upon her audience. By developing her identity as a Haida artist and teacher Diesing has been able to negotiate a position of continuing respect and influence appropriate to her chiefly heritage, despite inauspicious circumstances in her own life and in the contemporary history of the Haida people. Yet it is not being recognized as an artist or a master carver that has been Diesing's primary intention. Rather she has used her art itself as a tool in achieving a goal she defines as most important: helping both Natives and non-Natives understand and take pride in the indigenous cultural heritage of the Northwest Coast. More than an artist, Freda Diesing is a teacher. Through the stories she tells, and through her own life's example, she reminds us all of the continuing vitality of Northwest Coast cultures, and especially of the important contributions of women in Coastal society. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

I Sverige har socialtjänsten det primära ansvaret för att erbjuda stöd åt utsatta för våld i nära relation. Initialt bör en riskbedömning av den utsattas situation genomföras för att kartlägga stödbehovet. Hur riskbedömningar genomförs varierar mellan verksamheter vilket kan påverka hur ärendet hanteras i senare skede. Enligt rekommendation bör därför bedömningen utföras i enlighet med en standardiserad metod. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att bidra med ökad kunskap om riskbedömningsverktygen FREDA och SARA:SV förmåga att upptäcka särskild sårbarhet och olika sociala grupper i arbetet med våld i nära relation. Genom en kvalitativ, deduktiv metod används tematisk analys för att undersöka innehållet i bedömningsverktygen utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv med målet att belysa huruvida olika sårbarhetsfaktorer och sociala grupper synliggörs. Analysen resulterade i fyra teman, 1) olika parters sårbarhet, 2) social sårbarhet, 3) relationell sårbarhet, samt 4) verktygens komplexa objektivitet. Resultatet visar att en variation av sårbarhetsfaktorer tas i beaktande vid bedömning, om än i förhållandevis liten utsträckning. Dessa är dock framför allt aktuella i samband med förövaren och bedömningen av risk för fortsatt våldsutövning i nära relation. Därtill diskuteras huruvida verktygens neutrala formuleringar enbart har en inkluderande effekt eller om den också riskerar att osynliggöra grupper med särskilda behov. / In Sweden, social services have the primary responsibility for providing support to victims of domestic violence. Initially, a risk assessment of the victim's situation should be carried out to identify the need for support. The way in which risk assessments are carried out varies between services, which may have an impact on how the case is managed at a later stage. Therefore, as recommended, the assessment should be carried out in accordance with a standardised methodology. The aim of this study is to contribute with increased knowledge about the risk assessment tools FREDA and SARA: SV's ability to detect particular vulnerability and different social groups in the work with domestic violence. Through a qualitative, deductive method, thematic analysis is used to investigate the content of the assessment tools from an intersectional perspective with the aim of highlighting whether different vulnerability factors and social groups are made visible. The analysis resulted in four themes, 1) vulnerability of different parties, 2) social vulnerability, 3) relational vulnerability, and 4) the complex objectivity of the tools. The results show that a variety of vulnerability factors are taken into account when assessing, albeit to a relatively small extent. However, these are particularly relevant in connection with the perpetrator and the assessment of the risk of continued domestic violence. In addition, it is discussed whether the tools' neutral wording only has an inclusive effect or whether it also risks making groups with special needs invisible.

This research paper addressed the following question: Do select case studies conform to Dr. Freda Adler's theory regarding socio-economic influences on female criminal behavior or dispute her theory? My research involved three female criminals: Karla Faye Tucker, Andrea Yates, and Susan Smith. I addressed Adler's theory in detail, other theories, the makeup of the female criminal and various female crimes. This study provided evidence that all three case studies conform to Adler's theory. nIn accordance with Adler's theory, each of these three females committed crimes of accessibility. None of the three individuals sought to commit a premeditated act or to murder unknown victims. They were motivated by emotions arising at a point in time when access/opportunity presented itself.

From Europe to the Nation examines how six influential American journalists - John Gunther, Freda Kirchwey, Arthur Krock, Walter Lippmann, Anne O’Hare McCormick, and Dorothy Thompson - viewed and interpreted for their American audience the series of European events from Hitler’s ascension to power in Germany to the attack on Pearl Harbor. My study describes the interpretative frameworks through which these journalists viewed and explained what happened, namely a shared faith in the superiority of American politics and policies, a belief in the moral supremacy of the “new world” over the “old world,” a view of a racially-stratified world dominated by Anglo-Saxons, and a gendered worldview based on the binary opposites of masculine and feminine. These journalists used different interpretative frameworks in response to different events, shifting, overlapping and eventually coalescing in time. As events in Europe became increasingly dire following the Fall of France and threatened directly the national security of the United States, the interplay of these guiding assumptions prompted the rise to dominance of a shared viewpoint: what was at stake was the future of a West tom between civilization and barbarism. The civilization versus barbarism discourse had a clear propaganda value, in that it was used by journalists to support American participation, if not outright intervention, in the European war. This approach pinpoints the historical process of ideology creation. This ideology was elastic and highly effective, utilized for propaganda purpose not just for American intervention, but also to rally the home-front throughout the war and to legitimize Cold War American foreign policy. This study stresses the importance of recognizing the agency of journalists in the development of the concept because of their critical role as intermediaries between the crises occurring on the other side of the Atlantic and the American public’s understanding of what these events meant for the United States. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

To use standardized questionnaires for questions about domestic violence within the social services' elderly units Intimate partner violence (IPV)and the way women are  exposed to violence in close relationships has been recognized in recent decades as a problem at a societal level, both nationally and globally. As a result, work on IPV has  received new laws and regulations to strengthen women's right to protection in society, which has also led to work with these issues is being developed and prioritized at a  municipal level. While IPV has gained more visibility, IPV that affect older women also has received greater attention. IPV and aging can mean a special vulnerability as aging  can mean more isolation, greater need for care by or for a violent partner and that the violence may have lasted for a longer period of time. Research on the subject also shows that there is a knowledge gap about the elderly's exposure to violence and the work to discover it, and that there are no specific figures that show how widespread the problem is. Despite the increased focus on older women's exposure to IPV, interest in skills development regarding elderly is lower in comparison with other categories within the group  of women exposed to violence in Sweden's municipalities. At the same time, the development of welfare has moved in a direction towards an evidence-based practice and  developed standardized assessment instruments. Based on an attempt to combine work against violence in close relationships with evidence-based practice, the assessment  instrument FREDA was developed, which social workers and social service agents can use to detect and identify violence and make protection assessments, which is considered  an important part of violence prevention and violence protection work. Nevertheless, several studies and evaluations show that there are several obstacles to asking questions  about violence, such as insecurity and lack of knowledge. The purpose of our study has been to investigate how social workers at social agencies that works with elders ask  questions about violence in IPV and whether underlying factors such as knowledge, experience and supervision affect the tendency for social service agents to ask the question  about violence. The purpose is also to investigate the extent to which social service workers use standardized assessment instruments in matters of violence and whether  standardized assessment instruments is experienced as a support in their work. With a quantitative method and with a survey design to collect data, we have created a web survey with 49 statements and questions that we have sent via link to social service agents who work with development assistance and the elderly. The survey received a total of 79 respondents and the results have been processed in SPSS and to some extent in Excel. To present the results we have used SPSS to create graphs and crosstabs and through using Cramres V we report the strength of the relationships between the  variables. We have also developed a significance measure based on Cramers V. The results of the study shows that a significant proportion of the respondents do not agree that they ask questions about domestic violence to their clients and that there is a connection between not asking questions about domestic violence and not feeling that you have  enough knowledge of the subject. The results of the study cannot show where the knowledge about violence comes from, but it shows that within our sample there is a slight  tendency for the use of FREDA-short questions to have a positive impact on the experience of knowledge about IPV. The results of the study show that approximately one third  of the study respondents use FREDA-short questions at their workplace. The study also shows that of the respondents who stated that they fully or partially agree that they ask questions about violence in close proximity to a greater extent use FREDA-shortquestions. In conclusion, our study shows that there was a tendency for respondents who  stated that they did not agree that they ask questions about domestic violence also had the opinion that older people find it more intrusive to talk about IPV.

Prior studies have shown that individuals with disabilities, especially those with communication disabilities, are at higher risk for being exposed to domestic violence. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare recommend the municipal social services to use Augmentative Alternative Communication (AAC) as a means to facilitate communication with such individuals. Further, it is recommended that the social services use a standardized instrument called FREDA-risk assessment to ask clients about domestic violence. However, little is known about the use of those instruments among LSS administrators who handle service and support for individuals with disabilities, who may also have communication disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of FREDA- risk assessment and AAC among LSS administrators, and to explore whether the use of AAC affects the use of FREDA-risk assessment. In order to do so, a digital survey was conducted, in which 366 respondents spread over 144 municipalities participated. The results show that both instruments are not use at their full potential and that the use of AAC could facilitate the use of FREDA- risk assessment. Implications for social work practice and further research are discussed.

Abstract This study is about the work of the social services and the assessment of the risk of continued gender-based violence. The purpose of the study is to investigate what is needed to carry out a risk assessment with high validation of continued gender-based violence within the Social Services. Based on the purpose of the study, four issues have been raised regarding what is needed to carry out a risk assessment with high validation, the use of method / tools, the underlying knowledge (education) and work experience and the professional's own confidence in his risk assessment. The method used in this study is quantitative in the form of a survey study. In order to get answers to these questions, a survey study was conducted and sent out to professional socialworkers. The study has chosen to target practitioners who work with gender-based violence and who investigate the risk of continued violence. The questionnaire was sent to all 26 municipalities in Stockholm County and was also left open for the opportunity for other municipalities outside Stockholm County to respond. The survey's answers were then summarized using the SurveyMonkey program for best results. The results of the survey have been analyzed based on the theory of street-level bureaucracy and ecological systems theory. The survey showed that the majority of administrators worked between 6-15 years in social work and 0-5 years in social services. 99% of the respondents completed the NCK web course on violence in close relation, which is considered relevant to their current target group. The majority of respondents use the standardized assessment method called FREDA. Knowingly, the minority of respondents had undergone some form of college education in violence in close relation. All respondents replied that they use some kind of tool to make a good assessment of the risk of violence in close relation and the majority believe that what is needed to carry out a good risk assessment is work experience, special knowledge in violence in close relation and an assessment instruments, in this case FREDA. What the study discusses based on its conclusions are the most important results that are considered to answer the essay's questions. The study discusses the limitations, shortcomings and difficulties of the survey. The study was concluded with questions for further research.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka socialarbetares arbete samt upplevelse av arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. I studien har vi undersökt detta utifrån att ta reda på hur detta arbete ser ut som utförs av socialarbetarna samt hur socialarbetarna både känslomässigt upplever och använder sig av emotioner i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Detta besvarades genom att ta del av socialarbetarnas egna berättelser om sitt arbete genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Socialarbetarna är anställda inom olika myndigheter som arbetar med våldsutsatta kvinnor i södra Sverige. Vårt empiriska material har analyserats tillsammans med tidigare forskning och teori, där våra teoretiska utgångspunkter är gräsrotsbyråkrati och emotionssociologi. Studien visar på att våra respondenter har god kunskap om arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor som de även upplever vara meningsfullt trots att det är ett känslosamt arbetsområde. Då det är ett känslosamt arbete upplever respondenterna att de ibland behöver hålla en professionell mask för att underlätta hanteringen av de känslor som uppstår i möte med den våldsutsatta. Det framkommer även att respondenterna på olika sätt använder sig av bedömningsinstrumentet FREDA där samtliga upplever att det underlättar arbetet. Hälften av respondenterna upplever samtidigt detta instrument som ett hinder då det inte passar alla typer av våld och kvinnor. Trots att vår lag tydligt beskriver hur arbetet ska se ut, upplever respondenterna att det inte alltid når upp till denna lag. Vi kan inte dra några generella slutsatser kring hur alla socialarbetare agerar i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor i Sverige. / The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the work performed by social workers and their experience of conducting abused women. In this study, this is examined on the basis of finding out how the work is performed by the social workers and how the social workers both emotionally experience and use emotions in the line of work. Moreover, this was answered by studying the social workers' own stories about their work through semi-structured interviews. The social workers participating in the interview were employed by various establishments who work with women exposed to violence in southern Sweden. Furthermore, the empirical material was analyzed together with previous research and theory, where the theoretical starting points were Street–Level Bureaucracy and sociology of emotions. The study displays that our respondents have good knowledge concerning their work with abused women, also they find their jobs meaningful despite the fact that it is emotionally challenging. To manage the strains the respondents are required to keep a professional mask to facilitate the handling of emotions that arise in the accouterment with the abused women. Henceforth, they use the assessment tool FREDA in different ways, to facilitate their work. However, at the same time, half of the respondents’ experience that the instrument may be an obstacle as it does not suit all types of violence and women. Although the Swedish law has clear descriptions’ on how the work should be performed, the respondents feel that it is not always possible to acquire it. Finally, no general conclusions can be drawn about how all social workers act in their work with abused women.

Syftet för denna studie har varit att undersöka vilka bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar kvinnor som levt med våld i nära relation att inte anmäla våldet de utsatts för. Samt möjliga samband mellan kvinnors första myndighetskontakt och om den kontakten är avgörande för kvinnors beslut att gå vidare med en polisanmälan eller ej undersöks. Studien är en kvalitativ studie där empirin består av åtta intervjuer, varav fyra med kvinnor som levt med relationsvåld men lyckats ta sig ur relationen. Den andra delen som intervjuades var socialsekreterare som jobbar i kvinnofridsteam i olika stadsdelar i Stockholms stad.Resultaten i studien visar på att både det bemötandet som kvinnorna fick av socialsekreterarna samt att det stödet de fick inte var anpassat utefter de behoven som kvinnorna hade. Studiens resultat visar på en brist på samordning, att myndigheterna inte har ett tillräckligt bra samarbete myndigheterna emellan vilket gör att kvinnorna inte får den bästa möjliga hjälp som de skulle kunna få. / The aim of this study has been to research the underlying factors or causes that affect women who are living with violence in their relationships not to report the violence they have been exposed to. Even the possible links between women's first contact with Social authority and whether that contact is crucial for women's decision to proceed with a report to the police or not is being investigated. The study is a qualitative study where the empirical data consists of eight interviews. The interviews were held with four women who used to live with violence in their relationships and with four social workers who works in teams for domestic abuse specialised for women in various districts in the city of Stockholm. The results in the stud yshow that both the way the women were treated and the support they received was not adapted to the needs of the women. The result of the study also shows that different authorities do not have enough cooperation, which means that women who have experienced domestic abuse do not get the best help possible.