The author makes a critical analysis of how over time it has tried to find the subject of study of Law and how it is distinguished from other beings that make up the universe. t hus the rational dimension of man has passed his ontological analysis as being in itself which makes it unique and spirit as the arrangement will be co-existential seeking protection for the same freedom he has. Finally, the author focuses on the own “freedom” of man and of which the other rights it has. / El autor hace un análisis crítico de cómo a lo largo del tiempo se ha tratado de encontrar al sujeto de estudio del Derecho y cómo este se distingue de los demás seres que conforman el universo. e s así como de la dimensión racional del ser humano se ha pasado a su análisis ontólogico como ser en sí mismo cuyo espíritu lo hace único y en tanto que ser coexistencial le procura el ordenamiento una protección por la misma libertad que posee. Finalmente el autor se centra en esa “Libertad” propia del ser humano que genera los demás derechos que posee.

O projeto de pesquisa consiste na análise dos diversos escritos de Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) a fim de descobrir o sistema de pensamento que sustentou suas diversas posturas controversas, com especial ênfase no tema do livre-arbítrio. Baseando-nos na hipótese de existir um sistema coerente, investigamos a ideia do livre-arbítrio em sua obra e buscamos analisar qual seu grau de consistência no conjunto dos escritos, qual seu grau de coerência interna e qual sua relação com outros temas por ele abordados. De acordo com nossa hipótese, a ideia de liberdade humana sustentada por Hirsch resume-se da seguinte forma: todos os indivíduos encontram-se limitados e determinados tanto pela informação genética quanto pela história pessoal vivida. Entretanto, esses fatores não impõem apenas uma atitude em cada circunstância nova, senão delimitam um contexto de opções. Uma dentre todas as opções é a divina e, portanto, aquela que mais condiz com a essência e a missão da pessoa. Apenas essa opção é escolhida em plena liberdade, sem influências ou determinantes limitadores. Assim, a heteronomia divina se configura, retrospectivamente, como a essência da autonomia humana. Os fatores circunstanciais mencionados são percebidos como ferramentas para o desenvolvimento do propósito divino, que se revela como a realização mais autêntica do indivíduo. Para refletir sobre isso, identificamos alguns tópicos recorrentes (Psicologia e Epistemologia; a Natureza e a Matéria; a História e o Tempo; e a Política). Estes temas acionam a discussão sobre a liberdade em sua obra e, por isso, intitulam os capítulos da presente tese de doutorado. Também confrontamos as percepções de Hirsch com as dos principais autores que se debruçaram sobre o mesmo tema. Revisamos essas ideias à luz das pesquisas sobre Hirsch e, finalmente, no contexto histórico e filosófico no qual ele atuou. / This research project consists of an analysis of the several works by Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) in order to ascertain the system of thought upon which many of his controversial conclusions are based, with special emphasis on the topic of free will. Relying on the hypothesis that a coherent system exists, I have investigated how Hirschs work approached the idea of free will, the degree of consistency in said approach, its internal coherence and its relationship with other topics discussed by the author. According to the hypothesis, Hirsch\'s idea of human freedom is summarized as follows: all individuals are limited and determined by both genetic information and personal history. However, those factors do not impose one single attitude for each new circumstance, but rather delimit a context of options. One of all such options is the divine option, the one that most matches the essence and mission of a given person. Only this option is chosen in full freedom, devoid of influences or limiting determinants. Thus, divine heteronomy is, retrospectively, the essence of human autonomy. The circumstantial factors mentioned above are perceived as tools for the development of the divine purpose, which reveals itself as the most authentic fulfillment of the individual. In order to reflect better on the issue, I identified a few relevant and recurring topics for a more detailed analysis (Psychology and Epistemology, Nature and Matter, History and Time, and Politics). Those issues are the bases used for the discussion in this work about freedom in Hirschs work, and as such the chapters that compose the thesis were named accordingly. I have also compared Hirsch\'s perceptions with those of the main authors who have delved on the same topic. These ideas are reviewed in light of existing research on Hirsch, and, finally, of the historical and philosophical context under which he produced his works.

The purpose of my final thesis "Matrimonial property in the context of inheritance proceedings" is to analyse law dealings with settlements of matrimonial property and its application in inheritance proceedings. I emphasize problems caused by a lack of interconnection between the legislation of matrimonial property and the law of succession where I focus on both the substantial as well as procedural law. Furthermore, I discuss a tension between two principles - free will and protection of a surviving spouse - which emerges during the settlements of matrimonial property in the inheritance proceedings and which is apparent from the amount of rights given to the surviving spouse under the law of succession. Additionally, I compare the Czech legislation in this matter to the English law, even though England belongs to different legal culture where the concept of matrimonial property has not been fully introduced yet. However, considering the need for adjusting the Czech legislation of matrimonial property to the law of succession, I suggest that the protection which is given to the surviving spouse under English law might be inspiring for the Czech legislator.

The views of Edwards and Wesley regarding the sovereignty of God present a puzzle. On the face of things, both were successful evangelists while both held contrary doctrines of sovereignty. Does this mean that the doctrine of sovereignty is irrelevant? This thesis argues that the doctrine of sovereignty is crucial in evangelism and revival, and that the views of Edwards and Wesley regarding the sovereignity of God were in fact very similar. A useful framework for showing this is the Five Points of Calvinism, as well as the doctrines of justification by faith and the omnipotence of God.

Den 1 juli 2018 implementerades den så kallade samtyckeslagen i Sverige, vilket bland annat innebar en revidering i våldtäktsbestämmelsen. Från att vara krav på våld, hot, tvång eller utnyttjande av särskild utsatt situation för straffansvar till dagens rekvisit brist på frivillighet. Debatten kring en samtyckesreglering har pågått under en längre tid i Sverige, där det ej införts tidigare dels på grund av att risken att fokus på målsägande i utredningar och rättegångar skulle bli för stort. Syftet med rapporten är därmed att undersöka hur arbetssättet hos brottsutredarna har förändrats sedan lagändringen, samt vad de upplever för eventuella svårigheter och möjligheter i arbetet. Detta har studerats genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med utredare anställda av Polismyndigheten med kravet att de ska ha utrett våldtäktsärenden både innan och efter lagändringen. Genom studiens resultat uppkom fem huvudteman; Bevisning, Rättssäkerhet, Vidareutbildning, Målsägandebiträdets roll och Frozen fright. Kort sammanfattat ansåg informanterna att arbetssättet överlag var oförändrat, dock med andra typer av frågor i förhör med målsägande och misstänkt. De upplevde det nya rekvisitet som tydligt men det gick att antyda att de hade önskat mer utbildning i samband med implementeringen. Ett målsägandebiträde spelar enligt informanterna en stor roll i utredningen och kan vara till stor hjälp i deras arbete. Frozen fright är enligt utredarna ett vanligt förekommande tillstånd bland personer utsatta för våldtäkt och det har undersökts i syfte att det med dagens lagstiftning klassas som en våldtäkt om någon utnyttjar en person som befinner sig i denna utsatta situation. Förhoppningen är att rapportens slutsatser kan användas vid implementering av lagar i Brottsbalken samt bidra med kunskap i det fortsatta brottsutredande arbetet och inom rättsväsendet. / The 1st of July 2018 the consent law was implemented in Sweden, which among other things meant a revision in the Rape Act. From requirements of violence, threat, constraint or exploitation of a particularly vulnerable situation for criminal liability to today's necessary prerequisite lack of free will. The debate on consent regulation has been on for a long time in Sweden, with the main reason for not being introduced earlier is because of the risk that focus on the plaintiff in investigations and trials would be too big. The purpose of this report is hence to investigate how the way of working among the criminal investigators has been altered since the change in the law, and what difficulties and possibilities they experience in their work. This have been studied through five semi-structured interviews with investigators employed by the Swedish police authority with the requirement that they should have been investigating rape cases both before and after the change in the law. Five main themes arose through the study's results; Evidence, Legal certainty, Education, The role of the plaintiff’s counsel and Frozen fright. In short, the investigators considered that their way of working was generally unchanged, but with other types of questions in questioning of the plaintiff and suspect. They perceived the new prerequisite as easy to interpret, however, the implementation could have come with more education. According to the informants, a plaintiff’s counsel plays a major role in the investigation and can be of great help in their work. Frozen fright is according to the investigators a common condition among people exposed to rape, in current jurisdiction, it is classified as rape if someone exploits a person who is in this vulnerable situation, therefore why this is studied. The expectation is that the report’s conclusions can be used in the implementation of laws and contribute with knowledge in the continued criminal investigation and in the judiciary.

Three separate fMRI studies were conducted to study the neural dynamics of free decision formation. In Study 1, we first searched across the brain for spatiotemporal patterns that could predict the specific outcome and timing of free motor decisions to make a left or right button press (Soon et al., 2008). In Study 2, we replicated Study 1 using ultra-high field fMRI for improved temporal and spatial resolution to more accurately characterize the evolution of decision-predictive information in prefrontal cortex (Bode et al., 2011). In Study 3, to unequivocally dissociate high-level intentions from motor preparation and execution, we investigated the neural precursors of abstract intentions as participants spontaneously decided to perform either of two mental arithmetic tasks: addition or subtraction (Soon et al., 2013). Across the three studies, we consistently found that upcoming decisions could be predicted with ~60% accuracy from fine-grained spatial activation patterns occurring a few seconds before the decisions reached awareness, with very similar profiles for both motor and abstract intentions. The content and timing of the decisions appeared to be encoded in two functionally dissociable sets of regions: frontopolar and posterior cingulate/ precuneus cortex encoded the content but not the timing of the decisions, while the pre-supplementary motor area encoded the timing but not the content of the decisions. The choice-predictive regions in both motor and abstract decision tasks overlapped partially with the default mode network. High-resolution imaging in Study 2 further revealed that as the time-point of conscious decision approached, activity patterns in frontopolar cortex became increasingly stable with respect to the final choice.:Abstract 1 1. General Introduction 5 2. Study 1: Decoding the Unconscious Formation of Motor Intentions 21 3. Study 2: Temporal Stability of Neural Patterns Involved in Intention Formation 56 4. Study 3: Decoding the Unconscious Formation of Abstract Intentions 89 5. General Discussion 119 References 145

Corneille et Racine sont deux auteurs emblématiques de la tragédie classique du XVIIe siècle.L’objectif de ce mémoire a consisté en une analyse et une réflexion à travers des personnages féminins et masculins sur un corpus de quatre de leurs oeuvres en matière de libre arbitre et de conscience. Ces personnages représentent le héros tragique, issus de l’aristocratie et/ou de sang royal. Notre choix des oeuvres s’est porté pour Corneille sur - Polyeucte et Le Cid - et pour Racine sur - Andromaque et Polyeucte. La méthode est basée sur le livre Le dieu caché de Goldmann plus particulièrement sur son concept des trois sphères : du divin, du monde et de l’homme. L’analyse, a porté sur la capacité des protagonistes à utiliser le libre arbitre, à faire usage de la volonté et sur la notion de conscience.La complexité de cette étude a résidé dans la complexité des personnages et dans la coexistence des trois sphères du divin, du monde et de l’homme, à l’intérieur desquelles il y a différentes subtilités, d’autant plus que les sphères interagissent entre elles.De ce fait, cela génère la complexité de mesurer le degré de volonté, le libre arbitre des personnages. Par ailleurs, à travers les tragédies étudiées, nous pouvons voir la place centrale de la femme, la différence de l’homme et de la femme en ce qui concerne le libre arbitre, la place des émotions chez les personnages. / Corneille and Racine are two emblematic authors of the 17th century classic tragedy. It features characters of high rank from the nobility and/or from royal blood. The aim of this thesis is an analysis and a reflection, through female and male characters on a corpus of four of their works, in the field of free will and consciousness. These characters represent the tragic hero, coming from the aristocracy and/or of royal blood. Our choice is for Corneille, Polyeucte and Le Cid and for Racine, it is Andromaque and Britannicus. The method is based mainly on Goldmann’s book Le dieu caché and mainly the concept of three spheres: of the divine, the world and mankind. The analysis is focused on the protagonists’ ability to use free will, to make use of the will and on the notion of consciousness.The complexity of this study has been in the complexity of the characters and in the coexistence of the three spheres of the divine, of the world and of mankind, in which there are various subtleties especially since the spheres interact between them.By the same ways, it is complex to measure the will, free will of the characters. Through the studied tragedies, we can see the central place of women, the difference between man and woman in the matter of their free will, the place of emotions in characters.

The subjective experience of agency is a dimension of inner life that has consequences for motivation and moral judgment. Cognitive psychologists have studied the processes that underlie conscious will and metacognition of agency while social psychologists have examined how comparable constructs, such as autonomy and self-efficacy, relate to human needs and wellbeing. However, the consequences of the transient feeling state that accompanies agential experiences have received less attention. This dissertation examines the consequences of agency for motivation and moral judgment across seven experiments that manipulated feelings of agency via motor control games, episodic simulations, and autobiographical recollections. In its entirety, this work suggests that people seek experiences that confer high feelings of agency while both high- and low-agency experiences influence how we judge others’ actions. Chapter I reviews prior literature on agency and related constructs and introduces the conceptual and theoretical framework. Chapters II – IV discuss how feelings of agency manipulated via proximal, action-oriented cues and distal, outcome-oriented cues affect task preference. Findings suggest that people generally like experiences of high agency, and that motivation is more sensitive to proximal rather than distal disturbances. People tend to make choices to increase their likelihood of experiencing high agency via retention of action control, even at the expense of desired outcomes. Chapters V – VIII explore the relationship between agential experiences and moral judgments of others’ behavior. Results reveal a novel effect such that both high- and low-agency experiences lead to more intense judgments. In addition, people who are most sensitive to factors that influence their sense of agency also tend to deliver the harshest judgments. The findings suggest a two-process model of attributive projection and compensatory control mechanisms. They also imply a self-amplifying effect of extreme agency states such that both experiences of high and low agency may enhance activation of self-related schema, which in turn influence moral judgments. Chapters IX and X summarize the experiments and discuss the broader significance of this work for research on motivation and moral psychology.

The neuroscience of decision making is laying the puzzle of how the brain computes decisions. It tries to sort out which factors are responsible for causing us to choose one way or the other. This thesis reviews to what extent emotional brain processes and their neural circuits impact decision making. The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) provides a solid dual-system framework for decision making. Dissociating an impulsive system, in which the amygdala is central, and a reflective system mediated by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex(VMPFC). The SMH emphasizes the function of the VMPFC as necessary and crucial formaking favorable long-term decisions. Research on moral decision making also shows that similar systems as used by the SMH has a key role in how we think about moral dilemmas as well. Damage or maldevelopment of these neural circuits can cause myopia for the future and deeply immoral behavior. Abnormalities in emotional neuronal circuits can also be linked to addictive behavior and psychopathy. The findings on decision making and its neuralsubstrates dismantle the common sense notion of free will and moral responsibility. An explanation of how the feeling of free will arises is given using the Interpreter system theoryof consciousness. Moral responsibility without the need for a free will is defended by analternative approach with a framework of a brain in-control versus out-of-control.

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