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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
501

Estudo de ressonância magnética funcional das mudanças da atividade cerebral durante recordações afetivas autobiográficas decorrentes da administração prolongada de clomipramina a sujeitos saudáveis / Study of functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain activity changes during affective autobiographical memories due to prolonged administration of Clomipramine the healthy subjects

Carlos Toledo Cerqueira 13 December 2013 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar da importância dos medicamentos antidepressivos no tratamento dos transtornos de humor e de ansiedade, sua ação sobre sistemas cerebrais responsáveis pela expressão emocional ainda não foram claramente estabelecidos. Estudos recentes têm examinando o sinal dependente de nível de oxigenação sanguínea (do inglês, \"BOLD\") durante estímulos emocionais em indivíduos saudáveis sob uso de antidepressivos. Nesse estudo, pretendemos estender essa avaliação às alterações do humor e comportamento emocional devido ao uso prolongado de um antidepressivo bloqueador de serotonina e noradrenalina em pessoas saudáveis. MÉTODOS: foram selecionados dezesseis voluntários, sem antecedentes psiquiátricos pessoais ou familiares, que participaram de um ensaio farmacológico simples-cego de quatro semanas de doses baixas de clomipramina (até 40 mg/dia). Ao final desse período, dez sujeitos foram selecionados como não responsivos, e os restantes seis sujeitos foram selecionados como responsivos por apresentarem claras mudanças em três dos quatro seguintes critérios: tolerância interpessoal, eficiência, bem estar, e mudança substancial em sua auto percepção. O grupo de sujeitos classificados como responsivos foram submetidos a um ensaio controlado duplo-cego confirmatório. A aquisição de imagens cerebrais ocorreu após quatro semanas de uso de medicação (simples cego) e quatro semanas após a sua suspensão, ao final da participação no ensaio farmacológico. O imageamento cerebral foi realizado durante a indução de estados afetivos de felicidade, irritabilidade e neutros por relatos autobiográficos. A resposta emocional desses estados foi obtida por escalas de auto avaliação de ansiedade, irritabilidade e felicidade. As diferenças de sinal entre os estados afetivos foram utilizadas para a análise estatística da interação dos efeitos estado medicamentoso e grupo por testes ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma interação significativa entre o efeito de grupo e o estado medicamentoso sobre os estados afetivos de irritabilidade, mas não sobre os de felicidade. Se observou redução na auto avaliação de ansiedade no grupo responsivo com o uso de medicação na diferença entre os estados induzidos de irritabilidade e felicidade, em comparação com o efeito no grupo não responsivo; e também, redução na auto avaliação de felicidade com o uso de clomipramina na totalidade da amostra, na diferença entre o estados induzidos de irritabilidade e neutro. A alteração sobre o efeito BOLD (p < 0,005) foi localizada em regiões adjacentes à junção frontoparietal para a indução de irritabilidade em relação à felicidade e em relação aos estados neutros, no grupo responsivo em relação ao não responsivo, durante o período em uso relativo àquele sem uso de clomipramina, e na junção têmporo-paríeto-occipital, exclusivamente para a diferença irritabilidade-felicidade. CONCLUSÕES: a modificação favorável que sujeitos saudáveis apresentaram ao uso prolongado de um antidepressivo bloqueador da serotonina e noradrenalina, pode estar relacionada à modificação no processamento cerebral da memória autobiográfica de emoções negativas / INTRODUCTION: despite the importance of antidepressant agents to the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders, there is not yet a clear understanding of their actions upon specific brain systems relevant to emotional processing. Recent studies have examined blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal during emotion stimuli in healthy individuals in antidepressant use. The study intends to extend these measures to the changes over mood and emotional behavior by prolonged use of a serotonin and noradrenaline blocker antidepressant. METHODS: we selected sixteen subjects, with no personal or family history of psychiatric disorders, which participated of a four-week single-blind trial with low doses of clomipramine (up to 40mg/day). After this period, ten subjects were classified as non responsives, the remaining six subjects being classified as responsives because clomipramine provided positive changes in three of four of the following criteria: interpersonal tolerance, self-efficacy, mood and self-perception of a substantial change. Responsives were included in a placebo-controlled confirmatory trial. Imaging sessions occurred at the end of the four-week course of clomipramine and again after a four-week clomipramine washout period, at the end of pharmacological trial. Subjects were scanned during the induction of irritability, happiness and neutral affective states by autobiographical recall. Self-report assessment was performed for each induction by anxiety, irritability and happiness scales. Inter-condition differences (affective induction) were used in the analysis of interaction of medication status and group effects by ANOVA tests. RESULTS: A significant interaction was found between group and treatment during irritability, but not during happiness emotions. It was observed a reduction in the scale of self-evaluation of anxiety in responsive group with the use of medication to the difference between irritability-happiness states, compared to the non responsive group; and a reduction in auto evaluation of happiness, in the totality of the sample in use of clomipramine, in difference irritability-neutral. There was a significant increase of BOLD effect in the responsive group during use relative to the period without use of clomipramine, compared to the effect on non-responsive group (p < 0.005). This effect was located in regions that surround the frontoparietal junction to the irritability relative to happiness and to irritability relative to neutral induction, and in the temporo-parieto-occipital junction, exclusively to the irritability relative to happiness induction. CONCLUSIONS: The favorably changes in healthy subjects who respond to prolonged serotonin and noradrenaline blocker use, may relate to changes in neural processes of autobiographical memory of negative emotions
502

Balanceamento inter-hemisférico do córtex pré-frontal e regulação emocional: um estudo neuromodulatório, comportamental e psicofisiológico

Marques, Lucas Murrins 10 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Marta Toyoda (1144061@mackenzie.br) on 2017-01-26T20:44:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Lucas Murrins Marques.pdf: 2701879 bytes, checksum: b5f36d94a292fe4b15b65a9807ae4616 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliezer Santos (eliezer.santos@mackenzie.br) on 2017-02-01T19:27:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Lucas Murrins Marques.pdf: 2701879 bytes, checksum: b5f36d94a292fe4b15b65a9807ae4616 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T19:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Lucas Murrins Marques.pdf: 2701879 bytes, checksum: b5f36d94a292fe4b15b65a9807ae4616 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Emotions can be understood as behavioral, physiological, and subjective individual’s alteration due to a given situation. Several times, an efficient regulation of these emotions can promote psychological and social survival. In this sense, recent publication demonstrate that the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) present a relevant role in cognitive control, especially during emotion regulation strategies. At the same time, the Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to be an efficient technique neuromodulation in causal study between cortical structures and cognitive functions such as emotion regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inter-hemispheric balancing two regions of the PFC (Dorsolateral and Ventrolateral region) using different montages of tDCS on different strategies of emotional reapprasisal during the observation of negative images. The study purpose was to understand the specificity of the involvement of both structuresin healthy participants, with respect to the inter-hemispheric balance during emotion regulation, with respect to emotional experience, namely the behavioral aspect (valence and arousal judgement), and psychophysiological aspect (skin conductance response, and the cardiac interbeat interval). 180 undergraduate student (mean age 21,75±3,38) participated in this study, divided in two experiments (Dorsolateral PFC = n90; Ventrolateral PFC = n90). The result showed: i) the experimental task efficacy on the modulation of negative and positive affect; ii) cognitive reappraisal strategy efficacy on both emotional experience, behavioral (both experiments), and cardiac (only experiment 1); iii) Effect of anodal tDCS applied over left Ventrolateral PFC on increased valence evaluation of negative images, as well as on the decreased cardiac interbeat interval on earlier momentos of emotional processment. The findings suggest a main left Ventrolateral PFC role on selection and inhibition of negative content. Furthermore, the present study demonstrate for the very first time, modulation of cardiac recruitment due to: i) the cognitive reappraisal strategy used (experiment 1); and ii) the tDCS condition applied (experiment 2). Further studies are needed to confirm the hypotheses raised here. / Entende-se emoção por uma alteração comportamental, fisiológica e subjetiva do indivíduo em resposta a uma dada situação. Muitas vezes uma eficiente regulação destas emoções pode promover a sobrevivência social e psicológica do sujeito emocionado. Neste sentido, estudos recentes apontam que o Córtex Pré-frontal (CPF) apresenta relevante papel no controle cognitivo das emoções, principalmente durante a estratégia de reavaliação emocional. Paralelamente, a Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua tem se mostrado uma eficiente técnica de neuromodulação no estudo causal entre estruturas corticais e funções cognitivas, tais como a regulação emocional. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar o efeito do balanceamento inter-hemisférico de duas regiões do CPF (região Dorsolateral e Ventrolateral) com uso de diferentes montagens de ETCC, em diferentes estratégias de reavaliação cognitiva durante a avaliação de imagens de conteúdo negativo. Desta forma, buscou-se investigar a especificidade do envolvimento de ambas as estruturas em participantes saudáveis, com relação ao balanceamento inter-hemisférico durante a reavaliação cognitiva, sobre a experiência emocional comportamental (julgamento de valência e intensidade das imagens) e psicofisiológica (níveis da resposta de condutância da pele e o tempo do intervalo inter-batidas da resposta cardíaca). Participaram do estudo 180 estudantes universitários (média de idade 21,75±3,38) dividos em dois experimentos (CPF Dorsolateral = n90; CPF Ventrolateral = n90).Os resultados apontam: i) eficácia da tarefa na modulação de afetos positivos e negativos; ii) eficácia das estratégias de reavaliação cognitiva na modulação da experiência emocional comportamental (ambos os experimentos), e cardíaca (apenas experimento 1); iii) efeito de ETCC anódica em CPF Ventrolateral esquerdo no aumento do julgamento de valência emocional de imagens negativas, bem como na diminuição do intervalo inter-batidas nos primeiros momentos do processamento das imagens emocionais. Os achados sugerem influência do CPF Ventrolateral esquerdo no processo de seleção e inibição de conteúdo emocional negativo. Além disso, o presente trabalho demonstrou pela primeira vez modulação no recrutamento cardíaco em relação: i) a estratégia de reavaliação cognitiva utilizada (Experimento 1), e ii) a condição de ETCC aplicada (Experimento 2). Novos estudos se fazem necessários para confirmar as hipóteses aqui levantadas.
503

Morfiem navozené změny membránových a solubilních bílkovin frontální mozkové kůry potkana / Changes of membrane-bound and soluble proteins of frontal rat brain cortex induced by morphine

Ujčíková, Hana January 2014 (has links)
The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to analyze the morphine-induced changes of frontal brain cortex protein composition in rats exposed to increasing doses of morphine (10-50 mg/kg) for prolonged period of time (10 days). The first part of this work was oriented to the analysis of the phenomenon of hypersensitization/superactivation of adenylyl cyclase (AC), which is regarded as one of the crucial molecular mechanisms causing drastic pathological consequences of drug addiction. The increase of AC activity represents a "compensatory" response and is functionally related to the desensitization of G protein response to prolonged morphine exposure of target cells. The clear desensitization of µ-OR- and δ-OR-stimulated G protein response by morphine was demonstrated in our laboratory by analysis of the dose-response curves of DAMGO and DADLE-stimulated, high-affinity [35 S] GTPγS binding in plasma membranes isolated from frontal brain cortex of rats exposed to morphine according to the same protocol as that used in my Ph.D. thesis (10-50 mg/kg, 10 days). The κ-OR-stimulated [35 S] GTPγS binding was unchanged. It has been determined the amount of all AC isoforms (AC I-IX) in plasma membranes (PM) isolated from control and morphine-treated rats which were sacrificed 24 hours since the last dose of morphine....
504

Využití zážitkové pedagogiky a dramatické výchovy ve výuce zeměpisu na střední škole / Use of Experience Pedagogy and Theatrical Education in Geography Teaching

Barešová, Lenka January 2012 (has links)
The main objective of the thesies is to compare a frontal teaching method and teaching by simulation. Two comparable groups of students were taught the same topic by the two methods. The topic was focused on an uneven world development. Following assumptions were set. Simulation is a more attractive teaching form, therefore it can help to raise the motivation of students. Frontal method is capable of transmitting more information. Simulation, however, can have bigger impact on students' values. The impact of simulation has a long-term impact in comparison to frontal teaching. These assumptions were confirmed by qualitative and quantitative methods.
505

Évaluation de l’effet de faux souvenirs en vieillissement normal : validation de scores composites des fonctions temporale médiane et frontale et contribution aux hypothèses théoriques

Fortin-Girard, Alexandra 04 1900 (has links)
No description available.
506

Inferência do tempo de atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD em ressonância magnética funcional / Inference of neural activity time from BOLD effect in functional magnetic resonance imaging

Biazoli Junior, Claudinei Eduardo 01 April 2011 (has links)
A inferência do curso temporal da atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD é um importante problema, ainda em aberto. A forma da curva BOLD não reflete diretamente as características temporais da atividade eletrofisiológica dos neurônios. Nessa tese, é introduzido o conceito de tempo de processamento neural (TPN) como um dos parâmetros do modelo biofísico da função de resposta hemodinâmica (HRF). O objetivo da introdução desse conceito é obter estimativas mais acuradas da duração da atividade neural a partir do efeito BOLD, que possui auto grau de nãolinearidade. Duas formas de estimar os parâmetros do modelo do efeito BOLD foram desenvolvidas. A validade e aplicabilidade do conceito de TPN e das rotinas de estimação foram avaliadas por simulações computacionais e análise de séries temporais experimentais. Os resultados das simulações e da aplicação foram comparados com medidas da forma da HRF. O experimento analisado consistiu em um paradigma de tomada de decisão na presença de distratores emocionais. Esperase que o TPN em áreas sensoriais primárias seja equivalente ao tempo de apresentação de estímulos. Por outro lado, o TPN em áreas relacionadas com a tomada de decisão deve ser menor que a duração dos estímulos. Além disso, o TPN deve depender da condição experimental em áreas relacionadas ao controle de distratores emocionais. Como predito, o valores estimados do TPN no giro fusiforme foram equivalentes à duração dos estímulos e o TPN no giro do cíngulo dorsal variou com a presença de distrator emocional. Observou-se ainda lateralidade do TPN no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral. As medidas da forma da HRF obtidas por um método convencional não dectectaram as variações observadas no TPN / The extraction of information about neural activity dynamics related to the BOLD signal is a challenging task. The temporal evolution of the BOLD signal does not directly reflect the temporal characteristics of electrical activity of neurons. In this work, we introduce the concept of neural processing time (NPT) as a parameter of the biophysical model of the hemodynamic response function (HRF). Through this new concept we aim to infer more accurately the duration of neuronal response from the highly nonlinear BOLD effect. We describe two routines to estimate the parameters of the HRF model. The face validity and applicability of the concept of NPT and the estimation procedures are evaluated through simulations and analysis of experimental time series. The results of both simulation and application were compared with summary measures of HRF shape. We analysed an experiment based on a decision-making paradigm with simultaneous emotional distracters. We hypothesize that the NPT in primary sensory areas is approximately the stimulus presentation duration. On the other hand, the NPT in brain areas related to decisionmaking processes should be less than the stimulus duration. Moreover, in areas related to processing of an emotional distracter, the NPT should depend on the experimental condition. As predicted, the NPT in fusiform gyrus is close to the stimulus duration and the NPT in dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus depends on the presence of an emotional distracter. Interestingly, the estimated NPTs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicate functional laterality of this region. The analysis using standard measures of HRF did not detect the variations observed in our method (NPT)
507

Les anti-saccades prédisent le fonctionnement cognitif dans le vieillissement normal et la maladie de Parkinson

Ouerfelli-Éthier, Julie 07 1900 (has links)
No description available.
508

Analyse mathématique et numérique d'écoulements de fluides à seuil / Mathematical and numerical analysis of yield stress fluid flows

Marly, Arthur 19 September 2018 (has links)
Ette thèse traite d’écoulements de fluides à seuil (ou viscoplastiques) en milieu confiné. Les difficultés analytiques et numériques sont dues à la multivaluation du tenseur des contraintes dans les zones plastiques ainsi qu’à la non-différentiabilité du problème de minimisation associé. Cette thèse s’articule en deux parties.Dans un premier temps, des simulations numériques parallèles très précises à l’aide d’algorithmes de dualité ont été effectuées. Elles ont permis de retrouver des résultats observés expérimentalement dont l’existence d’une ligne de glissement pour l’écoulement au dessus d’un obstacle et le caractère quasi-Poiseuille de la vitesse au-delà de cette ligne. Par ailleurs, la théorie de couche limite viscoplastique définie par Oldroyd (1947, à nombre de Bingham asymptotiquement grand) a été revisitée à nombre de Bingham modéré en milieu confiné. L’étude a mis en œuvre des allers-retours entre ces simulations et les expériences physiques de Luu et al. d’IRSTEA ainsi qu’une dérivation théorique. L’approximation de couche limite est vérifiée dans une certaine mesure à l’intérieur de la cavité. Une adaptation de la notion de couche limite viscoplastique est alors exhibée et permet d’étendre les scalings dérivés par Oldroyd (1947) et Balmforth et al. (J. of Fluid Mech, 2017). Ces scalings sont aussi généralisés au cas de la loi d’Herschel-Bulkley. Dans un second temps, on présente une analyse asymptotique des champs de vitesses et de contraintes pour des écoulements en faible épaisseur (ε). Un développement à l’ordre ε2 de la vitesse permet de trouver une équation de Reynolds à la même précision. Cette équation de Reynolds prolonge les résultats déjà existants dans le cadre newtonien, d’une part et dans le cadre fluide à seuil avec une surface libre, d’autre part. / This thesis is devoted to the flow of yield stress (or viscoplastic) fluids in pipes.Analytical and numerical difficulties lie in the multivaluation of the stress tensor in the plastic regions and in the non-differentiability of the associated minimization problem. This manuscript is organized following two main axes.First, very accurate numerical simulations were carried out using duality methods and parallel multifrontal solvers. Thus, experimental observations were recovered, namely the existence of a slip line for the flow over an obstacle and the Poiseuille-like behaviour of the velocity above this line. Moreover, the viscoplastic boundary layer theory defined by Oldroyd (1947 at high Bingham numbers) was revisited at moderate Bingham numbers in confined areas. This study provided an opportunity to go back and forth between these simulations and the physical measures of Luu et al. from IRSTEA and to perform a theoretical derivation. The boundary layer approximation is valid up to a certain extent in the cavity. An adaptation of the viscoplastic boundary layer definition is then given and allows to generalize the scalings shown by Oldroyd (1947) and Balmforth et al. (JFM 2017). These scalings are also generalized to the Herschel-Bulkley case. Then, an asymptotic analysis of the velocity and stress fields for thin layer (ε) flows is presented. A velocity development up to ε2 lets us find a Reynolds equation of same accuracy. This Reynolds equation extends the already existing results, on the one hand in the newtonian case and on the second hand for free surface flows.
509

High fluid intelligence and analogical reasoning

Preusse, Franziska 13 December 2011 (has links)
Hitherto, previous studies on the cerebral correlates of fluid intelligence (fluIQ) used tasks that did not exclusively demand fluIQ, or were restricted to participants of average fluIQ (ave-fluIQ) solving intelligence test items of varying difficulty, thus not allowing assumptions on interindividual differences in fluIQ. Geometric analogical reasoning (GAR) demands fluIQ very purely and thus is an eligible approach for research on interindividual differences in fluIQ. In a first study, we examined the cerebral correlates of GAR, and showed the involvement of parietal and frontal brain regions. This is in line with the assumptions of the parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) of intelligence and with literature reports for other visuo-spatial tasks. Building upon these findings, we report results from a second study with high fluIQ (hi-fluIQ) and ave-fluIQ school students solving a GAR task. Again in line with the P-FIT model, we demonstrated that the parieto-frontal network is involved in GAR in both groups. However, the extent of task-related brain activation in parietal and frontal brain regions was differentially modulated by fluIQ. Our results thus partly run counter to the postulates of the neural efficiency hypothesis, which assumes a negative brain activation-intelligence relationship. We conclude that this relationship is not generally unitary; rather, it can be conjectured that the adaptive and flexible modulation of brain activation is characteristic of hi-fluIQ. Knowledge on the stability of the cerebral correlates of hi-fluIQ during adolescence had been sparse. To elucidate this field, we examined the follow-up stability of the cerebral correlates of GAR in hi-fluIQ in a third study. We demonstrated that the relevant brain network is in place already at age 17 and that improvements in behavioral performance at age 18 due to task familiarity are indicative of more efficient use of the cerebral resources available. / Bisherige Studien zu zerebralen Korrelaten fluider Intelligenz (fluIQ) haben Aufgaben verwendet, die fluIQ nicht in Reinform erfordern oder haben Probanden mit durchschnittlicher fluIQ (ave-fluIQ) beim Lösen von Intelligenztestaufgaben mit variierenden Schwierigkeitsstufen untersucht und ermöglichen daher keine Aussagen zu interindividuellen Unterschieden in fluIQ. Geometrisches analoges Schließen (GA) beansprucht fluIQ in Reinform und eignet sich daher als differentielles Untersuchungsparadigma. In einer ersten Studie haben wir die zerebralen Korrelate des GA untersucht und nachgewiesen, dass parietale und frontale Hirnregionen involviert sind. Dies steht im Einklang mit der parieto-frontalen Integrationstheorie (P-FIT) der Intelligenz und mit Literaturberichten zu anderen visuell-räumlichen Aufgaben. Aufbauend auf diesen Befunden berichten wir Ergebnisse einer zweiten Studie, in der Schüler mit hoher fluIQ (hi-fluIQ) und ave-fluIQ GA-Aufgaben lösten. In Übereinstimmung mit den Annahmen des P-FIT-Modells konnten wir zeigen, dass GA in beiden Gruppen das parieto-frontale Netzwerk beansprucht. Das Ausmaß der Hirnaktivierung wurde jedoch differentiell durch fluIQ moduliert. Unsere Ergebnisse widersprechen damit teilweise den Postulaten der neuralen Effizienztheorie, die einen negativen Zusammenhang zwischen Hirnaktivierung und Intelligenz annimmt. Wir schlussfolgern, dass dieser Zusammenhang nicht generell einseitig gerichtet ist, sondern die flexible Modulation von Hirnaktivierung charakteristisch für hi-fluIQ ist. Befunde zur Stabilität zerebraler Korrelate von hi-fluIQ in der Jugend waren bisher rar. Um dieses Feld zu beleuchten, haben wir die follow-up-Stabilität zerebraler Korrelate des GA in der hi-fluIQ Gruppe in einer dritten Studie untersucht. Wir konnten zeigen, dass das relevante zerebrale Netzwerk schon mit 17 Jahren etabliert ist und Performanzverbesserungen über die Zeit für eine effizientere Nutzung der verfügbaren zerebralen Ressourcen sprechen.
510

Dinâmica do sistema córtico-hipocampal durante o condicionamento contextual de medo / Cortico-hippocampal system dynamics during contextual fear conditioning

Kunicki, Ana Carolina Bione 03 February 2012 (has links)
O estabelecimento das memórias de longo prazo requer uma efetiva comunicação do hipocampo com o neocortex. Um mecanismo plausível envolvido na comunicação neuronal e na plasticidade sináptica é a sincronização da atividade elétrica cerebral na frequência teta. Estudos recentes mostraram que a sincronização entre os ritmos teta do hipocampo e do córtex pré-frontal aumenta durante a evocação das memórias aversivas e diminui após a extinção do aprendizado. Entretanto, outros ritmos cerebrais, como as ondas delta, também estão envolvidos nas respostas comportamentais do medo e nos processos de memória. Desta forma, o ritmo teta, que já foi bastante estudado pelo seu papel no aprendizado e na memória, e o ritmo delta, por seu envolvimento no ciclo sono-vigília, foram investigados considerando a relação causal entre eles. Ainda não está bem estabelecido como os ritmos delta e teta podem juntos contribuir nos processos cognitivos ou como os ritmos do hipocampo podem influenciar ou receber influencias da atividade cortical. Neste trabalho foi investigada a contribuição dos ritmos delta e teta em função do estado comportamental (vigília ativa ou congelamento) e do tipo de memória evocada (recente ou remota). Além disso, foi realizada uma análise de sincronia de fase para inferir a dinâmica da atividade elétrica entre o córtex pré-frontal medial, o hipocampo e o córtex visual durante a evocação das memórias de medo. Para tanto, os animais foram treinados e testados numa tarefa de condicionamento de medo ao contexto. Neste tipo de condicionamento, o animal aprende a estabelecer uma associação entre um determinado contexto (caixa de condicionamento) e um evento aversivo (choque elétrico nas patas) que ocorreu neste contexto. Quando o animal foi reintroduzido na caixa de condicionamento, o mesmo exibiu uma série de respostas condicionadas incluindo a reação de congelamento. Os resultados mostraram que os ritmos delta e teta estão relacionados de forma específica às respostas comportamentais de medo e de evocação das memórias recente e remota. Observou-se no espectro de potências uma maior contribuição do ritmo teta durante a vigília exploratória, diminuindo durante o congelamento. Neste último, os ratos apresentaram um robusto aumento da contribuição do ritmo delta. Além disso, a medida de causalidade mostrou ser dependente do estado comportamental do animal. Finalmente, um aumento da sincronia entre o hipocampo e o córtex pré-frontal foi evidenciado durante a evocação de memória recente, contraposta à diminuição durante a evocação da memória remota. Estes resultados indicam que a sincronização da atividade elétrica cerebral pode refletir uma facilitação na comunicação neuronal / The establishment of long-term memories requires effective communication of the hippocampus to the neocortex. Electrophysiological activities between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex have shown higher theta synchronization during retrieval of aversive memories and lower during extinction learning. While theta activity is more differently related to learning and memory, delta waves have been more discussed in the context of sleep or \"offline\" states. Few studies have investigated delta waves during \"on-line\" states (such as task-relevant situations) and the contribution of these rhythms to memory storage remains unclear. We recorded electrophysiological data to study the contributions of delta and theta waves in cortico-hippocampal system of rats underwent to contextual fear conditioning. Our experiment consisted of environmental pre-exposition, training with electrical footshocks, and recent/remote memory tests. Two groups of rats were tested one or eighteen days post training for recent or remote memory, respectively. Local field potential time series of two behavioral states were sampled: active exploration and freezing. The results showed that theta and delta rhythms play an important role in behavioral responses and memory processing. They are related to fear recall and their contribution depend on the recent or remote memory. Additionally, using an order parameter we show that theta contribution is strongly pronounced in active exploration, decreasing during freezing. In the latter, the rats presented pronounced delta waves in freezing. Moreover, a behavioral-dependent causality measure showed an increase of theta influence in delta rhythms, resulting in a theta slowing in aversive memory retrieval. Finally, we show an increased synchrony between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex during recall of recent memory, but a decreased synchrony in remote memory. We proposed that synchronized activity may facilitate the communication of information and once the memories are established in the neocortex, the synchronization decreases, and recalling them becomes more independent of the hippocampus. We proposed that delta-theta oscillations of the hippocampus over neocortical areas reflect information processing during aversive memory retrieval

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