1 Theoretische Vorüberlegungen Im face-to-face (ftf) Kontext spielt das nonverbale Verhalten eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Wahrnehmung von Personen und der Interpretation des Gesagten [1,2]. Der Gesichtsausdruck [3], im Besonderen das Lächeln,nimmt in der interpersonalen Kommunikation eine essentielle Bedeutungein. So werden lächelnde Menschen in der Regel positiver, z.B.als glücklicher, höflicher und unbekümmerter, kompetenter und aufrichtiger beurteilt [4], allerdings auch als unterwürfiger [5,6]. Hinsichtlich der Bewertung von Männern und Frauen gibt es zudem stereotypbasierte Erwartungen an das Lächeln, die zu unterschiedlichen Bewertungen von Männern und Frauen bei gleichem Verhalten führen und in der Regel eine negative Bewertung von nicht lächelnden Frauen hervorrufen[7]. In der computervermittelten Kommunikation haben sich Smilies (Grafiken: J) und Emoticons (Zeichenketten wie :-)) mittlerweile als nonverbale, digitale Substitute für das Lächelnverbreitet, so dass auch im Netz sozusagen gelächelt werden kann. Verschiedene Studien untersuchten bisher die Wirkung von Smilies und Emoticons auf die Interpretation von Nachrichten und die Wahrnehmung des Smilienutzers. So kann zum Beispiel die Verwendung eines solchen Cues Zweideutigkeit reduzieren oder erzeugen, die Bedeutung einer Nachricht verstärken [8,9] oder aber die Stimmung des Lesers [10] und dessen Wahrnehmung vom Schreiber einer Nachricht [11] beeinflussen.

Research shows that consistent, supportive, and relevant professional development (PD) is an action that empowers educators to change. In the east central region of Canada, the sustainability of community colleges had been linked to program collaboration and internationalization which requires implementation of high-quality PD for its professors. Guided by Mezirow's adult transformative learning theory, the purpose of this study was to understand the PD practices of full-time professors by investigating the connections between professors' level of engagement in PD and their perceptions of the resources and processes that may improve their instructional practices. This single-phased, concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted using a self-designed 39-item web-based survey to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. From a population of 600 full-time professors at 5 colleges, 120 surveys were completed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for quantitative analyses. Findings indicated that professors with higher levels of engagement in PD perceived the importance of making use of online and face-to-face networking strategies as well as available online resources to improve instructional practices. Emergent themes from the qualitative data were coded and confirmed the value of networking in PD. Results were used to design a workshop to help community college professors in planning and supporting their PD activities via enhanced networking strategies and implementation of online resources for instruction. By providing college professors needed opportunities to engage in customized PD focused on networking and maximizing the use of available online resources, colleges may be better prepared to foster active, engaged, and highly trained faculty capable of producing positive social change benefitting the institutions and students they serve.

This applied dissertation was designed to understand and explore the experiences of graduate students at a public four-year higher education institution in the southeastern region of the United States. This study utilized an interview based phenomenological qualitative study design approach for data collection and analysis. Committees in the field of higher education reviewed and approved the interview protocol. The research study and data analysis were conducted in the Spring Semester of 2017. The researcher employed semi-structured interviews that were guided by ten protocol questions. Transcription accuracy, credibility, and trustworthiness were established through diligent adherence to university protocols. The collected data revealed themes that supported the researchers’ understanding of graduate students’ perception of engagement and experiences in face-to-face, online, and blended classroom settings. The qualitative research study provides in-depth insight for future enrollees and program development. The selected institution’s IRB and Nova Southeastern University’s IRB granted permission to conduct the study. A phenomenological approach was used to maximize exploration of graduate students’ perception of engagement and experiences in face-to-face, online, and blended graduate level classroom settings. Ten protocol questions guided the semi-structured interviews. Subsequent to the scheduled 60-minute interviews, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to describe the meaning of several individuals’ perceptions. The most prevalent theme that emerged was a lack of meaningful social interaction, or student engagement, in online formats. Once the data had been analyzed, recommendations for future research were provided to support the needs of a graduate student population on university campuses.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第24351号 / 教博第281号 / 新制||教||214(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 飯吉 透, 教授 杉本 均, 教授 南部 広孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

This study explores the training of Psychology tutors at the University of South Africa's (UNISA) learning centres with a view to providing a paradigm shift in tutor training and contributing towards new ways of thinking about education and training in South Africa. It furthermore opens up alternative ways of thinking about the process of facilitation in general. Although the study focuses on tutor training within the discipline of Psychology, the outcomes of the study are applicable to tutor training and tutoring in general, and make a valuable contribution in identifying the basic principles underlying tutor training in other disciplines as well. An ecosystemic approach encourages the trainer-trainee system to become aware of how they affect each other's thinking and behaviour. The basic principles underlying the process of facilitation that emerge in the study, therefore apply equally to the training of tutors and the tutoring of learners by others. These principles provide guidelines in terms of the processes involved in tutor development, as well as inform the issues and themes around which the sharing of ideas can be choreographed in the field of tutor training and tutoring. In conclusion, the information generated in the study focuses specifically on student support in the form of face-to-face tutorials in the distance education setting, the form of tertiary education which is most accessible to many historically disadvantaged learners in South Africa today. More generally, it will make a valuable contribution in the current educational context in South Africa, where student support is of the utmost importance in striving for equality in education, and where the focus is on outcomes-based education. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

The constitution of the Republic of South Africa has mandated government to keep in touch with the citizens, by regularly updating them on the services available for the improvement of their lives, and further to constantly report back on progress made in implementing government policies. In recent years, the country has been experiencing sporadic service delivery protests especially at the local sphere of government (municipal level). The aim of the study was therefore to examine the success of the communication and information system of the South African government in disseminating information to citizens. The area of the study was the Province of Mpumalanga which is one (1) of the nine (9) provinces constituting the Republic of South Africa. For the study, quantitative research method in the form of a survey was adopted, the hypothesis tested and the findings generalised. In creating a sample frame for the study, both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were adopted. The type of data collection instrument adopted was a structured questionnaire. Single-stage cluster sampling was adopted for heads of government communication whereas judgemental or purposive sampling technique was adopted for citizens. Data was analysed utilising data tabulation, descriptives, and data disaggregation quantitative data analysis procedures. The key findings of the study, amongst others, are: (a) That the current communication and information system being utilised by the South African government has an impact (it has improved communication with citizens); (b) That the citizens prefer government to communicate with them in their own indigenous languages (communicating in all eleven (11) official languages); (c) That the citizens prefer face-to-face communication; (d) That citizens would like to receive government messages via social media (given its immediacy and interactivity); and (e) That the low status of the communication function at the local government level denies communicators access to information to be communicated. Amongst others, the study recommends that (1) communication should be recognised as a strategic management function in all spheres of government; (2) the use of radio as the primary channel of information should be strengthened; (3) face-to-face communication with citizens should be strengthened; (4) information dissemination should be done in all eleven (11) official languages, including in Braille and sign-language; (5) social media and SMS notification should be included in the government communication policy as one of its official information dissemination channels. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication)

Distance education (DE) is now recognised as an education system independent from conventional face-to-face education. It has self-governing theories and pedagogies. It attracts students with unique characteristics different from those of on-campus students. The present distance learning student differs from the past ones by characteristics, needs and contexts. Not all students registering for distance learning conform to the characteristics of distance students described in theory. It is now acknowledged that DE systems demand special skills including time management, self-regulation and independent learning skills. Yet, few of these students enter into distance learning with prior experiences on its demands. The new student is compelled to learn to deal with challenges that come with DE i.e. the impact of ‘distance’, isolation and time management. ‘The net generation’ and ‘digital natives’ are now in college but with skills not automatically transferable to learning technologies. Information and communication technologies (ICT) providers are mostly focused on the ‘use’ rather than the ‘user’. Universities are continuously adopting new technologies leaving the student bewildered as to the focus; learning or technology training. The internet has ‘everything’; open course ware (OCW), open education resources (OERS), wikis and all web information. Students cannot simply find things for themselves. Furthermore distance learning has no policy on how to engage with the internet and students are left to decide what, which and how much is required for any level of study. Most universities in Africa moving from single to dual mode have not integrated distance learning pedagogy which requires restructuring in the organisation, policy and course development. DE, though spanning over two centuries has been mutually dependent on technology. The present technology demands a paradigm shift from that of correspondence days. These issues have created the need for support strategies that can literally accompany the DE student throughout his/her academic journey. Universities have established DE units, campuses and schools for a variety of reasons. It is required that such universities provide learner support systems for their students. The purpose of this study was to assess the learner support services available for distance learning undergraduate students in two universities in Kenya i.e. Northern University (NU) and Western University (WU). A Learner support system can comprise of numerous components. In this study, nine (9) components/indices were tested as the indices for providing support services. These are:- registration procedures, orientation programme and skills training, technology and learning materials, counselling and mentorship, interactions and communication, feedback, regional centres and library, students association and representation and course progression and satisfaction. This study employed an evaluation research design utilising both quantitative and qualitative methods. Online questionnaires were used for quantitative data collection. For qualitative data collection two (2) instruments were used; an interview schedule for key programme implementers and a documentary analysis tool for documents and websites. The findings indicated that the main indices that distinguished the two universities were registration process, technology and learning materials, counselling/mentorship and regional centres where the t-test showed significant differences. The p values were 0.008, 0.012, 0.036 and 0.015 respectively at 0.05 significance level. In all of them, Northern University (NU) had a relatively high mean score than Western University (WU) except for the index on counselling and mentorship. / Educational Foundations / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Magistro darbe dėmesys skiriamas virtualiems socialiniams tinklams, jų pagalba vykdomiems komunikaciniams procesams bei realios tarptautinės komunikacinės patirties poveikiui, virtualiame socialiniame tinkle vykdomiems komunikacijos procesams. Ši tema aktuali, nes virtualūs socialiniai tinklai užima vis svaresnes pozicijas globalios komunikacijos kontekste. Virtualios socializacijos procesams vykdyti, būtinas individo realioje erdvėje turimų kontaktų, sukaupto socialinio kapitalo bei komunikacinės patirties integravimas į virtualių socialinių tinklų sukurtas bendravimo sistemas. Magistro darbo objektas virtualūs socialiniai tinklai kaip tarptautinės komunikacijos priemonė. Darbo Tikslas – ištirti, kokią įtaką reali tarptautinė komunikacija turi virtualiame socialiniame tinkle vykstantiems komunikaciniams procesams. Iškelti uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti pagrindinius virtualaus socialinio tinklo veikimo principus; nustatyti realaus ir virtualaus socialinio tinklo sąsajas; išanalizuoti socialinio kapitalo formavimąsi virtualioje erdvėje; įvertinti realios ir virtualios komunikacijos procesų tarpusavio sąveiką; įvertinti realios komunikacijos reikšmę virtualios komunikacijos dinamikai; išsiaiškinti socialinio pasitikėjimo dėmens svarbą virtualios komunikacijos procesuose. Naudojant dokumentų, dokumentinių šaltinių analizę nustatyta, virtualūs socialiniai tinklai veikia plotmėje, kurioje išnyksta riba tarp viešos ir privačios individo erdvės. Socialiniai aspektai perkeliami į virtualią... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master‘s paper work focuses on virtual social networks and active communication processes online. This topic is actual as virtual social networks takes a commanding lead in the context of global communication. In order to achieve basic goals social capital, communication experience and process of socialisation must be integrated into well based online social networking systems. The object of the master‘s paper is virtual social networks as the mean of international communication. The target of the work is to investigate what kind of impact does the real face to face communication has on the communication processes in the virtual social networks. The tasks set: to find out the main aspects of how does virtual social network works; evaluate the connections between real and online social capital; analyze formation processes of social capital in online sphere; see how real communication affects dynamics of virtual online communication; evaluate the impact of social trust while communicating online. Using the analysis of documents, documentary sources, it was determined that the virtual social networks exists in the space where is no feel of any physical boundaries that limits communication processes. Social communication strength is based on major success and popularity of virtual social networks. Also, it was evaluated that user can’t materialise processes that is happening in online world, but he collects big amount of experience, that has a major impact in the real life... [to full text]

La présente recherche décrit et examine le cheminement émotionnel d’ex-contrevenants engagés dans un processus de justice réparatrice. Le cheminement émotionnel est appréhendé sous l’angle de l’analyse des « trajectoires de vie ». Nous avons rencontré quatre anciens contrevenants condamnés à une peine d’incarcération, et vivant dans la communauté au moment de nos entretiens. Afin d’établir leur trajectoire de vie émotionnelle, les entretiens ont été menés en profondeur et selon une approche non-directive. Les participants ont réalisé soit une expérience de Rencontre-Détenus-Victimes (RDV), soit une expérience de face-à-face avec une victime, ou une réparation directe avec leur victime. L’analyse de nos données empiriques met en évidence deux périodes émotionnelles distinctes chez les ex-contrevenants. Leur cheminement est d’abord caractérisé par un état de fermeture puis d’ouverture émotionnelle. Pour chaque état émotionnel, nous présentons les différentes composantes émotionnelles qui les constituent ainsi que les changements émotionnels qui en résultent. La transition entre le passage d’un état de fermeture à un état d’ouverture émotionnelle, ainsi que l’expérience de justice réparatrice, ont été minutieusement étudiées. De ces analyses a émergé le concept de « point tournant émotionnel », apparaissant comme la clé de voûte du cheminement réparateur des anciens contrevenants. Il ressort en effet qu’un point tournant émotionnel est considéré comme un préalable nécessaire à la participation à un programme réparateur, mais aussi comme le baromètre de l’effet réparateur des expériences. / This research describes and discusses the emotional path of ex-offenders involved in a process of restorative justice. The emotional path is tackled from the perspective of "lifecourse" analysis. We met four former offenders sentenced to a prison term, and living in the community at the moment of our interviews. In order to interpret their emotional life course, the interviews were conducted in depth and in a non-directive approach. Participants performed either a Victim-Offender-Encounter (VOE), a face-to-face experience with a victim, or direct atonement with their victim. The analysis of our empirical data shows two distinct emotional periods in ex-offenders. Their path is characterized first by a closed state, then by an emotional opening. For each emotional state, we present its various emotional components and the resulting emotional changes. The transition, that is the passage between a closed state to a state of emotional openness, and the restorative justice experience, have been thoroughly studied. From these analysis emerged the concept of "emotional turning points," appearing as the keystone of the restorative pathway of former offenders. It is clear that an emotional turning point is considered a prerequisite for taking part in a restorative program, but also as a barometer of the restorative effects of the experiences.