This dissertation examines the life stories of Marsha Ethridge (all names are pseudonyms), a teacher who has taught for 46 years in one urban elementary school. The stories Marsha tells about her life are used as lenses to consider the following: (1) What influences most shaped Marsha’s practices and stories to live by as a teacher? (2) What has it been like for Marsha teaching reading in an urban elementary school for 46 years? and (3) What is the nature of caring in Marsha’s stories? The study draws on life story and portraiture methods. Data were collected over a period of three years and includes life story interviews, one focus group interview, observations, and artifacts. Through the process of constant comparative method, three themes emerged: literacy and accountability, teacher development and identity, and caring and connecting. The most salient theme was caring and connecting throughout Marsha’s stories, and it served as a unifying thread to pull her stories together. This study found that in Marsha’s first years of teaching there were few forms of accountability. She felt that this was the primary reason many of her sixth graders had made it through school without learning to read. In the following years she used a variety of measures for accountability, including high-stakes accountability, which caused her to experience increasing professional dissonance. The form of accountability she believed improved her teaching practices the most was accountability situated in the context of caring relationships and it led to hope for future success. Marsha experienced this face-to-face accountability in the teacher-initiated group she had been meeting with for 27 years. Research implications from this study include the need to further explore discourse in teacher-initiated groups over time and in different contexts, as well as consider how the relational dynamics and accountability within collaborative teacher groups contribute to teacher growth. Additionally, the analysis of Marsha’s life stories indicate a need for teachers, parents, researchers, and policy makers to lay aside discourse of blaming and shaming to create opportunities for extended conversations about alternatives to high-stakes accountability. / text

Denna kvalitativa studie behandlar ämnet Internetbaserad crowdfunding, enfinansieringsmetod där ett stort antal människor ger en liten summa pengar vardera till ettprojekt via en crowdfundingplattform på Internet. Studiens fokus är engagemang: vad somskapar engagemang för crowdfunding och vad som kan stärka engagemanget. Studienundersöker också om enbart kommunikation via Internet är tillräckligt för att skapa stortengagemang för crowdfunding. Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskapsutvecklingen inomforskningsområdet crowdfunding så att skapare av crowdfundingkampanjer, i utvecklandet avsina kampanjer, kan öka engagemanget hos de personer som stöttar eller funderar på att stöttaen crowdfundingkampanj. De problemformuleringar som ska bidra till att nå upp till syftet ärföljande: varför engagerar sig människor i crowdfunding? Hur kan interaktionen mellanstöttare och kampanjskapare förbättras? Hur kan ansikte-mot-ansikte-kommunikation, genomevent, öka engagemanget för crowdfundingkampanjer? För att besvara studiensproblemformuleringar och därmed nå upp till syftet genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuermed sju personer som stöttat crowdfundingkampanjer. Resultatet av undersökningen visar attdet finns flera motiv till varför människor engagerar sig i crowdfundingkampanjer. De motivsom representerades av flest respondenter var att hjälpa en vän och viljan att ett projekt skafinnas. Andra motiv som delades av flera respondenter var att stötta kampanjer där förtroendeoch tillit finns till kampanjskaparna, för att få belöningar för sitt engagemang, för att bli en delav gemenskapen och för att idén med crowdfunding gillas. Undersökningens resultat visaräven tre förbättringsmöjligheter i interaktionen mellan kampanjskapare och stöttare: 1) mervarierande statusuppdateringar på kampanjsidan på crowdfundingplattformen med fokus påannat än enbart det finansiella, 2) mer uppdateringar även efter kampanjens slut och 3) attkampanjskapare bör visa upp sina projekt i en livestream. Studiens resultat visar också attansikte-mot-ansikte-kommunikation, genom event, kan öka engagemanget förcrowdfundingkampanjer. Detta då stöttare får möta personerna bakomcrowdfundingkampanjen samt får se resultatet av kampanjen de stöttat på riktigt, inte enbartvia Internet. I studiens anges hur skapare av crowdfundingkampanjer praktiskt kan tillämpadenna studies resultat för att öka engagemanget hos stöttare samt potentiella stöttare. / This qualitative study addresses Internet-based crowdfunding, which is a financing methodwhere a large number of people give small amounts of money to a project via a crowdfundingplatform on the Internet. The focus of the study is engagement: what creates engagement incrowdfunding and what can increase the engagement. The study also examines ifcommunication only via the Internet is enough to create great engagement. The purpose of thestudy is to contribute to the knowledge development in the research area of crowdfunding. Bydoing that, it will also increase the knowledge among creators of crowdfunding campaignsand enable them to increase the engagement among backers and potential backers in thedevelopment of their campaigns. The research questions that will help achieve the purpose ofthe study are: why do people engage in crowdfunding? How can the interaction betweenbacker and creator of campaigns improve? How can face-to-face communication, throughevents, increase engagement in crowdfunding campaigns? To address these questions andachieve the purpose seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who hadbacked crowdfunding campaigns. The result of the study shows that there are differentmotives to why people engage in crowdfunding campaigns. The motives that was mostrepresented by the respondents was in order to help a friend and wanting to realize a certainproject. Other motives that were represented by several respondents were to back campaignsbecause they had confidence and trust in the creators of the campaigns, to receive rewards fortheir engagement, be a part of the community and to back a campaign because they like theidea of crowdfunding. The result of the study also shows three improvement possibilities inthe interaction between creator of the campaigns and the backers: 1) more dynamic updates onthe crowdfunding platform with focus on other than the financial aspect, 2) more updates afterthe end of the campaign and 3) that creators of the campaigns could show their projects in alivestream. The result of the study also shows that face-to-face communication, throughevents, can increase the engagement in crowdfunding campaigns. This is because backers canmeet the persons behind the crowdfunding campaign and see the result of the campaign in reallife and not just via Internet. How creators of crowdfunding campaigns can use the result ofthis study is indicated in the study. The language of the study is Swedish.

China is engaged in the largest healthcare construction program in history, expecting to build more than 2,000 hospitals and a large number of healthcare facilities at all scale over the next few years. This once-in-a-lifetime construction boom provides a valuable opportunity to rethink Chinese hospital design, and especially to consider how to design modern hospitals that are effective and efficient in delivering care, and are responsive to the cultural needs of the Chinese people as well. This dissertation seeks to rigorously define these issues and develop metrics that link design to key healthcare processes. This study uses a range of concepts and analysis tools drawn from cross-culture organizational communications, evidence-based design, space syntax and other research traditions. This thesis develops and refines metrics for four main drivers of nursing unit design: space economy, staff efficiency, natural light and cultural preferences for communication. Communication among Chinese healthcare workers is strongly influenced by cultural preferences for patterns of authority and decision-making reflected in organizational culture and rooted in Confucian principles of hierarchical social structure (Dengji), social network (Guanxi) and face (Mianzi). While the dissertation builds on a longstanding tradition of research focusing on healthcare space economy and staff efficiency, new measures for cultural preferences are proposed and tested. Based on emerging theories of cross-cultural organizational communication by Hofstede and other scholars, and space syntax, this study particularly explores how cultural preferences for face-to-face communication are reflected in the design of Chinese nursing units. Based on the proposed metrics, the dissertation analyzes six pairs of Chinese and US nursing units, matched on layout type. While the Chinese nursing units appear Western, deeper quantitative analysis of their layouts reveals significant national differences in the application of unit typologies in China when compared to those in the U.S. It shows that Chinese hospital design is rooted in cultural preferences such as for positive energy (qi) based on Fengshui theory, and in Confucian principles of hierarchy, social networking and face.

Frågeställning: Hur arbetar CreActive för att främja det sociala kapitalet? Hur kan CreActive främja det sociala kapitalet i en kreativ miljö? Hur underlättas mötet mellan människor på CreActive? Finns det förbättringsmöjligheter för att ytterligare främja det sociala kapitalet på CreActive? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur CreActive skapar nytta för sin omgivning. Det kommer även att undersökas kring hur mötet uppstår mellan människor på CreActive som ska främja det sociala kapitalet. Metod: Studien genomfördes med den kvalitativa metoden, eftersom den fångar upp detaljer och information av intervjupersonernas tolkning av verkligheten, det vill säga deras uppfattning, tankar och känslor. Det medför en inblick kring hur CreActive arbetar med mötet mellan människor, för att främja det sociala kapitalet. Empirin består av intervjuer med studenter och anställda. Slutsats: Det framgår att studenter inte känner till CreActive i den utsträckning som CreActive vill. Det finns ett glapp mellan studenter och företagare som uppehåller sig på CreActive. Det syns att platsen CreActive inte utnyttjas på det sätt som det är tänkt. Brist på rätt utrustning, marknadsföring, studieutrymme samt aktiviteter medför att mötet över gränserna mellan studenter och företag saknas. Det leder till att socialt kapital uteblir. Vi har sett att det finns möjligheter till förbättring och det vi har kommit fram till är sex stycken bidrag som består av nya aktiviteter, annan marknadsföring och utveckling av befintliga idéer. / Research questions: How do CreActive work to improve the social capital? How does CreActive work to improve the social capital in a creative environment? How is the (face-to-face) meeting between people made easier by CreActive? Are there any possibilities for further improving the social capital at CreActive? Purpose: The study’s purpose is to describe how CreActive creates advantages for its environment. The study will also examine how (face-to-face) meeting occur between people in CreActive to promote the social capital. Method: The study was executed with the qualitative method, because it captures the details and information of the interviewee’s interpretation of the reality, namely their perception, thoughts and the feelings. It results in an insight on how CreActive work with the (face-to-face) meetings between people, to promote the social capital. The empirical data is consisting of interviews with students and employees.          Conclusion: In the study it appears that the students don’t know about CreActive in the extents they want. There is a gap between students and business people who visit CreActive. It appears that CreActive is not used in the extent that it was intended. The lack of proper equipment, marketing, place of study and activities contributes to (face-to face) meeting between students and business people are missing. These things lead to the failing of social capital. There are opportunities for improvement and what was developed were six contributions which consists of new activities, marketing and development of existing ideas.

1 Theoretische Vorüberlegungen Im face-to-face (ftf) Kontext spielt das nonverbale Verhalten eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Wahrnehmung von Personen und der Interpretation des Gesagten [1,2]. Der Gesichtsausdruck [3], im Besonderen das Lächeln,nimmt in der interpersonalen Kommunikation eine essentielle Bedeutungein. So werden lächelnde Menschen in der Regel positiver, z.B.als glücklicher, höflicher und unbekümmerter, kompetenter und aufrichtiger beurteilt [4], allerdings auch als unterwürfiger [5,6]. Hinsichtlich der Bewertung von Männern und Frauen gibt es zudem stereotypbasierte Erwartungen an das Lächeln, die zu unterschiedlichen Bewertungen von Männern und Frauen bei gleichem Verhalten führen und in der Regel eine negative Bewertung von nicht lächelnden Frauen hervorrufen[7]. In der computervermittelten Kommunikation haben sich Smilies (Grafiken: J) und Emoticons (Zeichenketten wie :-)) mittlerweile als nonverbale, digitale Substitute für das Lächelnverbreitet, so dass auch im Netz sozusagen gelächelt werden kann. Verschiedene Studien untersuchten bisher die Wirkung von Smilies und Emoticons auf die Interpretation von Nachrichten und die Wahrnehmung des Smilienutzers. So kann zum Beispiel die Verwendung eines solchen Cues Zweideutigkeit reduzieren oder erzeugen, die Bedeutung einer Nachricht verstärken [8,9] oder aber die Stimmung des Lesers [10] und dessen Wahrnehmung vom Schreiber einer Nachricht [11] beeinflussen.

This dissertation studies the impact of the mode of data collection on the quality of answers to survey questions, defined as the product of reliability and validity. Using data from the Netherlands about different topics (media, social and political trust, satisfaction, political orientation, left-right self-placement, attitudes toward immigration), it shows that the quality is similar in a computed assisted face-to-face survey using show cards (the European Social Survey, ESS) and a web survey based on a probability sample (the LISS panel). This is true both at the level of single items and composite scores. It suggests that standardised relationships across variables can be compared across these two modes. On the contrary, telephone interviews lead to some differences in quality. For complex concepts, measurement equivalence also holds, meaning that means and unstandardised relationships can be compared across the faceto- face and web surveys mentioned previously. / Esta tesis estudia el impacto que el método de recolección de datos en encuestas tiene sobre la calidad de las respuestas, definida como el producto de la fiabilidad y la validez. Utilizando datos de Holanda sobre temas diversos (utilización de los medios de comunicación, confianza social y política, satisfacción, orientaciones políticas, autoubicación en la escala izquierda-derecha, actitudes hacia la inmigración), se muestra que la calidad es similar en una encuesta cara-a-cara asistida con ordenador y utilizando tarjetas (la Encuesta Social Europea) y una encuesta online basada en una muestra probabilística (el panel LISS). Esto se cumple tanto para los indicadores simples, como para indicadores complejos. Los resultados sugieren que las relaciones estandardizadas entre variables son comparables entre los dos métodos de recolección. Al contrario, las entrevistas telefónicas producen diferencias de calidad. Para conceptos complejos, la equivalencia de las mediciones también está garantizada: las medias y las relaciones no estandarizadas son comparables en las entrevistas cara-a-cara y online.

Graphic Design is one part of the producer services sector of the modern metropolitan region. It is a sector that has experienced considerable development in terms of number of firms through demand created by the expansion of advertising and multi media. To date research has established that producer services, particularly finance related ones, agglomerate in the central city to take advantage of the agglomeration economies available in large metropolitan areas. This thesis argues that one of the key factors for the agglomeration of graphic design is the need for face-to-face communication with clients and other firms. There has been some work undertaken looking at the location of non-finance producer services, such as design, although these have been presented as snapshots at a point in time.This thesis extends this understanding through an analysis of agglomerations of graphic design firms over a twenty year time horizon. Using details of firm location in Melbourne every five years from 1981 to 2001 the thesis uses a geospatial analytical technique to identify agglomerations and explores the change in the size, location and density of agglomerations of firms. This research shows that the initial agglomeration of 1981 was still present by 2001 and had been joined by a number of new agglomerations ringing the Melbourne CBD while at the same time there has also been a dispersal of firms to the middle suburbs. In order to provide some insight in to the agglomeration of graphic design firms this research also examines the geography of two industries allied to graphic design: advertising and printing. This research shows that graphic designers and advertising agencies tend to locate in similar parts of inner Melbourne which may be due to the need for face-to-face contact between fims in these two industries. (For complete abstract open document)

Au croisement de la sociologie de l’action et de l’anthropologie de la communication et du langage, la thèse entend vérifier l’hypothèse de la co-construction d’un outillage collectif de la fabrique de la ville. Elle s’appuie sur une ethnographie de quatre processus participatifs sur des projets urbains franciliens de différentes natures : projet de rénovation et éco projet. La première partie montre comment se dessine un cadre d’action dans lequel la fabrique de la ville devient un projet participatif qui met les acteurs en situation d’enquête collective. Le face à face devient un double espace de projétation - projection des transformations urbaines - et de fabrique des modalités et ressources participatives. Saisir ce double espace nécessite une approche socio-anthropologique.La seconde partie s’intéresse aux contraintes avec lesquelles les participants doivent conjuguer : elle insiste sur les différents cadrages qui contribuent très fortement à la définition d’une offre participative (mises en place dans le cadre de commande public ou encore d’une recherche-action). Les contraintes se situent dans les trois niveaux de l’activité participative (interactionnelle, organisationnelle et politique), ce qui rend l’exercice collectif très complexe. Dans une perspective pragmatiste, la troisième partie s’attache à regarder comment la participation remodèle les ressources de l’échange en face à face et comment elle construit des façons de (faire) participer. Elle insiste sur les obstacles et les leviers d’un outillage collectif. L’étude ethnographique dégage un contraste dans les possibles redéfinitions de la situation qui sont laissées aux acteurs. / Situated between sociology of action and anthropology of communication and language, the thesis intends to verify the hypothesis of a collective tooling for building the city. It is based on the ethnography of four participatory processes in different urban projects situated in the Paris metropolitan area, ranging from the eco-project to the urban renewal project. The first part of the thesis retraces the history of the emergence of the participation, mainly from the point of view of the understanding and the recognition of the city and its inhabitants. It shows how a framework for action when building the city becomes a participative process of collective investigation. The face-to-face becomes a double space of “projétation”. Understanding this needs to develop a socio-anthropological approach.The second part analyses the constraints that the inhabitants have to deal with: it insists on the various framings that contribute very strongly to the definition of the participative offer (organized within the framework of a public order or a research action). These constrains are situated (and can be read) at the same three participative activity levels (interactional, organizational and political), with further complexity for the collective process. Using a pragmatist analytical frame, the third part attempts to describe how the participation process remodels the resources of the face-to-face exchange, and how it builds ways to devise/engage in the participation process. It insists on the obstacles and the levers of a collective tooling of the process. The ethnographical study allowed to identify different possible redefinitions of the situation available to the actors.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-16T19:00:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T19:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / This study addresses face-to-face communications in organizations according to different theoretical approaches. It considers the perspective of simultaneous occurrence of different forms of communication, since enterprises use different channels to interact with its various publics of interest. It takes into account the mediatization phenomenon, which restructures the way in which people relate with each other in contemporary society. The general aim of the research is to systematize roles that are potentially played in face-to-face interaction and to determine some of the circumstances that apply to its practice in organizations. Since this is a theoretical dissertation, bibliographical survey stands out as one of its main methodological procedures; analyses of empirical cases and a case study developed at Embrapa Pantanal constitute illustrative instances. The conclusion is that face-to-face communication occurs in enterprises simultaneously and combined with other communication channels, however, allowing practical and philosophical results as of yet scarcely explored. Only seldom is in person contact used strategically as a mechanism for establishing relationships, finding out the reaction of others and adjusting communications accordingly, linking corporate discourse to practice and evaluating the context within which interactions take place, which can be decisive for corporate communication. / Este estudo trata da comunicação face a face nas organizações sob diferentes abordagens teóricas. Considera a perspectiva da simultaneidade dos meios, já que as empresas utilizam diversos canais para dialogar com seus públicos de interesse. Leva em conta o fenômeno da midiatização, que reestrutura o modo como as pessoas se relacionam na sociedade contemporânea. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é sistematizar papeis potencialmente exercidos pela interação face a face e conhecer algumas circunstâncias que envolvem sua prática nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tese teórica, a pesquisa bibliográfica se apresenta como um dos principais procedimentos metodológicos; análises de casos empíricos e um estudo de caso desenvolvido na Embrapa Pantanal constituem situações ilustrativas. Conclui-se que a comunicação face a face nas empresas ocorre de forma simultânea e combinada a outros canais de comunicação, porém, ela proporciona resultados práticos e filosóficos ainda pouco explorados. É rara a utilização estratégica de contatos presenciais como mecanismo para estabelecer relacionamentos, conhecer as reações alheias e ajustar a comunicação, aliar o discurso corporativo às práticas empresariais e avaliar o contexto onde se desenvolvem as interações, o que pode ser decisivo para a comunicação organizacional.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-19T00:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T00:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This study addresses face-to-face communications in organizations according to different theoretical approaches. It considers the perspective of simultaneous occurrence of different forms of communication, since enterprises use different channels to interact with its various publics of interest. It takes into account the mediatization phenomenon, which restructures the way in which people relate with each other in contemporary society. The general aim of the research is to systematize roles that are potentially played in face-to-face interaction and to determine some of the circumstances that apply to its practice in organizations. Since this is a theoretical dissertation, bibliographical survey stands out as one of its main methodological procedures; analyses of empirical cases and a case study developed at Embrapa Pantanal constitute illustrative instances. The conclusion is that face-to-face communication occurs in enterprises simultaneously and combined with other communication channels, however, allowing practical and philosophical results as of yet scarcely explored. Only seldom is in person contact used strategically as a mechanism for establishing relationships, finding out the reaction of others and adjusting communications accordingly, linking corporate discourse to practice and evaluating the context within which interactions take place, which can be decisive for corporate communication. / Este estudo trata da comunicação face a face nas organizações sob diferentes abordagens teóricas. Considera a perspectiva da simultaneidade dos meios, já que as empresas utilizam diversos canais para dialogar com seus públicos de interesse. Leva em conta o fenômeno da midiatização, que reestrutura o modo como as pessoas se relacionam na sociedade contemporânea. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é sistematizar papeis potencialmente exercidos pela interação face a face e conhecer algumas circunstâncias que envolvem sua prática nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tese teórica, a pesquisa bibliográfica se apresenta como um dos principais procedimentos metodológicos; análises de casos empíricos e um estudo de caso desenvolvido na Embrapa Pantanal constituem situações ilustrativas. Conclui-se que a comunicação face a face nas empresas ocorre de forma simultânea e combinada a outros canais de comunicação, porém, ela proporciona resultados práticos e filosóficos ainda pouco explorados. É rara a utilização estratégica de contatos presenciais como mecanismo para estabelecer relacionamentos, conhecer as reações alheias e ajustar a comunicação, aliar o discurso corporativo às práticas empresariais e avaliar o contexto onde se desenvolvem as interações, o que pode ser decisivo para a comunicação organizacional.