Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur barnkonventionens artikel 12, barns rätt att komma till tals tillämpas i familjebehandling genom att göra en pilotstudie. Familjebehandlare inom kommunens öppenvård fick svara på hur de gjorde barn delaktiga, på vilket sätt barn kom till tals och ifall det fanns tillfällen när barn inte skulle delta i familjebehandlingen. För att få svar på dessa frågor gjordes en semistrukturerad telefonintervju. Den valda teorin var systemteori.  Studien innefattade även familjebehandling, barnkonventionen och BBIC. Resultatet visade att familjebehandlarna använde olika arbetsmetoder för att få barn att komma till tals. Det fanns en stor flexibilitet kring metoderna att göra barn delaktiga och kring att skapa möjlighet för att få barn att prata. Det fanns tillfällen då barn inte skulle delta i familjebehandlingen till exempel när föräldrarna hade egna svårigheter och när det är fanns övervägande vuxenproblem. / The purpose of the study was to investigate if the article 12 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child to be heard is applied in family treatment by making a pilot study. Family practitioners within the municipal outpatients care had to answer how they did involve the children, the manner in which children were heard and if there were times when children should not be participate in family treatment. To get answers to these questions a semi-structured survey was made. The selected theory was systems theory.  The study also included the Convention of the Rights of the Child, family treatment and BBIC. The results showed that family practitioners used various methods to get children to be heard. There was a lot of flexibility around these practices making children involved and creating the opportunity to get children to talk. There were times when children should not participate in family therapy for example when parents had their own difficulties and when it was a predominantly adult problem.

Att arbeta som familjebehandlare inom individ- och familjeomsorgen innebär att dagligen möta familjer som bär sin unika historia, sitt kulturella ursprung och livserfarenheter. När familjebehandlare och familj inte talar samma språk kompliceras mötet och utmaningar kan uppstå. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka familjebehandlarnas upplevelse av mötet med familjer av utländsk bakgrund samt vilka utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer de upplever i mötet. Kvalitativa intervjuer med sju familjebehandlare genomfördes. Materialet transkriberades, kodades och analyserades med tematisk analys. Det socialkonstruktivistiska perspektivet användes då vi ville undersöka ett socialt samspel. Stämplingsteorin användes i analysen, för att förstå komplexiteten samt risker i mötet med familjerna. Centrala begrepp samt tidigare forskning har använts i analysen. Av resultat och analys framkommer det att familjebehandlarna upplever svårigheter med kommunikationen, även då en tolk deltar. Alliansskapandet är det viktigaste och svårt att skapa enligt resultatet. Familjebehandlarna uppger att förändringsarbetet med familjerna allt för sällan ger ett önskvärt resultat. / Working as a family therapist in individual and family-care involves meeting different families, with their own history, culture, and life experiences. The interaction between family-therapist and treatment-family can be complicated if they don´t speak the same language. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the family therapists' experience of challenges and possibilities that occur in the interaction with the families. Qualitative interviews with seven family therapists’ were conducted and the material was transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. The social constructivist perspective was used because we wanted to investigate a situation of social interaction. The labelling theory was used in the analysis to understand which factors affect the interaction with the families. Previous research has been used in the analysis. Results show that family therapists experience difficulties in the communication process, even if an interpreter participates. Alliance is important but difficult to create according to the result, so is a positive treatment result.

研究者採用質性訪談方法，以高風險家庭處遇方案為場域，邀請執行該方案之督導員及社工員各六位為研究對象，運用宋麗玉與施教裕(2010)所擬定之「社會工作處遇的服務項目和結果指標：概念架構及操作定義」為成效指標之參考，進行個別訪談與資料收集。本研究主要探討高風險家庭處遇服務的社工督導模式，以及在不同督導模式下，社工員在「兒少成長發展」、「成人主要照顧者的改善發展」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇」、「案家週邊社會支持體系」四大工作成效層面之情形。研究結果發現六種督導模式，分別為：「優勢觀點取向督導模式」、「生態系統取向督導模式」、「焦點解決取向督導模式」、「詮釋學取向督導模式」、「工具性督導模式」，以及「表達性督導模式」。於工作成效上，經社工員處遇後，在「兒少的成長發展層面」上，不論是一般兒少或是特殊兒少，經相關社會資源輸入後，如飲食、衛生、醫療、教育等系統，已使兒少漸漸步入正常的發展階段，發揮兒少自身之潛能，轉變成身、心、靈皆較為圓滿之狀態；在「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」上，原先家中之主要照顧者，因自身疾病因素或自我功能不足之情形，經社工的協助與鼓勵，多可獲得進一步的醫療處置以及良好的社會支持系統，發揮既有之社會功能，減緩低落的心理狀態，並以兒少之最佳利益為優先考量，以照顧兒少為其目標，提升本有之照顧功能；在「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」上，顯而易見的即是主要照顧者與兒少之間，多可站在雙方之立場，彼此接納與尊重，共同為家庭目標努力，各自扮演好應盡之角色義務，維持家庭之順利運行，使整體家庭功能有所提昇；在「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上，經社工員引入正式與非正式資源後，案家危機狀況多可獲得即時性的改善，使家庭狀態趨於穩定，更重要的是案家在此過程擁有能力，當家庭需求無法滿足時，案家主動找尋社會資源以自我協助，預防家庭危機之再次出現。此外，經不同督導模式下的社工員，其工作成效亦可見其特殊性，如優勢觀點取向督導模式，使社工員在工作成效指標的四大面向，呈現多元的面貌，尤其在「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」，以及「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上有突出的表現；生態系統取向督導模式，則在「兒少的成長發展層面」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」，以及「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上擁有明顯表現；焦點解決取向督導模式，其在「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」上多有助益；詮釋學取向督導模式，主要展現於「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」。最後，研究者建議在政策規劃上，政府可強化社會工作督導員職能培訓與效能提升，並將該成效指標納入政策內容與高風險家庭個案管理系統；在實務工作上，建議督導員善用社會工作理論於督導過程，並建構出屬於自身的督導模式來模塑社工員的工作表現，以及實際運用該成效指標於處遇工作中。 / The researcher, applying the qualitative interview research in the field of the high-risk family service project, interviewing with six supervisors and six social workers in the project by applying the “complete conceptual framework and operational definition of service classification and outcome indicators” proposed by Song & Shih (2010) to gather data. Our research explored the social work supervision models for the services of high-risk family treatment and social workers’ outcomes in the areas of “child development”, “care takers’ improvement”, “family function empowerment” and “informal social support network”.According to our findings, six supervision models, “strengths perspective-approached supervision model”, “ecological systems-approached supervision model”, “solution-focused approached supervision model” , “hermeneutics-approached supervision model”, “instrumental supervision model” and “expressive supervision model”, all displayed work effectiveness as the treatments by social workers. In the area of “child development”,they inputted social resources such as diet, health, medical and education systems, to enable both normal and special children to begin to move into normal development stage for exhibiting their own potential and transforming into more successful physical, mental and spiritual state. In the “area of care takers’ improvement”, most of the main care takers of families, who had previously suffered from their own diseases or insufficient self-functions, were given better medical treatments and good social support system through the assistance and encouragement from the social workers, with their depressed mental state alleviated, and their inherent function of care taking giving priority to the consideration of best interests of children and setting the goal at care of children.In the “area of family function empowerment”, obviously both the main care takers and the children became more able to be take the stand points of each other to accept and respect each other to work hard jointly for the family’s aim, which each playing its own part well to sustain the smooth operation of the family and enhance the family function as a whole. In the “area of constructing of informal social support network”, most of the families of the case had their crises improved promptly after the social workers introduced formal and informal sources. Stabilizing the family status, and, more importantly, once these families possessed such capability during the treatment process, they would take initiatives in seeking social resources to self-help when their needs cannot be met, for preventing the family crises from re-occurring.In addition, social workers under different supervision models also showed their uniqueness in work effectiveness. For example, the strengths perspective-approached supervision model enabled social workers to exhibit diversely in the four areas of work effectiveness indicators, particularly the “area of care takers’ improvement”, the “area of family function empowerment” and the “area of constructing informal social support network”, where outstanding performances were seen. With the ecological systems-approached supervision model, notable performances were seen in the “area of child development”, the “area of family function empowerment” and the “area of constructing informal social support network”. The solution-focused approached supervision model helped greatly in the “area of family function empowerment”. The hermeneutics-approached supervision model stood out in the “area of care takers’ improvement”. At last, the researchers recommend that the governments, in formulating their policies, can strengthen the capacity training and efficacy increase for social work supervisors and take the outcome indicators as part of the policy contents and case management systems of high-risk families. Regarding the practice, we recommend that supervisors make good use of the theories of social work in their supervisory processes and construct supervision models that are for themselves to shape the performance of social workers and to apply the outcome indicators in the work of treatment.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-08-04T12:28:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Silvânia Lucas dos Santos.pdf: 42906938 bytes, checksum: 3a1f3a2d4994bd132f28a6d7ff2f02c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-08-29T15:43:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Silvânia Lucas dos Santos.pdf: 42906938 bytes, checksum: 3a1f3a2d4994bd132f28a6d7ff2f02c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T15:43:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Silvânia Lucas dos Santos.pdf: 42906938 bytes, checksum: 3a1f3a2d4994bd132f28a6d7ff2f02c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this research a modified design of anaerobic UASB type reactors is proposed for sewage treatment at a single-family scale, with differentiated geometry. The robustness of these systems was investigated, when subjected to hydraulic loads similar to those usual in residences and the influence of temperature on anaerobic digestion. The experimental system consisted of 6 reactors UASB all with a useful volume of 240 L but having differentiated geometry: three had a diameter of 0.3 m in the digestion zone and three 0.4 m. Parallel to these systems a modified reactor with a lateral decanter (UASB-Y) and a conventional UASB reactor, also with 240 L, were operated. To assess the influence of temperature on anaerobic digestion, 4 UASB-Y reactors were used each with a volume of 25 L. The effect of temperature on the efficiency of the treatment was investigated for temperatures ranging from 25 to 12 ° C. The obtained results showed that, for the imposed operating conditions (mean hydraulic retention time of 12 and 6 hours), all the modified reactors presented COD removal efficiencies of more than 65%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that there was no significant difference in the removal efficiency for the different tested reactors, so that other criteria such as installation cost, operation and reactor height should be considered in the choice of treatment unit, according to the characteristics of the soil where they will be installed. The variations in flow peaks indicated that the modified reactors are robust and support a peak flow equivalent to 40% of the their treatment capacity, without great damage to the treatment system. The results showed that the efficiency of the treatment decreases with the temperature, mainly due to the inefficiency of the hydrolysis, when the reactors were temperatures below 25°C. In this way, it was concluded that the proposed UASB reactors, can effectively treat sewage from a family, in a unit of 240 L, reaching greater efficiency than reported for septic tanks systems, having good operational stability and recovery capacity, after application of hydraulic shocks similar to those produced in residences. / Nesta pesquisa é proposto um projeto modificado de reatores anaeróbios tipo UASB para o tratamento de esgoto em escala unifamiliar, concebido com geometria diferenciada. Foi investigada a robustez desses sistemas quando submetidos a variações de cargas hidráulicas similares às provocadas nas residências, além da influência da temperatura sobre a digestão anaeróbia. O sistema experimental constou de 6 reatores UASB todos com volume útil de 240 L tendo geometria diferenciada: três tinham diâmetro de 0,3 m na zona de digestão e três 0,4 m. Paralelamente aos sistemas modificados um reator com decantador lateral (UASB-Y) e um reator UASB convencional, também com 240 L, foram operados. Para avaliar a influência da temperatura sobre a digestão anaeróbia foram utilizados 4 reatores UASB-Y com volume de 25 L cada. O efeito da temperatura sobre a eficiência do tratamento anaeróbio foi investigado para temperaturas variando de 25 a 12°C. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, para as condições operacionais impostas (TDH médio de 12 e 6 horas), todos os reatores modificados apresentaram eficiências na remoção de DQO decantada superior a 65%. A análise de variância (ANOVA) confirmou que não houve diferença significativa na eficiência de remoção para os diferentes reatores testados, de modo que outros critérios como custo de instalação, operação e altura do reator devem ser considerados na escolha da unidade de tratamento, de acordo com as características do local onde serão instalados. As variações de picos de vazão indicaram que os reatores modificados são robustos e suportam uma vazão de pico equivalente a 40% da sua capacidade de tratamento, sem grandes prejuízos ao sistema de tratamento. Os resultados mostraram que a eficiência do tratamento diminui com a diminuição da temperatura, provavelmente devido à ineficiência da hidrólise, quando os reatores foram operados com temperaturas inferiores a 25°C. Dessa forma, foi concluído, que os reatores UASB propostos, podem tratar de forma eficiente o esgoto de uma família, em uma unidade de 240 L, atingindo eficiência maior que a relatada para os tanques sépticos, tendo boa estabilidade operacional e capacidade de recuperação, após a aplicação de choques hidráulicos semelhantes aos produzidos nas residências.

Ett syfte med denna uppsats var att undersöka om det går att validera det för svenska förhållanden nya skattningsinstrumentet Score-15 (Stratton, P., Bland, J., Janes, E & Lask, J. 2010) i förhållande till skattningsinstrumentet Familjeklimat (Hansson, 1989). Ytterligare syften med uppsatsen var att söka svar på frågorna om det är möjligt att med Score-15 urskilja gruppen familjer som söker familjebehandling från en normalgrupp (Erneroth Hånell & Karhatsu, 2016), samt om det går att mäta förändring av familjefunktionen hos familjer genom skattningar före- och efter familjebehandlingen? Studien är kvantitativ utifrån ett material bestående av totalt 34 familjer som själva sökt familjebehandling hos en av två familjeenheter i Uppland. Familjemedlemmarna har var för sig fyllt i skattningsformulären Score-15 och Familjeklimat vid två tillfällen: innan familjebehandlingen inletts och efter avslutad behandling eller efter tre månader. Resultaten av studien visar att Score-15 och Familjeklimat är valida skattningsinstrument. Det är möjligt att med hjälp av Score-15 skilja ut de familjer som sökt familjebehandling från en normalgrupp samt att Score-15 även kan mäta en förändrad familjefunktion / This thesis has three aims. Firstly, to examine whether the assessment instrument Score-15 (Stratton, Bland, Janes, & Lask, 2010), hitherto unfamiliar in Sweden, can be validated in comparison with the Swedish assessment instrument Familjeklimat (Hansson, 1989). Secondly, to ascertain whether Score-15 can be used in order to distinguish families who seek family treatment from a normal group (Erneroth Hånell & Karhatsu, 2016). Thirdly, we have examined whether it is possible to measure changes in the ways families function by performing assessments with Score-15 before and after family treatment. We have performed a quantitative study based on material acquired through our work with 34 families who applied on their own initiative to two family treatment units in Uppland county, Sweden. Each family member completed the assessment questionnaires in Score-15 and Familjeklimat twice – once before initiation of family treatment, and once either after the completed course of treatment, or three months after treatment started. Our results demonstrate that both Score-15 and Familjeklimat are valid assessment instruments. We have also been able to show that Score-15 can be used to distinguish between families who seek treatment from a normal group, and that Score-15 is capable of measuring changes in family functioning.

Fysiskt våld mot barn är ett fenomen som trots lagstiftning fortsätter att öka. Den här kvalitativa studien syftar till att undersöka familjebehandlarens erfarenheter och svårigheter som kan uppstå i arbetet med familjer där barn blivit utsatta för fysiskt våld av sina föräldrar. I undersökningen har fem familjebehandlare från tre kommuner med olika bakgrund och arbetsliverfarenheter intervjuats. Forskningsresultaten och genomförd analys redovisas i tematisk struktur. Resultatet påvisar liknande erfarenheter i behandlingsarbetet samt de svårigheter som kan uppstå då arbetet med våldsutsatta barn ofta är av delikat och komplex karaktär. Ett flertal svårigheter som identifierats är kopplade till föräldrarnas bakgrund. Studien visar att familjebehandling ger goda resultat men då ärenden avslutas i samband med behandlingens slutförande är det svårt att säkerställa dess verkan över tid.

Syftet med den här kvalitativa studien har varit att undersöka hur socialsekreterare upplevermöjligheten till familjebehandling i familjer där hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck (HRV)förekommer. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med yrkesverksammasocialsekreterare eller socionomer, som under de fem senaste åren arbetat somsocialsekreterare. Studiens teoretiska ram bestod av begreppen orientalism, essentialism,konstruktivism och ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att socialsekreterarnaupplever möjligheten till familjebehandling, i dessa kontexter, som begränsad.Intervjupersonerna beskriver arbetet som komplext där ett förändringsarbete sällan är möjligt,då hedersnormer och kultur beskrivs vara djupt rotade och svåra att förändra.Familjebehandling beskrivs även som en kompletterande insats till mer omfattande insatsersåsom placering utanför hemmet, och anses därför i de flesta fall inte fungera som en isoleradinsats. Utifrån intervjupersonernas beskrivningar kan det tolkas som att synen består av attdet ofta handlar om grovt våld och förtryck, vilket motiverar omfattande och ingripandeåtgärder. En annan faktor till den begränsade möjligheten att bevilja familjebehandling kanutifrån intervjuerna, förstås vara en brist på kunskap och insatser riktade mot dessa familjer.För att motverka HRV kan det utifrån intervjupersonernas utsagor, förstås viktigt att arbetamed förebyggande insatser för att bryta den isolering många familjer upplever. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how social workers perceive thepossibility of family treatment in families experiencing honor-based violence and oppression(HBV). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers, or social workerswho have worked in the field within the past five years. The theoretical framework of thestudy included orientalism, essentialism, constructivism and an intersectional perspective.The results show that social workers perceive the possibility of family treatment in thesecontexts as limited. The interviewees describe the work as complex, where bringing aboutchange is rarely possible as honor-norms and culture are described as deeply rooted anddifficult to alter. Family treatment is also understood as a complementary intervention tomore comprehensive measures such as out-of-home placement and is therefore generally notconsidered effective as a standalone intervention. Based on the interviewees’ descriptions,there is often a motivation to implement more comprehensive and interventionist measuresdue to the severity of the violence and oppression. Another factor contributing to the limitedpossibility of approving family therapy, could be a lack of knowledge and targetedinterventions for these families. To counter HBV, it is important to work on preventivemeasures to break the isolation experienced by families.

No description available.