Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / Over the past fifteen years, the South African government has extended various land, labour and social rights to farm workers, ranging from provisions of basic labour rights in 1993 to the minimum wage in 2003. Literature suggests that social relations on commercial farms do not remain static in the context of policy changes. This thesis sets out to understand the ways in which social relations have or have not changed, on one commercial farm in Limpopo province, South Africa, and to establish factors that impede or promote such change as well as the consequences for farm workers’ daily lives. Drawing from the interpretive and critical social science philosophical perspectives, the thesis adopts a qualitative research methodology that takes into consideration the experiences and perceptions of farm workers, farm managers, the farm owner and key informants from government institutions and civil society. At a theoretical level the study is informed by four paradigms namely: the materialist perspective; the total institution thesis; paternalism; and structuration theory. It considers three overlapping conceptual models of understanding relations between farm owners and farm workers namely the welfarist, workerist and transformative models. The paper argues that, in the past decade, the extension of farm labour and tenure laws to the farm sector has eroded the welfarist relations between the farm owner and farm workers. There is now a rise in workerist relations in a context of unequal power relations tilted in favour of the farm employer. The thesis concludes that in order to adequately understand land, labour and social relations, one has to consider the politics of land ownership as well as the politics of agricultural capitalist employment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROLINA ARANTES NEUBER LIMA.pdf: 820640 bytes, checksum: 1e0d297af38fb0293a787d61e7e8c746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / This study is meant to examine the model of social security system of Brazilians rural workers, correlating it with existing models in the legal system of other sovereign States, classifying it and promoting an analysis of its economic-financial and actuarial viability in light of historical, legal and socioeconomic national context. By recognizing the social security as a social right founded on the principle of solidarity and the social welfare for rural workers as a fundamental right, constitutionally fixed in the Brazilian law, the research presents the categories of rural workers currently appointed in the national legal system, introducing the pension benefits available to each one of them. Finally, it aims to verify the contribution of the pension system of the Brazilian rural workers to the actuarial and financial balance or unbalance of the social security system, indicating the possible future implications. Despite the use of historical and socioeconomic information, justified by the interdisciplinarity of this master degree program, the work tried to highlight the legal aspect and its evolution. The search result is therefore intended to demonstrate the importance of the path covered by Brazilian legislation and the future challenges relating to the social security model for rural workers. / O presente trabalho tem por intuito examinar o modelo de previdência social do trabalhador rural brasileiro, correlacionando-o com modelos existentes no ordenamento jurídico de outros Estados soberanos, classificando-o e promovendo uma análise sobre sua viabilidade econômico-financeira e atuarial em face do contexto histórico, jurídico e socioeconômico nacional. Através do reconhecimento da seguridade social como direito social lastreado no princípio da solidariedade e da previdência social do trabalhador rural como direito fundamental constitucionalmente previsto na legislação brasileira, apresenta-se as categorias de trabalhadores rurais atualmente previstas no sistema normativo pátrio e os benefícios a elas acessíveis. Busca-se, por fim, verificar a contribuição do regime previdenciário do trabalhador rural brasileiro para o equilíbrio ou desequilíbrio atuarial e financeiro do sistema de seguridade social, indicando as possíveis implicações futuras. Em que pese a utilização de dados históricos e socioeconômicos, justificados pela interdisciplinaridade do programa de mestrado em Direito, Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento da PUC-GO, procurou-se destacar o aspecto jurídico e sua evolução. O resultado da pesquisa pretende, assim, demonstrar a importância do caminho trilhado pela legislação brasileira e os desafios futuros em relação à previdência social do trabalhador rural.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IlenaFB_DISSERT.pdf: 1622910 bytes, checksum: cf7c1572ab1d018e869c09ff0690d377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The following dissertation studies the insertion of peasant women in the conflict for land since the occupation process, dispossession and construction of the settlement New Horizon II, in the municipal district of Maxaranguape. It analyses their participation in the conflict Valley of the Hope", that resulted in the settlements New Life II and New Horizon II in the municipal district of Maxaranguape. The analysis exposes the reasons which took the peasant women, after the land conquest, to go back into domestic space and/or to assume positions of lesser relevance in the political organizations of the settlement. In the conflict Valley of the Hope, the women had a fundamental role, facing the police violence, being front line of the conflicts against the repression forces, risking their lives and the life of their families. After the conquest of the land, transformed into the New Horizon II Settlement, there are a lot of changes in the participation of the women. We can observe that, despite the protagonism of the families, in special of the women in the Valley of the Hope conflict, these female workers still experiment unequal social, economic, political and cultural conditions in relation to the men, expressing the gender inequalities which are found in the daily life of the settlement: in the community, in the domestic and agricultural task. The conflict for the land in the Valley of the Hope and the conquest of the settlement did not necessarily mean the incorporation of the emancipation of the peasant women. However, the political participation in the development of the conflicts allowed to the women the self discovering and the beginning of an emancipation process as gender. There are signals of continuities and ruptures of the present culture, almost always stimulated by the organization of the agricultural female workers / A presente Disserta??o estuda a inser??o das mulheres trabalhadoras rurais na luta pela terra desde o processo de ocupa??o, desapropria??o e constru??o do Assentamento Novo Horizonte II, no munic?pio de Maxaranguape. Analisa sua participa??o no Conflito Vale da Esperan?a , que resultou nos Assentamentos Nova Vida II e Novo Horizonte II, no munic?pio de Maxaranguape/RN. A an?lise incide sobre o desvelamento dos determinantes que levaram as mulheres trabalhadoras rurais, ap?s a conquista da terra, voltarem-se para o espa?o dom?stico e/ou assumirem cargos de menor relev?ncia nas organiza??es pol?ticas do assentamento. No conflito Vale da Esperan?a, as mulheres tiveram um papel fundamental, enfrentando a viol?ncia policial, sendo linha de frente dos conflitos com as for?as de repress?o, expondo suas vidas e a de suas fam?lias. Ap?s a conquista da terra, transformada no Assentamento Novo Horizonte II, h? mudan?as na participa??o das mulheres. Observou-se que apesar do protagonismo das fam?lias, em especial das mulheres no conflito Vale da Esperan?a, essas trabalhadoras ainda vivenciam condi??es sociais, econ?micas, pol?ticas e culturais desiguais em rela??o aos homens, expressando as desigualdades de g?nero presentes no cotidiano do assentamento: na associa??o, no trabalho dom?stico e agr?cola. A luta pela terra no Vale da Esperan?a e a conquista do assentamento n?o significou necessariamente a incorpora??o da emancipa??o das mulheres trabalhadoras rurais. Contudo, a participa??o pol?tica no desenvolvimento das lutas propicia as mulheres se descobrirem e iniciarem um processo de liberta??o enquanto g?nero. H? sinais de continuidades e rupturas da cultura vigente, quase sempre impulsionada pela organiza??o das mulheres trabalhadoras rurais

Thesis (MDev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this study was to assess the socio-economic effects of farm evictions in Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Province. Most of the land owners do not adhere to the legislations which govern evictions in general and to the Extension of Security of Tenure Act which governs farm eviction on specific. The key objectives of the study were to identify the socio-economic effects of farm evictions and to analyse how the affected communities responded to the phenomenon of evictions. The key questions were what are the socio-economic effects do eviction have on farm dwellers and how have the affected communities responded to the phenomenon of eviction. The literature revealed that evictions around the world started decades ago and to date are still happening. In Zimbabwe, evictions were initiated by white farmers as a way of redressing the imbalance of the land ownership; in China evictions are mainly caused by rapid population growth and expansion of cities, in Namibia, Germans expropriated land and forcefully removed original owners of such land. Since independence, Namibia has no legislation governing evictions and this pose a thread of tenure insecurity. Although South Africa has legislations which govern the evictions, evictions are still taking place and mostly initiated by white land owners. The quantitative survey study was conducted to determine the distribution of socio-economic variables before and after the eviction. The primary data was collected, using semi-structured questionnaires which the interviewer administered to the evicted households. The findings revealed that electricity supply, garbage collection, personal care, household income, access to health facilities are negatively affected and the condition of the households deteriorated after the eviction. The main recommendation on the basis of the findings is that the MCLM, DRDLR and NDHS should adhere to the principles outlined in the article 25(1) of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. This would reduce the negative impact of evictions.

La surveillance biologique de l’exposition est reconnue comme approche privilégiée pour évaluer l’exposition aux pesticides pyréthrinoïdes en milieu de travail. Néanmoins, les niveaux d’exposition peuvent être influencés par plusieurs facteurs, dont la coexposition. L’objectif général du projet de thèse était d’évaluer l’impact de la coexposition sur les biomarqueurs d’exposition aux pyréthrinoïdes, par une étude animal in vivo, d’une part, et chez les travailleurs agricoles, d’autre part. En utilisant le pyréthrinoïde lambda-cyhalothrine (LCT) et le fongicide captane comme pesticides sentinelles pour l’étude de cette coexposition, trois objectifs spécifiques ont été établis et ont fait l’objet de trois articles. Dans le premier article, des groupes de rats ont été exposés par gavage à la LCT seule (2,5 ou 12,5 mg/kg p.c.) ou à un mélange binaire de LCT et de captane (2,5/2,5 ou 2,5/12,5 ou 12,5/12,5 mg/kg p.c.). Des collectes de sang et d’excrétas (urine et fèces) ont été effectuées à des intervalles prédéterminés jusqu'à 48 heures après dosage, afin d'établir les profils temporels des principaux métabolites de la LCT (CFMP, 3-PBA et 4-OH3-PBA). Les profils temporels du CFMP et 3-PBA dans le plasma, l'urine et les fèces étaient similaires après exposition à la dose de 2.5 mg/kg pc de LCT seule ou en combinaison avec le captan. Cependant, les niveaux plasmatiques de 3-PBA étaient plus faibles dans le groupe coexposés à la dose élevée. L'excrétion urinaire du 4-OH3PBA était également plus elevée dans le groupe coexposé à cette dose. Dans le deuxième article, les profils temporels individuels des biomarqueurs d'exposition à la LCT chez des travailleurs appliquant des pesticides dans des champs de fraises ont été comparés après un épisode d'application de la LCT seule ou en coexposition avec le captane. Les participants ont fourni toutes leurs urines sur une période de trois jours suivant une application d'une formulation de pesticide contenant de la LCT seule (E1) ou de la LCT mélangée à du captane (E2), et dans certains cas après être retournés dans le champ traité (E3). Les métabolites de pyréthrinoïdes ont été mesurés dans tous les échantillons d'urine, en particulier le CFMP, 3-PBA et 4-OH3BPA. Il n'y avait pas de différences évidentes, attribuables à la coexposition, dans les profils individuels des concentrations en fonction du temps et dans l'excrétion cumulative des métabolites (CFMP, 3-PBA, 4-OH3BPA) après une exposition à la LCT seule ou en combinaison avec le captane. Dans le troisième article, une étude a été menée sur 87 travailleurs agricoles affectés à différentes tâches agricoles (application, désherbage, cueillette). Ces travailleurs ont fourni des échantillons d'urine avant et après l'application de LCT seule ou en combinaison avec du captane, ainsi qu'après des tâches dans les champs traités, avec également un échantillon de contrôle. Les concentrations des métabolites CFMP et le 3-PBA ont été mesurées dans les échantillons. À l'aide d'un questionnaire, les déterminants potentiels d'exposition incluant la tâche effectuée et les facteurs personnels ont également été documentés. Les analyses statistiques ont montré que la coexposition au captane n’induisait pas de changement dans les concentrations urinaires observés de 3-PBA et de CFMP. Seule la tâche professionnelle principale montrait une association avec les niveaux urinaires de ces métabolites. Comparativement aux tâches de désherbage ou de cueillette, la tâche d'application de pesticides était associée à des concentrations urinaires plus élevées de 3-PBA et de CFMP. En résumé, bien qu’un impact de la coexposition LCT-captan a été démontré expérimentalement à de fortes doses, l’étude chez les travailleurs a révélé que la coexposition ne contribuait pas significativement aux variations dans les concentrations des biomarqueurs d'exposition, aux niveaux d'exposition observés chez les travailleurs de la culture de la fraise par rapport aux autres facteurs qui contribuent à cette variabilité. Cette étude a également confirmé les données antérieures suggérant que les applicateurs étaient plus exposés que les travailleurs affectés à des tâches telles que le désherbage et la cueillette. Cette recherche a le potentiel d'améliorer la compréhension de l'impact de la coexposition par rapport à d’autres facteurs sur les niveaux de biomarqueurs d’exposition aux pyréthrinoïdes ; elle contribue ainsi à mieux interpréter les données de biosurveillance. / Biological exposure monitoring is recognized as the preferred approach for assessing exposure to pyrethroid pesticides in the workplace. Nevertheless, exposure levels can be influenced by several factors, including coexposure. The overall aim of the thesis project was to assess the impact of coexposure on biomarkers of exposure to pyrethroids, through an in vivo animal study on the one hand, and in agricultural workers on the other. Using the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and the fungicide captan as sentinel pesticides for the study of this coexposure, three specific objectives were established and were the subject of three published articles. In the first paper, groups of rats were exposed by gavage to LCT alone (2.5 or 12.5 mg/kg bw) or to a binary mixture of LCT and captan (2.5/2.5 or 2.5/12.5 or 12.5/12.5 mg/kg bw). Blood and excreta (urine and faeces) were collected at predetermined intervals up to 48 hours after dosing, to establish the temporal profiles of the main LCT metabolites (CFMP, 3-PBA and 4-OH3-PBA). The temporal profiles of CFMP and 3-PBA in plasma, urine and feces were similar after exposure to 2.5 mg/kg bw of LCT alone or in combination with captan. However, plasma levels of 3-PBA were lower in the high-dose co-exposure group. Urinary excretion of 4-OH3PBA was also higher in the high-dose coexposure group. In the second paper, individual temporal profiles of LCT exposure biomarkers in workers applying pesticides in strawberry fields were compared after an episode of LCT application alone or in coexposure with captan. Participants provided all their urine over a three-day period following application of a pesticide formulation containing LCT alone (E1) or LCT mixed with captan (E2), and in some cases after returning to the treated field (E3). Pyrethroid metabolites were measured in all urine samples, in particular CFMP, 3-PBA and 4-OH3BPA. No differences were observed in individual concentration-time profiles or in the cumulative excretion of metabolites (CFMP, 3-PBA, 4-OH3BPA) after exposure to LCT alone or in combination with captan. In the third article, a study was carried out on 87 farm workers assigned to different agricultural tasks (application, weeding, picking). These workers provided urine samples before and after the application of LCT alone or in combination with captan, as well as after tasks in treated fields, with also a control sample. Concentrations of the metabolites CFMP and 3-PBA were measured in the samples. Using a questionnaire, potential determinants of exposure including the task performed and personal factors were also documented. Statistical analyses showed that coexposure to captan did not lead to any change in the observed urinary concentrations of 3-PBA and CFMP. Only the main occupational task showed an association with urinary levels of these metabolites. Compared with weeding or picking tasks, the pesticide application task was associated with higher urinary concentrations of 3-PBA and CFMP. In summary, although an impact of LCT-captan coexposure has been demonstrated experimentally at high LCT doses, the field study revealed that coexposure did not contribute significantly to variations in exposure biomarker concentrations, at the exposure levels observed in strawberry crop workers compared to other factors contributing to this variability. This study also confirmed previous data suggesting that applicators were more exposed than workers assigned to tasks such as weeding and picking. This research has the potential to improve understanding of the impact of coexposure versus other factors on pyrethroid exposure biomarker levels, and thus contribute to better interpretation of biomonitoring data.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosiney Isabel Bigatao.pdf: 7073138 bytes, checksum: 4f08f3f1938261fc34995a3963393bee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The survey attempts to grasp how the image of the Pantanal farm worker is built, meaning he who lives and works in the Pantanal. For such, it analyzes the interactions between TV and radio and the mestizo culture of the Pantanal: mestizo because of the relational, connective plot by which the thinking is structured out in the face of a confluence of mosaic-like materials that do not fit into analyses based on the binary model, or into most Midwestern theories. The survey is based on the hypothesis that whenever the farm worker gets dressed and prepares himself for his daily chores, he wears clothing, accessories, items and objects that create an image reflective of the various incorporations that constitute the mestizo culture of the place. Said image comprises media interactions between Indians, Bandeirante colonizers, cowboys, Spaniards, Paraguayans, blacks, and other more recent cultural assimilations that took place mainly with the advent of TV and radio. Far removed from the internet and from mobile networks the Pantanal has specific features that limit the use of such apparatus , he moves closer to the radio, from which he receives messages as if they were audio e-mails, keeps himself updated, and becomes connected. Given his restricted access to printed media as well, due to the high rate of illiteracy virtually all of the farm workers interviewed were illiterate, those who were literate knew little more than how to read and write their names, and none had the habit of reading , and a culture that is oral par excellence, TV is as an important communication vehicle to the farm worker, one that is present in nearly all of the Pantanal farms. This panorama was decisive for the choice of the research corpus, which comprised the Pantanal soap opera, shot in 1990 and re-run in 2008 by the Manchete TV network, recent news stories by Rede Matogrossense de Televisão, a TV channel affiliated with the Globo network, and a daily show on Rádio Difusora Matogrossense, based in the city of Corumbá, as well as interviews recorded with farm workers over the course of one year of trips (2005) to farms in the Pantanal of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. For analysis, we have used the theories of semiotics of culture (Iuri Lotman), miscegenation (Severo Sarduy, Manuel Delgado, Serge Gruzinski, Amálio Pinheiro), sociology of knowledge (Boaventura de Sousa Santos), and theories by thinkers (Edgar Morin) and scholars in communication whose work helped us to understand how the relations between media and the spectator take place / A pesquisa tenta compreender como se dá a construção da imagem do peão pantaneiro, aqui entendido como aquele que vive e trabalha no Pantanal. Para tanto, analisa as interações da TV e do rádio com a cultura mestiça pantaneira: mestiça pela trama relacional e conectiva dos modos como se estrutura o pensamento perante a confluência de materiais em mosaico que não se enquadram nas análises feitas a partir do modelo binário e de grande parte das teorias centro-ocidentais. Parte-se da hipótese de que, quando o peão se veste e se prepara para a lida diária, ele usa roupas, acessórios, peças e objetos que criam uma imagem na qual se refletem as várias incorporações que compõem a cultura mestiça do lugar. Nessa imagem, estão presentes interações midiáticas entre índios, bandeirantes, vaqueiros, espanhóis, paraguaios, negros e outras assimilações culturais mais recentes, que acontecem principalmente a partir da TV e do rádio. Longe da internet e das redes móveis o Pantanal tem especificidades que limitam o uso desses aparatos , ele se aproxima do rádio, por meio do qual recebe recados como se fosse um e-mail sonoro, se atualiza e se conecta. Com acesso restrito também à mídia impressa, tendo em vista o alto índice de analfabetismo praticamente todos os peões entrevistados eram analfabetos, os que eram alfabetizados sabiam pouco mais que ler e escrever o nome e nenhum deles tinha o hábito de leitura , e com uma cultura oral por excelência, o peão também faz da TV um importante veículo de comunicação, presente em praticamente todas as fazendas pantaneiras. Esse panorama foi decisivo na escolha do corpus da pesquisa, formado pela novela Pantanal, da Rede Manchete, gravada em 1990 e reprisada em 2008, por matérias jornalísticas da Rede Matogrossense de Televisão, afiliada da Rede Globo, feitas recentemente, e por um programa diário da Rádio Difusora Matogrossense, em Corumbá, além das entrevistas gravadas com peões em um ano de viagens (2005) às fazendas do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para a análise, foram usadas as teorias da semiótica da cultura (Iuri Lotman, Paul Zumthor), da mestiçagem (Severo Sarduy, Serge Gruzinski, Amálio Pinheiro, Viveiros de Castro, Nestor Garcia Canclini), da sociologia do conhecimento (Boaventura de Sousa Santos), de pensadores (Edgar Morin) e estudiosos da comunicação como Jesús Martín-Barbero, cujo trabalho ajudou a entender como se dão as relações entre a mídia e o expectador

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die Landelike Stigting poog om deur die proses van gemeenskapsontwikkeling die lewenstandaard en ontwikkelingspeil van die plaaswerkergemeenskap te verhoog. Binne hierdie proses word volwasse onderwys as belangrike instrument aangewend. Vervolgens is die probleem wat nagevors is die toepassing van volwasse onderwys deur die Landelike Stigting binne landelike ontwikkeling. Eerstens is ondersoek ingestel na die doelstellings en filosofiese orientasies van volwasse onderwys. Binne hierdie kognitiewe raamwerk het hierdie studie tweedens die bepaling van die Landelike Stigting se filosofie en doelstellings behels. Die Landelike Stigting se volwasse onderwysprogram toon duidelike ooreenkomste met radikale volwasse onderwysdenke. Die teoretiese onderbou van die program is vereenselwigbaar met kontemporere ontwikkelingsdenke wat mensgesentreerde, deelnemende en handhawingsontwikkeling beklemtoon en fokus op ontwikkeling as 'n leerproses. Met hul teoretiese uitgangspunte slaag die Landelike Stigting daarin om 'n volwasse onderwysprogram daar te stel wat nie-rassige, nieseksistiese en demokratiese leerbeginsels ondersteun. Hierdie uitgangspunte manifesteer egter tans nie in die praktyk nie. / The Rural Foundation strives to promote the living standard and level of development of the farm worker community through the process of community development. Adult education is an important instrument within this process. Consequently the problem researched is the application of adult education in rural development. Firstly, the objectives and philosophical orientations of adult education were explored. Following from this cognitive framework this study secondly determined the objectives and philosophy of the Rural Foundation. The adult education programme of the Rural Foundation closely corresponds to radical adult education thinking. The theoret i ca 1 substructure of the programme is comp at i b 1 e with contemporary deve 1 opment thought which emphasises people-centred, participatory and sustainable development and focuses on development as a learning process. With their theoretical premises, the Rural Foundation succeeds in establishing an adult education programme which supports non-racial, non-sexist and democratic learning principles. However, these premises do not manifest in practice. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Administration)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die Landelike Stigting poog om deur die proses van gemeenskapsontwikkeling die lewenstandaard en ontwikkelingspeil van die plaaswerkergemeenskap te verhoog. Binne hierdie proses word volwasse onderwys as belangrike instrument aangewend. Vervolgens is die probleem wat nagevors is die toepassing van volwasse onderwys deur die Landelike Stigting binne landelike ontwikkeling. Eerstens is ondersoek ingestel na die doelstellings en filosofiese orientasies van volwasse onderwys. Binne hierdie kognitiewe raamwerk het hierdie studie tweedens die bepaling van die Landelike Stigting se filosofie en doelstellings behels. Die Landelike Stigting se volwasse onderwysprogram toon duidelike ooreenkomste met radikale volwasse onderwysdenke. Die teoretiese onderbou van die program is vereenselwigbaar met kontemporere ontwikkelingsdenke wat mensgesentreerde, deelnemende en handhawingsontwikkeling beklemtoon en fokus op ontwikkeling as 'n leerproses. Met hul teoretiese uitgangspunte slaag die Landelike Stigting daarin om 'n volwasse onderwysprogram daar te stel wat nie-rassige, nieseksistiese en demokratiese leerbeginsels ondersteun. Hierdie uitgangspunte manifesteer egter tans nie in die praktyk nie. / The Rural Foundation strives to promote the living standard and level of development of the farm worker community through the process of community development. Adult education is an important instrument within this process. Consequently the problem researched is the application of adult education in rural development. Firstly, the objectives and philosophical orientations of adult education were explored. Following from this cognitive framework this study secondly determined the objectives and philosophy of the Rural Foundation. The adult education programme of the Rural Foundation closely corresponds to radical adult education thinking. The theoret i ca 1 substructure of the programme is comp at i b 1 e with contemporary deve 1 opment thought which emphasises people-centred, participatory and sustainable development and focuses on development as a learning process. With their theoretical premises, the Rural Foundation succeeds in establishing an adult education programme which supports non-racial, non-sexist and democratic learning principles. However, these premises do not manifest in practice. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Administration)