Introdução - A dieta hiperlipídica é uma das principais causas da obesidade, provocando importantes alterações metabólicas, como aumento de gordura corporal, dislipidemia e resistência à ação da insulina. Além disso, a obesidade gera um quadro inflamatório crônico e de baixa intensidade no tecido adiposo branco, que é caracterizado pela ativação de vias inflamatórias, como a via do fator de transcrição nuclear kappa B (NF-kB), que é responsável pela transcrição de genes com ação pró-inflamatória, como o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-alfa e a proteína quimiotática para monócitos (MCP)-1. A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contém compostos bioativos, como o ácido clorogênico, a quercetina e o kaempferol, os quais apresentam a capacidade de modular a expressão de genes envolvidos na resposta inflamatória. Objetivo - Investigar o efeito da ingestão do extrato aquoso de erva-mate sobre os parâmetros metabólicos e sobre a resposta inflamatória no tecido adiposo branco de ratos alimentados com ração hiperlipídica. Material e métodos - Ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à ração controle ou hiperlipídica por 12 semanas. Após esse período, 12 animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados, constituindo os grupos baseline. O restante dos animais foi distribuído em quatro grupos que receberam, por gavagem, o extrato aquoso de erva-mate (1 g/kg massa corporal/dia) ou água, durante quatro semanas. Após esse período, todos os animais foram eutanasiados. Durante a 12a e a 16a semana do protocolo experimental, os animais foram submetidos ao teste oral de tolerância à glicose e ao teste intraperitoneal de tolerância à insulina. A partir do sangue, foram determinadas as concentrações de glicose, de insulina e de biomarcadores inflamatórios, bem como o perfil lipídico. A composição corporal foi determinada por meio da análise química da carcaça. A partir do tecido adiposo periepididimal, foi avaliada a expressão das proteínas chaves envolvidas na inflamação crônica e na resistência à ação da insulina, por Western blot, bem como a expressão gênica de adipocinas por PCR em tempo real. Resultados - A ração hiperlipídica provocou aumento da adiposidade, alteração do perfil lipídico, intolerância à glicose e inflamação sistêmica. No tecido adiposo periepididimal, a ração hiperlipídica provocou redução da fosforilação da AKT nos animais estimulados agudamente com insulina. A ingestão do extrato aquoso de erva-mate, por quatro semanas, reduziu o ganho de peso corporal e melhorou o perfil lipídico nos animais alimentados com a ração hiperlipídica em relação ao correspondente grupo tratado com água. Contudo, o extrato aquoso de erva-mate não foi capaz de reverter as demais alterações metabólicas provocadas pela ingestão da ração hiperlipídica. Conclusão - A ingestão da ração hiperlipídica promoveu alterações metabólicas, todavia, não induziu inflamação crônica no tecido adiposo periepididimal. Por outro lado, a ingestão do extrato aquoso de ervamate foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de peso corporal e melhorar o perfil lipídico dos animais que consumiram a ração hiperlipídica / Introduction - High-fat diet is one of the main causes of obesity, inducing significant metabolic changes, such as increased fat mass, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, obesity is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue, which is characterized by activation of inflammatory pathways, like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway, implicated in the transcription of many genes with pro-inflammatory action, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and monocyte chemotatic protein (MCP)-1. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, quercetin and kaempferol that have the ability to modulate genes envolved in inflammatory response. Objective - To investigate the effect of yerba mate aqueous extract consumption on metabolic parameters and on inflammatory response in white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed rats. Material and methods - Male Wistar rats were submitted a control or a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. After this period, 12 rats of each group were euthanized, constituting the baseline groups. The remainder animals were distributed into four groups, which received by intragastric gavage the yerba mate aqueous extract or vehicle (1 g/kg body weight/day) for four weeks and then, all animals were euthanized. Oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed at 12 and 16 weeks of experimental protocol. Blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile and inflammatory markers were measured. Water, lipid, protein and ash content were analyzed by carcass chemical composition. Periepididymal adipose tissue were employed to evaluate key proteins involved in inflammatory and insulin signaling pathway by Western blot, and adipokines gene expression by real time PCR. Results - High-fat diet induced body adiposity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and systemic inflammation. In periepididymal fat, high-fat diet decreased AKT phosphorylation in rats acutelly stimulated with insulin. The consumption of yerba mate aqueous extract for four weeks reduced body weight gain and improved lipid profile in high-fat diet group compared to non-treated group. However, yerba mate did not repair others dysfunctions induced by high-fat feeding. Conclusion - High-fat feeding produced some metabolic dysfunctions, but did not induce chronic inflammation in periepididymal adipose tissue. On the other hand, the yerba mate aqueous extract consumption reduced body weight gain and improved lipid profile of rats fed a high-fat diet

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Obesity is a medical condition in which an energy imbalance leads to excessive accumulation of body fat. Obesity leads to a reduction in life expectancy through its association with chronic diseases of lifestyle. The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing throughout the world. It is now accepted that most cases of obesity result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. This rapid increase in obesity generally leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and cancer of which obesity is a risk factor. There is a lack of information in molecular research to explain how obesity predisposes individuals to these diseases. Proteomics is a molecular tool and a set of techniques used to identify changes at protein level from a diseased state. This study aims to identify differentially expressed proteins in serum of obese rats fed different isocaloric diets using proteomics.

Introdução - A dieta hiperlipídica é uma das principais causas da obesidade, provocando importantes alterações metabólicas, como aumento de gordura corporal, dislipidemia e resistência à ação da insulina. Além disso, a obesidade gera um quadro inflamatório crônico e de baixa intensidade no tecido adiposo branco, que é caracterizado pela ativação de vias inflamatórias, como a via do fator de transcrição nuclear kappa B (NF-kB), que é responsável pela transcrição de genes com ação pró-inflamatória, como o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-alfa e a proteína quimiotática para monócitos (MCP)-1. A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contém compostos bioativos, como o ácido clorogênico, a quercetina e o kaempferol, os quais apresentam a capacidade de modular a expressão de genes envolvidos na resposta inflamatória. Objetivo - Investigar o efeito da ingestão do extrato aquoso de erva-mate sobre os parâmetros metabólicos e sobre a resposta inflamatória no tecido adiposo branco de ratos alimentados com ração hiperlipídica. Material e métodos - Ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à ração controle ou hiperlipídica por 12 semanas. Após esse período, 12 animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados, constituindo os grupos baseline. O restante dos animais foi distribuído em quatro grupos que receberam, por gavagem, o extrato aquoso de erva-mate (1 g/kg massa corporal/dia) ou água, durante quatro semanas. Após esse período, todos os animais foram eutanasiados. Durante a 12a e a 16a semana do protocolo experimental, os animais foram submetidos ao teste oral de tolerância à glicose e ao teste intraperitoneal de tolerância à insulina. A partir do sangue, foram determinadas as concentrações de glicose, de insulina e de biomarcadores inflamatórios, bem como o perfil lipídico. A composição corporal foi determinada por meio da análise química da carcaça. A partir do tecido adiposo periepididimal, foi avaliada a expressão das proteínas chaves envolvidas na inflamação crônica e na resistência à ação da insulina, por Western blot, bem como a expressão gênica de adipocinas por PCR em tempo real. Resultados - A ração hiperlipídica provocou aumento da adiposidade, alteração do perfil lipídico, intolerância à glicose e inflamação sistêmica. No tecido adiposo periepididimal, a ração hiperlipídica provocou redução da fosforilação da AKT nos animais estimulados agudamente com insulina. A ingestão do extrato aquoso de erva-mate, por quatro semanas, reduziu o ganho de peso corporal e melhorou o perfil lipídico nos animais alimentados com a ração hiperlipídica em relação ao correspondente grupo tratado com água. Contudo, o extrato aquoso de erva-mate não foi capaz de reverter as demais alterações metabólicas provocadas pela ingestão da ração hiperlipídica. Conclusão - A ingestão da ração hiperlipídica promoveu alterações metabólicas, todavia, não induziu inflamação crônica no tecido adiposo periepididimal. Por outro lado, a ingestão do extrato aquoso de ervamate foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de peso corporal e melhorar o perfil lipídico dos animais que consumiram a ração hiperlipídica / Introduction - High-fat diet is one of the main causes of obesity, inducing significant metabolic changes, such as increased fat mass, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, obesity is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue, which is characterized by activation of inflammatory pathways, like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway, implicated in the transcription of many genes with pro-inflammatory action, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and monocyte chemotatic protein (MCP)-1. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, quercetin and kaempferol that have the ability to modulate genes envolved in inflammatory response. Objective - To investigate the effect of yerba mate aqueous extract consumption on metabolic parameters and on inflammatory response in white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed rats. Material and methods - Male Wistar rats were submitted a control or a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. After this period, 12 rats of each group were euthanized, constituting the baseline groups. The remainder animals were distributed into four groups, which received by intragastric gavage the yerba mate aqueous extract or vehicle (1 g/kg body weight/day) for four weeks and then, all animals were euthanized. Oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed at 12 and 16 weeks of experimental protocol. Blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile and inflammatory markers were measured. Water, lipid, protein and ash content were analyzed by carcass chemical composition. Periepididymal adipose tissue were employed to evaluate key proteins involved in inflammatory and insulin signaling pathway by Western blot, and adipokines gene expression by real time PCR. Results - High-fat diet induced body adiposity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and systemic inflammation. In periepididymal fat, high-fat diet decreased AKT phosphorylation in rats acutelly stimulated with insulin. The consumption of yerba mate aqueous extract for four weeks reduced body weight gain and improved lipid profile in high-fat diet group compared to non-treated group. However, yerba mate did not repair others dysfunctions induced by high-fat feeding. Conclusion - High-fat feeding produced some metabolic dysfunctions, but did not induce chronic inflammation in periepididymal adipose tissue. On the other hand, the yerba mate aqueous extract consumption reduced body weight gain and improved lipid profile of rats fed a high-fat diet

Les patients atteints de lupus érythémateux systémique ont une augmentation de la prévalence du syndrome métabolique (MetS) mais les mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas connus. Le récepteur de type Toll 7 (TLR7), qui reconnait de l’ARN simple brin, joue un rôle important dans la défense anti-microbienne de l’hôte, mais contribue également au développement et à la progression du lupus. Cependant, l’implication de TLR7 dans le MetS est inconnue. L’objectif de mon projet de thèse était d’explorer l’idée nouvelle que la signalisation de TLR7 peut conduire non seulement au lupus mais aussi à des anomalies métaboliques.Nous avons trouvé que l’obésité induite par un régime riche en gras (régime HFD) a conduit à une exacerbation du lupus et de paramètres métaboliques dans des souris TLR8ko, qui développent spontanément une auto-immunité de type lupique à cause d’une augmentation de la signalisation de TLR7 dans les cellules dendritiques (DCs). Au contraire, sous un régime HFD, les souris TLR7/8ko n’ont pas développé de lupus, et les souris TLR7ko et TLR7/8ko ont été protégées contre les anomalies métaboliques incluant l'augmentation de poids et l’intolérance au glucose. De manière intéressante, dans des souris sauvages (WT) le régime HFD a conduit à une augmentation de l’expression de TLR7 et de la production de TNF par les DCs spléniques et hépatiques, et ce phénotype était plus profond dans les souris TLR8ko. Mon étude montre l’implication de la signalisation de TLR7 dans l’interconnexion entre le lupus et les anomalies métaboliques, donc cibler TLR7 pourrait constituer une nouvelle approche comme thérapie contre le lupus et les maladies métaboliques. / Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) that detects single stranded-RNA plays a key role in antimicrobial host defence, but also contributes in the initiation and progression of SLE. However, the implication of TLR7 in MetS is unknown. The objective of my PhD project was to explore the novel idea that TLR7 signalling can lead not only to SLE but also to metabolic abnormalities. We found that high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity led to exacerbation of lupus and metabolic parameters in TLR8ko mice, which develop spontaneous lupus-like disease due to increased TLR7 signalling by dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, upon HFD TLR7/8ko mice did not develop SLE, and both TLR7ko and TLR7/8ko mice were protected from metabolic abnormalities including body weight gain and glucose intolerance. Interestingly, in wild-type mice HFD led to an increase of TLR7 expression and TNF production by hepatic and splenic DCs, and this phenotype was more profound in TLR8ko mice. My study uncovers the implication of TLR7 signalling in the interconnection of SLE and metabolic abnormalities, thus targeting TLR7 might be a novel approach as a tailored therapy in SLE and metabolic diseases.

Les problèmes de santé liés à l’alimentation hyperlipidique chez l’humain sont en constante progression. Or, une perturbation de l’environnement fœtal induit chez la descendance une susceptibilité plus grande à développer des maladies à l’âge adulte (DOHad : Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). L’objectif de ce travail de Thèse est d’évaluer, chez le lapin, les conséquences d’une alimentation hypercholestérolémique et hyperlipidique sur le développement embryonnaire, fœtal, et la survenue de troubles métaboliques à long terme.Nous avons nourri des lapines ad libitum avec un régime hypercholéstérolémique (0,2%) et hyperlipidique (8%) (HH) ou un régime témoin (C) à partir de l'âge de 10 (expérience 1) ou de 18 semaines (age de la mise à la reproduction, expérience 2). A la naissance, les portées ont été équilibrées et des croisements effectués pour différencier l'effet de l'alimentation de la mère pendant la gestation et pendant la lactation. Ainsi des lapereaux nés de mères HH ont été allaités par des mères C (groupe HH-C) ou HH (groupe HH-HH) et des lapereaux nés de mère C ont été allaités par des mères C (groupe C-C) ou HH (groupe C-HH). Au cours de l’expérience 1, un retard de croissance intra utérin (RCIU) significatif a été mis en évidence dès 9 jours de gestation par échographie dans le groupe HH (P<0,05). A la naissance, les laperaux étaient significativement plus légers (P<0,05). En raison d’un rattrapage pondéral rapide, il n’existait plus de différence significative au sevrage. Tous les lapins ont alors reçu un aliment témoin distribué ad libitum. A J176, il n’y avait pas de différence de poids entre les groupes HH-HH et HH-C, mais les animaux de ces deux groupes étaient significativement plus lourds que les groupes C-C and C-HH (P<0.05). De plus, la tension artérielle était plus élevée dans le groupe HH-HH par rapport à tous les autres groupes (P<0.05). Au cours de l’expérience 2, de tels effets physiologiques n’ont pas été observés. Les effets physiologiques n'ayant été observés que lorsque le régime avait été commencé avant la gestation, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'environnement maternel précoce avait été modifié, entrainant une perturbation du développement embryonnaire à l'origine des conséquences à long terme. l’expression des gènes au moment de la mise en route du génome embryonnaire a été étudié à l’aide d’une puce dédiée. L’analyse transcriptomique a permis de suggérer que certains transcrits étaient présents en quantités différentes. Nous avons montré par qRT-PCR que le régime HH induit une augmentation transitoire de la quantité de transcrit de l’adipophiline (présente à J2 mais pas à J5,5). L’analyse immunohistochimique montre une quantité plus importante de gouttelettes lipidiques localisées près du noyau dans les embryons issus de mères nourries par le régime HH à J5,5 comparé aux témoins. Ces résultats illustrent l’importance de la nutrition avant et pendant la gestation pour la determination de la croissance in utero et postnatale, ainsi que pour le développement de maladies métaboliques à long terme. La nutrition maternelle avant la gestation peut engendrer des modifications d’expression de gènes au moment de la transmission materno embryonnaire. / The prevalence of human health problems associated with high-fat diets continues to rise, as does the number of such problems known to be associated with this diet. Disruption of the fetal environment induces in progeny a greater susceptibility to developing diseases in adulthood (DOHad: Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). The objective of the work for this thesis was to assess in rabbits the consequences of a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet on embryonic and fetal development and on the onset of metabolic disorders in the long term.We fed rabbits ad libitum with a high-cholesterol (0.2%) and high-fat (8%) (HH) diet or a control (C) diet, starting at the age of 10 (experiment 1) or 18 weeks (age at which reproduction began, experiment 2).The litters were balanced at birth, and crossings were performed to differentiate the effect of the mother's food during gestation and during lactation. Accordingly, rabbits born to HH mothers were nursed by C (HH-C group) or HH (HH-HH) mothers and those born to C mothers were nursed either by C (C-C) or HH (C-HH) mothers. During experiment 1, ultrasound clearly showed significant intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) beginning at 9 days of gestation in the HH group (P<0.05). At birth, these rabbits weighed significantly less than their C counterparts (P<0.05). Because of their rapid weight catch-up, the significant difference had disappeared at weaning. All the rabbits thereafter received control food distributed ad libitum. At D176, there was no difference in weight between the HH-HH and HH-C groups but the animals in both these groups were significantly heavier than those in the C-C and C-HH groups (P<0.05). Moreover, blood pressure was higher in the HH-HH group than in any of the other groups (P<0.05). These physiological effects were not observed during experiment 2. Because the physiological effects were observed only when the diet began before gestation, we hypothesized that the early maternal environment been modified, a change that resulted in disruption of embryo development with long-term consequences. We then used a specially designed chip to study gene expression at the maternal to embryonic transition. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that some transcripts were present in different quantities. We showed with qRT-PCR that the HH diet induced a transient augmentation in the quantity of adipophilin transcripts (present at D2 but not at D5.5). The immunohistochemical analysis on D5.5 showed a higher quantity of lipid droplets localized near the nucleus of embryos from mothers fed with the HH diet than in embryos of control mothers. These results illustrate the importance of nutrition before and during pregnancy in the determination of in utero and postnatal growth as well as in the development of metabolic diseases over the long term. Maternal nutrition before conception can engender modifications in gene expression at the moment of the maternal to embryonic transition.

<p>Conclusion of this study: These data suggest that 6 weeks of high-fat feeding induces hypertension but does not produce obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, this model may be useful in studying vascular reactivity in hypertension in the absence of insulin resistance.</p>

O ψευδάργυρος -Zn ελέγχει τον μεταβολισμό των λιπιδίων και γλυκόζης μέσω Ζn-μεταγραφικών παραγόντων. Δίαιτες υψηλών λιπαρών οδηγούν στην ενδοκυτταρική συσσώρευση ελευθέρων ριζών, μειώνουν την μεταγραφική έκφραση των εκκαθαριστών τους και την ενεργότητα αντιοξειδωτικών ενζύμων και οδηγούν σε μεταβολικό σύνδρομο. Οι πρωτεϊνες του θερμικού shock (Heat shock proteins-HSP) παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην αντίσταση στο κυτταρικό stress ως προσαρμογή ,μετά από έκθεση, σε διάφορα ερεθίσματα. ΣΚΟΠΟΣ : Μελέτη της επίδρασης του διατροφικού Ζn και των Hsp70,στην μεταβονομική των λιπιδίων αίματος και ήπατος ποντικών ΥΛΙΚΟ-ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ :Ενήλικα αρσενικά ποντίκια: 1. Wild type (Wt) Hybrid (F1/F1) C57Bl/6 x CBA και 2. Transgenic (Tg) human HSP70 overexpressing mice, από ηλικίας ενός μηνός εντάχθηκαν στις παρακάτω διατροφές ,επί 10 εβδομάδες. Διατροφή Αριθμός Wt Αριθμός Tg Chow Diet (30 Zn) 6 10 High Fat Diet (3 Zn) 13 12 High Fat Diet (30 Zn) 9 8 High Fat Diet (300 Zn) 12 12 Σύνθεση των τριών διαιτών υψηλών λιπαρών -HFD: 3mg, 30mg, 300mg Zn /kg τροφής (mucedoola s.r.l Ιtaly-55% Cal από λιπαρά στοιχεία), Chow : δίαιτα ελέγχου Βιοχημικές αναλύσεις: Cholesterol ,Triglycerides ,HDL-cholesterol, Glucose ,Insulin Μετρήσεις μετάλλων και αντιοξειδωτικών παραγόντων: SOD (ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια ) TAC (ορός αίματος) Zn , Cu (ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια και ιστός ήπατος) Μεταβονομική ανάλυση και αξιολόγηση λιπιδίων :Εκχύλιση ορού αίματος και ηπατικού ιστού για λήψη Φάσματος 1H-NMR ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ 1. Η HF δίαιτα αύξησε σημαντικά ,το τελικό βάρος και τον ρυθμό αύξησης βάρους ,τη χοληστερόλη -CL και την λιποπρωτεϊνη υψηλής πυκνότητας-ΗDL ,την ινσουλίνη –Ins, στα WT & Tg και μείωσε την ολική αντιοξειδωτική ικανότητα-TAC στο πλάσμα και την δραστηριότητα της σουπεροξείδιο-δισμουτάσης-SOD στα ερυθροκύταρα των WΤ και Tg 2. Ο επαρκής διατροφικός Zn (30mg/kgτροφής) φαίνεται να αποτελεί κρίσιμο παράγοντα διαμόρφωσης προστατευτικού ηπατολιπιδαιμικού προφίλ, ποντικών σε υπερλιπιδική δίαιτα. Η αύξηση ή μείωση του Zn σε HFDς φαίνεται να μειώνει την TAC του πλάσματος σε WΤ και Tg ενώ η δραστικότητα της SOD φαίνεται ανάλογη των επιπέδων του Zn Η ανεπάρκεια ή περίσσεια Zn αυξάνει τα αθηρογόνα SFA και μειώνει τα αντι-αθηρογόνα λιπίδια, PC, DU, LA DIAL ,UFA στις HDL, nonHDL και το ήπαρ, στα WΤHFD και στα ΤgHFD 3. Οι HSP70 : Τα διαγονιδιακά ζώα που φέρουν το γονίδιο hHsp70, φαίνεται ότι είτε σε έλλειψη είτε σε περίσσεια Ζn, που συνήθως συνοδεύoνται από μεταβολικό σύνδρομο, κατορθώνουν να διατηρούν καλλίτερους δείκτες λιπιδικού προφίλ σε σχέση με τα WT ζώα. Τα Τg εμφάνισαν σημαντικά χαμηλότερη CL ,TG , HDL σε σύγκριση με τα WT ενώ η HSP70 αύξησε σημαντικά την ενεργότητα της ολικής SOD στα ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια. Η HSP70 μείωσε τα αθηρογόνα SFA και αύξησε τα αντιαθηρογόνα λιπίδια DIAL, DU, LA, UFA, SM στις HDL, nonHDL , και στο ήπαρ ποντικών που εκτέθηκαν σε HFD και σε όλες τις συγκεντρώσεις Zn. / Zinc –Zn controls lipid and glucose metabolism via Zn-transcription factors. High fat diets –HFDs lead to intracellular free radicals accumulation, decrease the transcriptional expression of their scavengers and anti-oxidative enzymes’ activity leading finally to metabolic syndrome. Heat shock proteins-HSPs play a significant role in cellular resistance response , as an adaptation mechanism, after exposure to various stimuli. SCOPE: To study the effects of nutritional Zn and HSP70s on the metabonomics of serum and liver lipids in mice MATERIALS-METHODS: Male mice: 1. Wild type (Wt) Hybrid (F1/F1) C57Bl/6 x CBA και 2. Transgenic (Tg) human HSP70 overexpressing mice, one month old, were subjected for 10 weeks to the following diets : Diet Number of Wt Number of Tg Chow Diet (30 Zn) 6 10 High Fat Diet (3 Zn) 13 12 High Fat Diet (30 Zn) 9 8 High Fat Diet (300 Zn) 12 12 Composition of the three HF Diets: 3mg, 30mg, 300mg Zn /kg τροφής (mucedoola s.r.l Ιtaly-55% Cal from greasy ingredients),Chow :control diet Biochemical analyses: Cholesterol ,Triglycerides ,HDL-cholesterol, Glucose ,Insulin Metals and antioxidative factors levels: SOD (red blood cells )TAC (blood serum) Zn , Cu (red blood cells and liver tissue) Lipids metabonomics : Blood serum and liver tissue extracts for 1H-NMR spectrum analysis and evaluation CONCLUSIONS 1. HFDiet significantly increased the rate of mice body weight gaining, as well as, cholesterol-CL, high density lipoproteins-HDL, insulin, in WT and Tg mice and decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity-TAC and red blood cell super oxide dismutase –SOD activity , in WT and Tg mice 2.Suficient nutritional Zn (30 mg/kg food) prevails as a crucial modulator of a protective hepato-lipidaemic profil of mice in high fat diet. Zinc deficiency or excessiveness , in HFDiets , decreases plasma TAC in WT and Tg mice, while SOD activity shows proportional to Zn levels. Zinc deficiency or excessiveness increases the atherogenic SFA and decreases the anti –atherogenic lipids : PC, DU, LA DIAL ,UFA, in HDL, nonHDL and liver, in WΤ-HFD and Τg-HFD mice 3. HSP70s : Transgenic mice over-expressing hHsp70 gene and exposed either to Zn deficiency or Zn excessiveness , both driving usually to metabolic syndrome , reveal significantly better lipid profile indicators, comparing to WT mice. Tg mice revealed significantly lower CL , TG , HDL levels compared to WT, while HSP70 in Τg mice significantly increased total SOD activity in red blood cells. HSP70 also decreased the atherogenic SFAs and increased the anti-atherogenic lipids DIAL, DU, LA, UFA, SM in HDL, nonHDL and in the liver of mice exposed to HFDiets and all Zn concentrations

<p>Conclusion of this study: These data suggest that 6 weeks of high-fat feeding induces hypertension but does not produce obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, this model may be useful in studying vascular reactivity in hypertension in the absence of insulin resistance.</p>

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Human health is a complex and wide-ranging subject far beyond nutrition and physical exercise. Still, these factors have a huge impact on global health by their ability to prevent diseases and thus promote health. Thus, to identify health risks and benefits, it is necessary to reveal the underlying mechanisms of nutrition and exercise, which in many cases follows a complex chain of events. As a consequence, current health research is generating massive amounts of data from anthropometric parameters, genes, proteins, small molecules (metabolites) et cetera, with the intent to understand these mechanisms. For the study of health responses, especially related to physical exercise and nutrition, alterations in small molecules (metabolites) are in most cases immediate and located close to the phenotypic level and could therefore provide early signs of metabolic imbalances. Since there are roughly as many different responses to exercise and nutrients as there are humans, this quest is highly multifaceted and will benefit from an interpretation of treatment effects on a general as well as on an individual level. This thesis involves the application of chemometric methods to the study of global metabolic reactions, i.e. metabolomics, in a strategy coined predictive metabolomics. Via the application of predictive metabolomics an extensive hypothesis-free biological interpretation has been carried out of metabolite patterns in blood, acquired using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), related to physical exercise, nutrition and diet, all in the context of human health. In addition, the chemometrics methodology have computational benefits concerning the extraction of relevant information from information-rich data as well as for interpreting general treatment effects and individual responses, as exemplified throughout this work. Health concerns all lifestages, thus this thesis presents a strategic framework in combination with comprehensive interpretations of metabolite patterns throughout life. This includes a broad range of human studies revealing metabolic patterns related to the impact of physical exercise, macronutrient modulation and different fitness status in young healthy males, short and long term dietary treatments in overweight post menopausal women as well as metabolic responses related to probiotics treatment and early development in infants. As a result, the studies included in the thesis have revealed metabolic patterns potentially indicative of an anti-catabolic response to macronutrients in the early recovery phase following exercise. Moreover, moderate differences in the metabolome associated with cardiorespiratory fitness level were detected, which could be linked to variation in the inflammatory and antioxidaive defense system. This work also highlighted mechanistic information that could be connected to dietary related weight loss in overweight and obese postmenopausal women in relation to short as well as long term dietary effects based on different macronutrient compositions. Finally, alterations were observed in metabolic profiles in relation to probiotics treatment in the second half of infancy, suggesting possible health benefits of probiotics supplementation at an early age. / Embargo until 2012-06-01