SAMMANFATTNING Titel: Internetmobbning, en del av ungdomars vardag. Författare: Edeblom, Susanne; Winther, Karin Institution: Institutionen för Hälsa och Lärande, Högskolan Skövde Program/kurs: Magisterexamen i omvårdnad, OM854A, 15p Handledare: Brovall, Maria Examinator: Hammarlund, Kina Sidor: 21 Nyckelord: internetmobbning, ungdomar, skolsköterskor, känslor, upplevelser Bakgrund: I Sverige har idag de flesta ungdomar tillgång till internet och många föredrar att interagera över internet. Detta har medfört att mobbning över internet har ökat bland ungdomar. Internetmobbning leder till ökad risk för ohälsa och sämre studieresultat. För att skolsköterskor ska kunna ge stöd åt de elever som är drabbade av internetmobbning är det viktigt att beskriva de känslor som dessa ungdomar upplever. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva de känslor som ungdomar, utsatta för internetmobbning, upplever. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats användes med narrativ insamlingsmetod ifrån bloggar. Datainsamling gjordes genom att samla text ifrån bloggar av åtta bloggskribenter. Datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet i studien visar att ungdomar som är utsatta för internetmobbning upplever känslor av ensamhet och utsatthet. De känner sig kränkta och upplever inre stress och bristande självkänsla. De upplever också en bristande tillit till sina medmänniskor och ett socialt utanförskap som ofta fortsätter under lång tid. Slutsats: Ungdomar utsatta för internetmobbning upplever att de saknar stöd ifrån sin omgivning. Det är därför viktigt att skolsköterskor har kunskap om de känslor som ungdomarna utsatta för internetmobbning upplever. Detta för att de i sina möten med dessa ungdomar ska kunna identifiera, bekräfta, stötta och hjälpa. Kunskapen är också viktig i skolans förebyggande arbete med exempelvis upprättande av handlingsplaner mot kränkande behandling / ABSTRACT  Title: Cyberbullying, a part of adolescents everyday life. Authors: Edeblom, Susanne; Winther, Karin Department: School of Health and Education, University of Skövde Course: Master Degree Project in Nursing, 15ECTS Supervisor: Brovall, Maria Examiner: Hammarlund, Kina Pages: 21 Keywords: cyberbullying, adolescents, school nurses, feelings, experiences Background: Today, most adolescents in Sweden have access to Internet and it is the way many adolescents prefer to interact. With this development, cyberbullying have increased among adolescents. Cyberbullying can cause health problems and poor results in school. It is important to describe the feelings of victims of cyberbullying so that scool nurses can support these pupils. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe the feelings adolescents experience when being victims of cyberbullying. Method: A qualitative inductive approach was made by a narrative collecting method from blogs. Datacollection was made by collecting texts from blogs by eight blogauthors. Data was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of this study shows that adolescents who are victims of cyberbullying experience feelings of loneliness and vulnerability. They feel offended and experience an inner stress and a lack of self- esteem. They also esperience a lack of trust towards their social context and a social exclusion that often continues for a long time. Conclusion: Adolescents who are victims of cyberbullying experience a lack of support from their environment. Therefore, it is important that scool nurses has knowledge about the feelings that these adolescents experience when being victims of cyberbullying. It is important so that the scool nurses can identify, confirm, support and help the adolescents. This knowledge is also important in the preventive work at schools when, for example establishing action plans against offensive treatment.

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Uniformed presences are thought to create feelings of safety in people. However, do different uniformed people contribute to the same amount of safety and are there differences dependent on the situation? The present study examined the association between various types of uniformed presence and people’s feelings of safety through a questionnaire among 352 respondents (18-86 years) (49.1 % women). The questionnaire contained pictures of relatively safe and unsafe situations with or without uniformed presence. The respondents estimated how safe they thought they would feel in these situations with and without two police officers, six police officers, a police car, two security guards, or two police volunteers. The results showed that uniformed presence does not increase feelings of safety in an already relatively safe situation, making patrol unnecessary. In relatively unsafe situations however, all types of uniformed presence increase feelings of safety. Foot patrolling police increased feelings of safety the most. Security guards and police volunteers created approximately the same amount of safety; making police volunteers a cost-effective alternative, although some situation, gender and age differences were found. All types of foot patrol were better than vehicle patrol (with some gender differences), making non-police groups an alternative to vehicle patrol.

The aim of this study was through theories of emotional labor; understand how staff and volunteers within women’s shelter handled their emotions in the encounters with battered women. To examine this we used a qualitative method and interviewed four staff members and three volunteers spread across four different women’s shelters. The data collected was analyzed using Hochschilds’ theory of emotional labor. The results show that the most common feelings within the women’s shelters were feelings of friendship, happiness, sadness and frustration. The results also show that the staff and volunteers needed to manage their emotion due to the inappropriateness of some feelings. The feelings that needed managing were primarily feelings of sadness, frustration and shock. To manage their emotion the staff and volunteers of the women’s shelters used both surface acting and deep acting. The surface acting used was that staff and volunteers hid the feelings that were considered inappropriate. The deep acting used was method acting, working experience, life experience and the staff and volunteers also managed their emotions by talking to fellow staff and their loved ones.

Objective: Past research indicates that comorbid anxiety and depression in youth is associated with greater functional impairment than anxiety alone. To elucidate those factors which may increase vulnerability to depressive disorders, the current study examined several clinical correlates (i.e., feelings ratings, parental psychopathology symptoms, and family functioning) of comorbid depressive symptoms in young anxious children. Method: Sixty-eight children, aged 6 to 10 years (M = 9.06, SD = 1.10), and caregivers completed measures assessing child depressive symptoms. Furthermore, children completed self reports of anxiety symptoms, feelings ratings, and family functioning, while caregivers completed self reports of psychopathology symptoms and family functioning. Predictors of child depressive symptoms were examined separately for girls and boys. Results: In females, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for anxiety, higher sadness and lower positive feelings accounted for 30% of variance in child-reported depressive symptoms. Further analyses indicated that child-reported overall family dysfunction moderated the relationship between positive feelings and depressive symptoms, such that high family dysfunction increased the risk of depressive symptoms in females with low positive emotions. In males, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for anxiety, higher negative/hostile feelings and child-reported overall family dysfunction accounted for 19% of variance in child-reported depressive symptoms. Further analyses of family functioning in males revealed that child-reported family cohesion and conflict were negatively and positively correlated, respectively, with depressive symptoms. Family dysfunction did not moderate the relationship between feelings ratings and depressive symptoms. The only significant predictor of caregiver-reported child depressive symptoms, for males only, was caregiver self-reported overall psychopathology symptoms. Further analyses indicated that, for males, caregiver depression and hostility symptoms correlated positively with caregiver-reported child depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Different patterns of emotion and family functioning predicted self-reported depressive symptoms in males and females. Self and caregiver reports of child depressive symptoms were not related, with only caregivers’ psychopathology symptoms predicting their reports of child depressive symptoms. Results suggest the importance of assessing child-reported feelings and family dysfunction, and parental symptomatology, of clinically anxious children. To prevent future depressive disorders in these children, different targets of intervention for males and females may be warranted.

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Fairness, forgiveness and grudge-holding are concepts which underlie many aspects of our interpersonal relationships. Fairness is the foundation of our day-to-day communication with others and forgiveness is concerned with a positive strategy used to manage negative emotional experiences of underserved [i.e. undeserved] unfair treatment. Grudge-holding results as an accumulation of negative feelings, which are associated with the original experience of unfairness. Two experimental studies investigated children’s perceptions of, feelings about, and reactions towards the unfair behaviour of a mother and a friend, by individually inviting the children to scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks. The children were asked to judge the fairness of a mother and a best friend’s treatment towards a child protagonist and to report their associated feelings, after listening to a scenario that described an interaction between a child and a mother and an interaction between a child and a friend. They further responded to three scenario-based experimental tasks, regarding their willingness to grant forgiveness, as opposed to expressions of hostility. In the first study, the children’s willingness to forgive, as a result of unfairness, was explored with 82 local primary school children in Palmerston North, New Zealand, whose ages ranged from 8- to 11-years-old, in addition to 50 parents of these participating children. The parents also completed a questionnaire about their approaches to their children’s common misbehaviours. The study found that the children were typically willing to grant forgiveness to a mother, even though she had been unfair. Their forgiveness tendencies were not related to aspects of parental disciplinary behaviour. However, an examination of the children’s verbatim responses through the use of thematic analysis revealed the complex nature of the relationship between parent and child concerning tolerance for mistakes. In the second study, I explored on whether the children’s repeated exposure to unfairness would contribute to their display of grudge-holding against a mother or a best friend in the scenarios and this investigation involved 55 local primary children, whose ages ranged from 8- to 12-years-old, in Wellington, New Zealand. The children participated in individual scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks over the two time periods, one week apart from each other. The children’s levels of grudge-holding was measured by analysing the possible increase in hostility, which the children expressed from Time 1 to Time 2. The study showed that a repeated experience of unfairness had a noticeable effect on the children’s level of hostility towards the person who was unfair and especially towards the best friend. The children’s verbatim comments also suggested some evidence of accumulated negativity in their responses to an unfairness experience. Thus, this study proved to be a suitable paradigm for operationalising grudge-holding in children.

Fairness, forgiveness and grudge-holding are concepts which underlie many aspects of our interpersonal relationships. Fairness is the foundation of our day-to-day communication with others and forgiveness is concerned with a positive strategy used to manage negative emotional experiences of underserved [i.e. undeserved] unfair treatment. Grudge-holding results as an accumulation of negative feelings, which are associated with the original experience of unfairness. Two experimental studies investigated children’s perceptions of, feelings about, and reactions towards the unfair behaviour of a mother and a friend, by individually inviting the children to scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks. The children were asked to judge the fairness of a mother and a best friend’s treatment towards a child protagonist and to report their associated feelings, after listening to a scenario that described an interaction between a child and a mother and an interaction between a child and a friend. They further responded to three scenario-based experimental tasks, regarding their willingness to grant forgiveness, as opposed to expressions of hostility. In the first study, the children’s willingness to forgive, as a result of unfairness, was explored with 82 local primary school children in Palmerston North, New Zealand, whose ages ranged from 8- to 11-years-old, in addition to 50 parents of these participating children. The parents also completed a questionnaire about their approaches to their children’s common misbehaviours. The study found that the children were typically willing to grant forgiveness to a mother, even though she had been unfair. Their forgiveness tendencies were not related to aspects of parental disciplinary behaviour. However, an examination of the children’s verbatim responses through the use of thematic analysis revealed the complex nature of the relationship between parent and child concerning tolerance for mistakes. In the second study, I explored on whether the children’s repeated exposure to unfairness would contribute to their display of grudge-holding against a mother or a best friend in the scenarios and this investigation involved 55 local primary children, whose ages ranged from 8- to 12-years-old, in Wellington, New Zealand. The children participated in individual scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks over the two time periods, one week apart from each other. The children’s levels of grudge-holding was measured by analysing the possible increase in hostility, which the children expressed from Time 1 to Time 2. The study showed that a repeated experience of unfairness had a noticeable effect on the children’s level of hostility towards the person who was unfair and especially towards the best friend. The children’s verbatim comments also suggested some evidence of accumulated negativity in their responses to an unfairness experience. Thus, this study proved to be a suitable paradigm for operationalising grudge-holding in children.

Fairness, forgiveness and grudge-holding are concepts which underlie many aspects of our interpersonal relationships. Fairness is the foundation of our day-to-day communication with others and forgiveness is concerned with a positive strategy used to manage negative emotional experiences of underserved [i.e. undeserved] unfair treatment. Grudge-holding results as an accumulation of negative feelings, which are associated with the original experience of unfairness. Two experimental studies investigated children’s perceptions of, feelings about, and reactions towards the unfair behaviour of a mother and a friend, by individually inviting the children to scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks. The children were asked to judge the fairness of a mother and a best friend’s treatment towards a child protagonist and to report their associated feelings, after listening to a scenario that described an interaction between a child and a mother and an interaction between a child and a friend. They further responded to three scenario-based experimental tasks, regarding their willingness to grant forgiveness, as opposed to expressions of hostility. In the first study, the children’s willingness to forgive, as a result of unfairness, was explored with 82 local primary school children in Palmerston North, New Zealand, whose ages ranged from 8- to 11-years-old, in addition to 50 parents of these participating children. The parents also completed a questionnaire about their approaches to their children’s common misbehaviours. The study found that the children were typically willing to grant forgiveness to a mother, even though she had been unfair. Their forgiveness tendencies were not related to aspects of parental disciplinary behaviour. However, an examination of the children’s verbatim responses through the use of thematic analysis revealed the complex nature of the relationship between parent and child concerning tolerance for mistakes. In the second study, I explored on whether the children’s repeated exposure to unfairness would contribute to their display of grudge-holding against a mother or a best friend in the scenarios and this investigation involved 55 local primary children, whose ages ranged from 8- to 12-years-old, in Wellington, New Zealand. The children participated in individual scenario-based interview sessions, which included three imaginary tasks over the two time periods, one week apart from each other. The children’s levels of grudge-holding was measured by analysing the possible increase in hostility, which the children expressed from Time 1 to Time 2. The study showed that a repeated experience of unfairness had a noticeable effect on the children’s level of hostility towards the person who was unfair and especially towards the best friend. The children’s verbatim comments also suggested some evidence of accumulated negativity in their responses to an unfairness experience. Thus, this study proved to be a suitable paradigm for operationalising grudge-holding in children.

Background: Self-injury behavior is common in society. Nurses will meet patients with these problems during their daily work. Patients with self-injurious behavior do often feel misunderstood and are often dissatisfied with the health care they are given.   Aim: the aim of the study was to investigate nurses 'experiences of caring for patients with self-injurious behavior and nurses' perceived needs for education in the subject.   Method: A qualitative study with descriptive design was performed in order to explore the nurses’ experience of caring for patients with self-injurious behavior and nurses’ perceived needs for more education in the subject. The data collection consisted of eight semi-structured interviews and was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis.   Results: The results of the interviews develop into four main categories; "Nurses 'perception of self-injurious behavior", "nurses' experience of care", "emotional impact" and "nurses need of education".Nurses where satisfied with their workplace. The nurses have a perception that most patients self-harm as an anxiety-relieving action, but that there are exceptions where patients self-harm in an attention purpose. The nurses are satisfied with their treatment when they are acting low arousal approach, but they do also experience a difficulty in balancing the low arousal approach with the natural reactions that awakes when a self-harm incident happens. The nurses feel dissatisfied with their behavior when they are unsure of how to act. The nurses say they in larger extent became emotionally affected by self-harm when they were new employees on the psychiatric ward. With more experience the nurses became more accustomed to seeing self harm. The nurses are now experiencing a greater emotional impact when health care fails to help patients in the long term. All the nurses who participated in the study want more education in the subject.   Conclusion: The nurses say they thrive in their workplace and their work with patients who self-harm, but they sometimes experience difficulties in caring for these patients. Lack of time, stress and repetitive self-injurious acts are stressful for the nurses. The nurses describe that there is generally a negative attitude among health professionals towards these patients, which the nurses believe can change with more education on the subject. All nurses interviewed wanted more education about self-injury. / Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende är vanligt förekommande i samhället. Sjuksköterskor kommer i sitt dagliga arbete möta patienter med självskadeproblematik. Patienter med självskadebeteende är ofta missnöjda med sjukvården och känner sig missförstådda.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende samt sjuksköterskors upplevda behov av utbildning inom ämnet.             Metod: Denna studie har deskriptiv kvalitativ design. Åtta sjuksköterskor som arbetar på en psykiatrisk slutenvårdsavdelning har intervjuats angående deras upplevelser av att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende.   Resultat: Intervjuerna gav upphov till fyra huvudkategorier; “sjuksköterskornas uppfattning om självskadebeteende”, “sjuksköterskornas upplevelse av omvårdnaden”, “känslomässig påverkan” och “sjuksköterskornas behov av utbildning”. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskorna är nöjd med sin arbetsplats och med patientgruppen. Sjuksköterskorna har en uppfattning om att de flesta patienter självskadar i ångestlindrande syfte men att det finns undantagsfall då patienter självskadar i uppmärksamhetssyfte. Sjuksköterskorna är nöjda med sitt bemötande då de agerar lågaffektivt men upplever samtidigt en svårighet i att balansera det lågaffektiva bemötandet med deras naturliga reaktioner vid en självskadeincident. Sjuksköterskorna beskriver att de blir missnöjda med sitt bemötande när de är osäkra på hur de ska agera vid självskadeincidenter. Sjuksköterskorna uppger att de i större mån blev känslomässigt påverkade av självskadebeteende när de var nyanställda på den psykiatriska avdelningen men att de med erfarenhet blivit mer vana vid att se självskador. Sjuksköterskorna upplever en större känslomässig påverkan när sjukvården inte lyckas hjälpa patienter långsiktigt. Alla sjuksköterskor som deltog i studien önskar mer kunskap om självskadebeteende.   Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna uppger att de trivs bra på sin arbetsplats och att arbeta med denna patientgrupp men upplever ibland svårigheter i vårdandet av patienter med självskadebeteende. Tidsbrist, stress och upprepande självskadehandlingar är påfrestande för sjuksköterskorna. Sjuksköterskorna beskriver att det generellt finns en negativ attityd bland vårdpersonal gentemot dessa patienter, vilket sjuksköterskorna tror kan förändras med mer utbildning inom ämnet. Alla sjuksköterskor som intervjuades önskade mer kunskap om självskadebeteende.