El microcrédito se ha logrado extender a través de las microfinanzas, convirtiéndose en una herramienta innovadora de desarrollo para el crecimiento económico de un país donde los agentes económicos más vulnerables (microempresarios formales e informales, y mujeres) son los principales beneficiarios. El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una evaluación cualitativa de los efectos del microcrédito, que ha tenido sobre el crecimiento de la actividad económica de las personas pobres y mujeres para mejorar su calidad de vida a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario y como este impacta en el crecimiento económico de un país. Teniendo como marcos económicos la influencia del microcrédito en la reducción de la pobreza y el éxito logrado al eliminar los créditos informales y así potenciar el espíritu emprendedor en las personas de bajos recursos, incluso como el microcrédito brinda poder económico a las féminas, lo cual ha permitido mejorar su situación socioeconómico y librarse de la opresión económicas de sus parejas. Por otra parte, la importancia del uso de metodologías de evaluación específicas que permite gestionar y mitigar del riesgo crediticio y la utilización de enfoques de calificación como el scoring para reducir el riesgo de impagos y visualizar contingencias futuras. Las evidencias encontradas sugieren que el microcrédito tiene un impacto positivo porque ha permitido producir, mejorar, crecer, expandirse, generar empleo, aumentar ingresos, usar tecnología avanzada y construir un futuro prometedor en el desarrollo individual y colectivo de las personas más vulnerables, sin embargo, algunos autores mencionan que el microcrédito es una herramienta que sobreendeuda, genera estrés financiero, conduce a tentativas de suicidio y propicia la violencia de género. / Microcredit has been extended through microfinance, becoming an innovative development tool for the economic growth of a country where the most vulnerable economic agents (formal and informal microentrepreneurs and women) are the main beneficiaries. The objective of this study is to make a qualitative evaluation of the effects of microcredit, which has had on the growth of the economic activity of poor people and women to improve their quality of life at the individual, family, and community level and how it impacts on the economic growth of a country. Taking as economic frameworks the influence of microcredit in poverty reduction and the success achieved by eliminating informal credit and thus enhance entrepreneurship in low-income people, including how microcredit provides economic power to women, which has allowed them to improve their socioeconomic situation and get rid of the economic oppression of their partners. On the other hand, the importance of the use of specific evaluation methodologies to manage and mitigate credit risk and the use of rating approaches such as scoring to reduce the risk of non-payment and visualize future contingencies. The evidence found suggests that microcredit has a positive impact because it has made it possible to produce, improve, grow, expand, generate employment, increase income, use advanced technology, and build a promising future in the individual and collective development of the most vulnerable people; however, some authors mention that microcredit is a tool that over-indebts, generates financial stress, leads to suicide attempts, and fosters gender violence. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El presente trabajo analizó los roles de los arquetipos en la estrategia de femvertising sobre la menstruación en la campaña de Kotex #NoMásEstigmas. Los arquetipos poseen beneficios como crear relaciones sólidas e incrementar las intenciones de compra. Sin embargo, muchos de los modelos que se usan actualmente para representar la menstruación se relacionan con la vulnerabilidad, lo cual dificulta su uso dentro de las estrategias de empoderamiento. El enfoque empleado es un estudio cualitativo, su diseño es fenomenológico y se centra en los arquetipos y el femvertising. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 19 mujeres de 23 a 27 años, con educación universitaria completa y con residencia en los distritos de Magdalena del Mar, Jesús María, Pueblo Libre y San Miguel. La campaña de Kotex intenta empoderar la imagen femenina por medio del femvertising, ya que el periodo menstrual aún es censurado y representado como un proceso de vulnerabilidad. No obstante, los arquetipos pueden transformar esta percepción negativa en el público. A lo largo del presente trabajo, se han identificado modelos de mujeres con menstruación que son: (a) discontinuos, relacionados con la vulnerabilidad y (b) continuos, enfocados en la fuerza y seguridad. Estos últimos no se definen en algún modelo actual, pero son los que permitirían impulsar las estrategias de femvertising en torno a la menstruación. Sin embargo, algunas campañas aún tratan de ocultar este proceso físico. En conclusión, se necesitan nuevas propuestas actuales que visibilicen este proceso físico para la sociedad. / The present work analyzes the roles of archetypes in the femvertising strategy on menstruation in the Kotex #NoMásEstigmas campaign. Archetypes have benefits such as creating strong relationships and increasing purchase intention. However, many of the models that are currently used to represent menstruation are related to vulnerability, which makes them difficult to use within empowerment strategies. The approach used is a qualitative study, its design is phenomenological and focuses on archetypes and femvertising. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 women between 23 and 27 years old, with a complete university education and residence in the districts of Magdalena del Mar, Jesús María, Pueblo Libre and San Miguel. The Kotex campaign tries to empower the female image through femvertising, since the menstrual period is still censored and represented as a process of vulnerability. However, archetypes can transform this negative perception in the public. Throughout this work, models of menstruating women have been identified such as: (a) discontinuous, related to vulnerability and (b) continuous, focused on strength and security. The latter are not defined in any current model, but they are the ones that would allow to promote femvertising strategies around menstruation. Despite this, some campaigns still try to hide this physical process. In conclusion, new current proposals are needed to make this physical process visible for society. / Tesis

El presente trabajo analiza la credibilidad de la femvertising, la tendencia publicitaria que busca empoderar a mujeres y reducir los estereotipos de género, a través de tres rasgos: la experiencia, buena voluntad y confiabilidad, los cuales indican cómo perciben las personas este tipo de narrativa. Es una investigación cualitativa desarrollada en base a la campaña de Pilsen Callao llamada ‘Banners contra el ciberacoso’, difundida en marzo del 2021 en el marco del Día Internacional de la Mujer. Para ello, se realizaron 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres jóvenes estudiantes de Lima, con edades que oscilan entre los 18 y 25 años, ya que pertenecen al grupo de personas que más han denunciado casos de ciberacoso en el país. Como resultado, esta estrategia publicitaria presente en la campaña logró generar credibilidad en el público a través de la experiencia, empatía y transparencia que demostró al momento de comunicar la problemática. Adicionalmente, se propone una reclasificación de los rasgos de la credibilidad, ya que se evidenció la necesidad de añadir uno: la coherencia, un atributo valorado por las jóvenes, que influye en su percepción de la credibilidad. / This study analyzes, the credibility of femvertising, the advertising trend that seeks to empower women and reduce gender stereotypes, through three traits: experience, goodwill and reliability, which indicate how people perceive this type of narrative. It is a qualitative research developed based on the Pilsen Callao campaign called ‘Banners against cyberbullying’, released in March 2021 for the International Women's Day. To do this, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with young women students from Lima, with ages ranging between 18 and 25 years, since they belong to the group of people who have most reported cases of cyberbullying in the country. As a result, this advertising strategy present in the campaign managed to generate credibility in the public through the expertise, empathy and transparency that it demonstrated when communicating the problem. Additionally, a reclassification of credibility features is proposed, since the need to add one was evidenced: coherence, an attribute valued by young women, which influences their perception of credibility. / Tesis

En la actualidad, la coyuntura ocasionada por el coronavirus ha desatado efectos físicos y psicológicos en las familias peruanas, este último ha perjudicado sobre todo a las mujeres del Perú, ocasionando así la falta del empoderamiento en distintas áreas de su vida. Numerosos estudios mencionan que el número de empleos perdidos durante esta coyuntura en mujeres es superior al de varones, como consecuencia de que ellas realizan un trabajo independiente donde no era posible el teletrabajo. Así mismo, se pudo identificar que el aislamiento y la falta de actividad física ha jugado un rol sumamente importante en la disminución de su empoderamiento al no contar con herramientas que se adapten a su estilo de vida actual. Esto ocasionó un crecimiento de estrés y ansiedad en ellas. El presente modelo de negocio consiste en el desarrollo de un aplicativo móvil llamado FEMMA. El cual, tiene como objetivo empoderar a las mujeres peruanas mediante una serie de herramientas que les permitan afrontar las distintas situaciones que puedan estar atravesando. Así mismo, brindarles un espacio seguro donde ellas puedan fortalecer su vida física y emocional. A su vez, promover el emprendimiento económico femenino de las mujeres. / At present, the conjuncture caused by the coronavirus has unleashed physical and psychological effects in Peruvian families, the latter has especially harmed Peruvian women, thus causing the lack of empowerment in different areas of their lives. Numerous studies mention that the number of jobs lost during this juncture for women is higher than for men, as a consequence of the fact that they carry out independent work where teleworking was not possible. Furthermore, it was possible to identify that isolation and lack of physical activity have played an extremely important role in reducing their empowerment by not having tools that adapt to their current lifestyle. This caused a growth of stress and anxiety in them. This business model consists of the development of a mobile application called FEMMA. Which, aims to empower Peruvian women through a series of tools that allow them to face the different situations that they may be going through. Likewise, provide them with a safe space where they can strengthen their physical and emotional life. At the same time, promote female economic entrepreneurship by women. / Trabajo de investigación

Background: In Tibet, as well as in their exile community in India, there is a widespread issue of female oppression and gender inequality within healthcare. Few studies explore the progressive work of organizations fighting these issues, which can contribute to a retrogression of discrimination awareness.  Aim: The aim of the study was to describe healthcare workers' perspectives on how and to what extent the Tibetan Women’s Empowerment Policy can be used to create equal opportunities in healthcare.  Method: Ethnographic method consisting of semi-structured interviews and observations has been used for data collecting and qualitative content analysis has been used for data analysis. Result: There are four recurring perspectives amongst the participants: (1) The policy has contributed to a change of attitude regarding female empowerment, female leadership and feminism. (2) The policy has contributed to the development of adequate healthcare services for women. (3) Limitations of support from the community. (4) The policy is not impactful. Conclusion: There are indications which show that the Tibetan women’s empowerment policy can create equal opportunities within healthcare in terms of attitude changes and accessibility to adequate healthcare. However, there are also practical complications in regard to its theoretical outlines as well as limitations of support from the community. It is concluded that the policy is part of a female progression within the community, yet there are still improvements regarding sufficiency and awareness needed to be made.

The objective of this thesis on the paid feminized domestic work is to describe the two current forms of employment of the live-inside maids and the live-outside domestic workers of paid domestic work in Lima Peru. The live-inside employment, cama adentro is the traditional form of maids living inside the household, and secondly, the live-outside employment, cama afuera, describes the working woman as an independent worker who lives outside the household. By focusing on the two forms of employment in the 1970s, the 2010s and the 2020s, this study aims to describe the changes on the urban labor market wherein 95% are women and almost 87% have informal employment. The feminized domestic work and the women domestic workers are objects of devaluation and subjects of discrimination. The critical case in this study is to understand the impact of informality and the informal working conditions. Vulnerability and precariousness are concepts frequently used in the current debate and research which describes the feminized remunerated domestic work as a forced labor. Who are the domestic working women, and how do they describe their work and life situation? What are the preferences or the facts of the persisting informality in the domestic labor sector that still have a great impact on the work situation as well as the women’s life situation? By considering women’s right to decent occupation this study also focuses on female empowerment, autonomy, economic independence in the urban domestic sector with influence from the market-oriented labor market in Lima. This case study is grounded in feminist care economy theory and Pierre Bourdieu’s human capital theory.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-06-20T11:55:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cecilia Bainy_ok (1).pdf: 2352266 bytes, checksum: 03accaa8878c908a67320f28fb6290bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T11:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cecilia Bainy_ok (1).pdf: 2352266 bytes, checksum: 03accaa8878c908a67320f28fb6290bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Wonder Woman character is acknowledgedly feminist and figured, along with Superman and Batman, one of DC Comics's top superheroes. She is the female's best-known female superhero. However, it was only in 2017, 75 years after its release, that the character gains a cinematographic work of its own. With the advent of information technology and the appropriation of the spaces of social networking sites, the theme of feminism has been gaining strength and has been widely discussed. This study analyzes the discussion on social networking sites on gender issues, in relation to the Wonder Woman movie release, in four publications on the official Facebook page. We investigated, in the comments on the release of the film, the presence of a debate on feminist issues, in order to identify the topics discussed. The idea is that the film would be able to mobilize discourses about female empowerment. We trace a brief history of how gender issues have been discussed from the 1930s to the present day. We discuss how gender studies are understood today and about the presence of feminism on the Internet. Questions about power and discourse were brought to the fore anchored in the precepts of Bourdieu (1996) and Foucault (2013), who describe elements to be considered in speech production as being a product of power relations in a society. We understand language as a form of naturalizing power through the concept of habitus (BOURDIEU 1989), and we consider it as one of the ways of perpetuating gender inequality. We recourse to Recuero (2012, 2014) to describe computer mediated communication and its relevant aspects for the analysis of this study, understanding it as a social product, capable of simulating elements of oral conversation. We understand, as Herring (2001), that textual communication is part of the discourses that come to construct behaviors. Thus, we use theoretical and methodological contributions of the Computer Mediated Analysis Discourse, developed by Herring (2001, 2004) in an attempt to find patterns capable of indicating the presence of a discussion about female empowerment, as well as to identify other recurrent patterns of discourse. / A personagem Mulher-Maravilha é reconhecidamente feminista e figura, juntamente com Superman e Batman, uma das principais super-heroínas da DC Comics. Ela é a super-heroína feminina mais conhecida da grande massa. No entanto, foi só em 2017, 75 anos depois de seu lançamento que a personagem ganha uma obra cinematográfica própria. Com o advento das tecnologias da informação e com a apropriação dos espaços dos sites de redes sociais, a temática do feminismo vem ganhando força e tem sido amplamente discutida. Neste estudo analiso, então, a discussão nos sites de redes sociais sobre as questões de gênero, no que se refere ao lançamento do filme Mulher-Maravilha, em quatro publicações na página de Facebook oficial da obra. Investiguei, nos comentários sobre o lançamento do filme, a presença de debate sobre as questões feministas, a fim de identificar os temas discutidos. Minha hipótese era de que o filme fosse capaz de mobilizar discursos sobre empoderamento feminino. Para este projeto, primeiro traço um breve histórico sobre como as questões de gênero têm sido discutidas desde os anos 1930 até os dias atuais. Em seguida, abordo sobre como os estudos de gênero são entendidos hoje e sobre a presença do feminismo na Internet. Questões sobre poder e discurso são trazidas à tona ancoradas nos preceitos de Bourdieu (1996) e Foucault (2013), que descrevem elementos para se pensar na produção do discurso como sendo um produto das relações de poder em uma sociedade. Entendo a linguagem, enquanto forma de naturalizar o poder, através do conceito de habitus (BOURDIEU 1989), e a considero como uma das formas de perpetuação da desigualdade dos gêneros. Recorro à Recuero (2012, 2014) para descrever a comunicação mediada pelo computador e seus aspectos relevantes para análise deste estudo, compreendendo-a como um produto social, capaz de simular elementos da conversação oral. Entendo, assim como Herring (2001), que a comunicação textual é parte dos discursos que vêm a construir comportamentos. Assim, utilizo aportes teóricos e metodológicos da Análise do Discurso Mediada por Computador, desenvolvidos por Herring (2001, 2004) na tentativa de encontrar padrões capazes de indicar a presença de discussão sobre o empoderamento feminino, bem como identificar outros padrões recorrentes de discurso.

This thesis seeks to show the ways in which Charlotte Brontë's fiction anticipates the concerns of contemporary feminist theology. Whilst Charlotte Brontë's novels have held a place of honor in feminist literary criticism for decades, there has been a critical tendency to associate the proto-feminism of Brontë's narratives with a rejection of Christianity—namely, that Brontë's heroines achieve their personal, social and spiritual emancipation by throwing off the shackles of a patriarchal Church Establishment. And although recent scholarly interest in Victorian Christianity has led to frequent interpretations that regard Brontë's texts as upholding a Christian worldview, in many such cases, the theology asserted in those interpretations arguably undermines the liberative impulse of the narratives. In both cases, the religious and romantic plots of Brontë's novels are viewed as incompatible. This thesis suggests that by reading Brontë's fiction in light of an interdisciplinary perspective that interweaves feminist and theological concerns, the narrative journeys of Brontë's heroines might be read as affirming both Christian faith and female empowerment. Specifically, this thesis will examine the ways in which feminist theologians have identified the need for Christian doctrines of sin and grace to be articulated in a manner that better reflects women's experiences. By exploring the interrelationship between women's writing and women's faith, particularly as it relates to the literary origins of feminist theology and Brontë's position within the nineteenth-century female publishing boom, Brontë's liberative imagination for female flourishing can be re-examined. As will be argued, when considered from the vantage point of feminist theology, 'Jane Eyre', 'Shirley', and 'Villette' portray women's need to experience grace as self-construction and interdependence rather than self-denial and subjugation.

This thesis aims to explain how post-conflict environmental initiatives affect women’s empowerment within natural resource management in the short term. It argues that the lack of causal effect between the variables can be explained by the robustness of patriarchal institutions. Gender-sensitive environmental peacebuilding lacks the strength to counter traditional and well-established formal and informal societal structures. Using a structured focused comparison on Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo the analysis shows that UNEP Country Recovery Programmes, which are used as an example of the post-conflict environmental initiatives, were unable to change women’s position within natural resource management in the first five years of the establishment. Even though presented theoretical frameworks partially explain the results, more research is needed to draw informed and conclusive inferences.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal es describir y analizar el negocio: Yve Beauté. El empoderamiento femenino ha permitido que la mujer de hoy se preocupe por su imagen, cuidado personal no por belleza sino por su salud, contando con presupuesto de gastos mensuales, sin embargo, cuenta con algunas necesidades que resolver por la falta de tiempo y falta de confianza en los estilistas que no cuentan con medidas de bioseguridad adecuadas en un Salón de Belleza. La solución es un servicio de belleza integral a domicilio exclusivo para mujeres, con el uso de tecnología como el escáner facial y un aplicativo móvil para agendar su cita. Lo cual le permitirá recibirlo en la comodidad de su hogar sin tiempo de espera, con la confianza garantizada por la empresa y con los protocolos de bioseguridad durante la recepción del servicio. El proyecto es innovador en su rubro, ya que hoy en día no hay un servicio en nuestro país como el que proponemos ya que el servicio que ofrecemos es único en nuestro mercado en donde predomina un excelente servicio al cliente, insumos de calidad, medidas de bioseguridad y la tecnología. La metodología utilizada es, mixta: revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas, focus group, campañas de redes sociales, landing page, entre otros. Los resultados del análisis del negocio nos indica que es atractivo financiar. Se concluye que es negocio altamente rentable e innovador gracias a la gestión de sus estrategias en especial de marketing y ventas. / The main objective of this research work is to describe and analyze the business: Yve Beauté. Female empowerment has allowed today's woman to worry about her image, personal care not for beauty but for her health, with a monthly expense budget, however, she has some needs to solve because of a lack of time and lack of confidence in stylists who do not have adequate biosecurity measures in a Beauty Salon. The solution is a comprehensive beauty service at home exclusively for women, with the use of technology such as a facial scanner and a mobile application to schedule your appointment. This will allow you to receive it in the comfort of your home without waiting time, with the confidence guaranteed by the company and with biosecurity protocols during the reception of the service. The project is innovative in its field, since today there is no service in our country like the one, we propose since the service we offer is unique in our market where excellent customer service, quality inputs, biosecurity measures and technology predominate. The methodology used is, mixed: bibliographic review, interviews, focus group, social media campaigns, landing page, among others. The results of the business analysis tell us that it is attractive to finance. It is concluded that it is a highly profitable and innovative business thanks to the management of its strategies, in particular marketing and sales. / Trabajo de investigación