Submitted by Daniele Santos (danielesantos.htl@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T17:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Rojas.pdf: 1624527 bytes, checksum: b5f7bc8eba2184b3778dbd4c4d06b39d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-02-23T17:48:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Rojas.pdf: 1624527 bytes, checksum: b5f7bc8eba2184b3778dbd4c4d06b39d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T17:49:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Rojas.pdf: 1624527 bytes, checksum: b5f7bc8eba2184b3778dbd4c4d06b39d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / As women make wide strides in labor participation in both, business and politics, a staggering reality is that the progress is rather minimal at the top of decision-making. In Nordic nations, which rank among the top five in the world for gender equality, women fare far worse than their American counterparts in the upper echelons of large corporations. For the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) position, the number one leadership and decision-making role in a company, women held 4.6% of CEO positions in S&P 500 companies in the US, while they held zero positions in large cap companies in Finland (Catalyst, 2015). The objective of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of how women are disproportionally represented at the top decision-making position, the CEO post, in corporations. It also seeks to investigate the key factors that impact women’s career pathway to the CEO position in corporations and recommendations from participants to change the course. This study uses an exploratory framework employing a case study of the telecommunications industry, and compares the experiences of a Nordic country, Finland, with the United States, with an eye on the so-called Nordic Mystery (The Economist, 2014). Data was collected by conducting interviews with 11 participants in both countries, including CEOs and chief government decision-makers in the industry and leading experts in academia, business and international executive-search firms. This exploratory study poses limitations: a small number of participants in the sample, a reduced geographical context, short period of time for data collection, and findings applicable solely to the largest publicly traded firms. Contrary to most quantitative studies, however, this qualitative approach of interviewing current top decision-makers deepens the understanding of this phenomenon and serves as a starting point for future research of women CEOs.

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Hlavním cílém této diplomové práce bylo analyzovat současnou situaci žen ve vyšším managementu ve vybraných společnostech s hlavním zaměřením na Českou republiku. Dále prozkoumat baríery, kterým ženy čelí pří jejich cestě na manažerské pozice a poskytnout doporučení budoucím manažerkám. Tato práce se skládá ze dvou částí a to části teoretické a praktické. V první části jsou analyzovány teoretické pojmy spojené s termínem gender, současná situace žen v managementu a ženský styl vedení. Praktická část diplomové práce je rozdělěna na dvě další části. V první části jsou provedeny rozhovory s ženami z vyššího managementu, které pocházejí z různých společností. V druhé části je tato problematika analyzována z pohledu odborníku ze společnosti Hays Česká republika.

The aim of this study was to explore the purposes and effects of women’s leadership in rituals in relation to their social and religious role in society. This was carried out by using qualitative methods and analyzing the data by using ritual theory and theories on religion and gender. The interviews and observations focused on two rituals carried out by women: the Partiv Puja and the Chhath Puja. The results show that women participate in the rituals for religious, cultural, and social reasons, and that their participation in the rituals could be viewed as a reclaim of the public space of religious practice. Furthermore, the women’s participation and leadership in rituals could also, from a ritual theoretic perspective, be viewed as a tool to refuse and change social power structures. The research was carried out in Varanasi, India, during an eight-week Minor Field Study and the study was performed by using observations and interviews, which were conducted between the 21st of October and the 2nd of December 2018 / Målet med denna studie var att utforska syften och följder av kvinnors ledarskap och deltagande i religiösa ritualer i relation till deras sociala och religiösa roll i samhället. Studien genomfördes genom kvalitativa metoder samt en analys av resultaten ur ett ritualteorietiskt perspektiv, samt med hjälp av teorier om religion och kön. Intervjuerna och observationerna fokuserade på två ritualer som utförs av kvinnor: Partiv Puja och Chaath Puja. Resultaten visar att kvinnor deltar i ritualerna av religiösa, kulturella och sociala anledningar, samt att deras deltagande skulle kunna ses som ett återtagande av den offentliga platsen för religiöst utövande. Tilläggningsvis skulle kvinnors deltagande och ledarskap i ritualer, ur ett ritualteoretiskt perspektiv, även kunna ses som verktyg för att gå emot, och förändra, sociala maktstrukturer. Studien genomfördes i Varanasi, Indien, under en åttaveckors Minor Field Study och utfördes genom observationer och intervjuer. Dessa ägde rum mellan den 21:a oktober och den 2:a december 2018.

Este trabajo de investigación expone el rol de la mujer ante la sociedad y las organizaciones, donde sobresale el liderazgo femenino en los diferentes campos profesionales, demostrando resultados positivos a través de su gestión. En el actual contexto empresarial cada vez más globalizado, se evidencia la lucha constante por incluir a las mujeres en la toma de decisiones al ocupar posiciones de alta responsabilidad en las organizaciones. Es aquí, donde además se resalta la importancia de tener las mismas oportunidades, la anulación de etiquetas que frenen su desarrollo como líderes eficaces, así como también sus competencias para enfrentar los desafíos que exige el entorno empresarial. Para ello, se utiliza el modelo de tipo explicativo que demuestra la relación por la lucha de la equidad de género con un avance lento. Esta lucha causa un impacto en la sociedad como también la valoración de la mujer en un mundo liderado por el hombre. El análisis se ha enmarcado en una muestra inicial de treinta artículos científicos de estudios realizados durante los últimos diez años. Este trabajo tiene como finalidad; explicar las actividades profesionales donde sobresale el liderazgo femenino y donde la búsqueda constante por la paridad sigue siendo un reto, sin tomar en cuenta las llamadas barreras invisibles como el techo de cristal y los prejuicios en el desarrollo profesional. / This research work exposes the role of women before society and organizations, where female leadership stands out in different professional fields, demonstrating positive results through their management. In the current increasingly globalized business context, the constant struggle to include women in decision-making by occupying positions of high responsibility in organizations is evident. It is here, where the importance of having the same opportunities is also highlighted, the cancellation of labels that slow down their development as effective leaders, as well as their skills to face the challenges demanded by the business environment. For this, the explanatory type model is used that demonstrates the relationship for the fight for gender equality with slow progress. This struggle causes an impact on society as well as the appreciation of women in a world led by men. The analysis has been framed in an initial sample of thirty scientific articles of studies carried out during the last ten years. This work is intended to; explain professional activities where female leadership excels and where the constant search for parity continues to be a challenge, without taking into account the so-called invisible barriers such as the glass ceiling and prejudices in professional development. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

I analysed individual perceptions of successful leadership, from a feminist intersectional persepctive. The study is based on previous research undertaken by Chamorro-Premuzic (2019), where successful leadership has been argued to be based on embodying the characteristics of ‘confidence’, ‘competence’, and ‘emotional intelligence’. This study also investigated whether comprehensions of successful leadership are gendered, and, if so, if the gendered perceptions may be related to the social organisation of care. Furthermore, as gender is always racialised and race is always gendered, this study takes an intersectional approach, analysing perceptions of successful leadership as both racialised and gendered. Based on this, I undertook a case study analysing the words of 11 women in the United States, in order to compare the perspectives of what successful leadership entails for certain individuals in particular, to general perceptions on successful leadership, as well across identity locations. By emphasising individual perspectives on successful leadership, this study allowed for an investigation into gendered and racialised notions regarding successful leadership.

Underrepresentationen av kvinnligt ledarskap inom idrott har under de senaste åren blivit mycket uppmärksammat av både forskare och institutioner. Forskningen redogör för att kvinnliga huvudtränare stöter på hinder både på samhälls-, organisations- och individnivå. Problemen relateras framför allt till rekrytering och könsstereotyper, det finns uppfattningar om hur en kvinnlig ledare ska vara och det finns uppfattningar om hur en tränare ska vara - dessa två stämmer inte alltid överens med varandra. Kvinnliga ledare hämmas av de könsstereotyper som råder i samhället samtidigt som forskning visar att kvinnliga huvudtränare hämmas vid en rekrytering. Kvinnliga huvudtränare är underrepresenterade generellt i idrottsvärlden.Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om samma problematik som forskningen redogör för även förekommer i Sverige. Syftet med studien är därför att bidra med ökad förståelse om varför kvinnliga huvudtränare är underrepresenterade i SHE, svenska högstaligan för damer i handboll. För att kunna uppfylla studiens syfte och svara på problemformuleringen utgår rapporten från semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomförts med sju olika föreningar som deltar i SHE säsongen 2020/2021. Den teoretiska referensramen är utformad utifrån tidigare forskning, statistik över hur många män och kvinnor som har genomfört en tränarutbildning, könsstereotyper som tycks hämma kvinnor samt information om hur en rekryteringsprocess går till. Studiens empiri som grundar sig i föreningarnas svar ställs i relation till den teoretiska referensramen i studiens analys. I studiens analys kan författarna konstatera att det finns faktorer som hämmar men också faktorer som borde gynna kvinnor. Kvinnliga huvudtränare anses till viss del hämmas av de könsstereotyper som råder i dagens samhälle och det finns även en del av rekryteringsprocessen där kvinnliga ledare skulle kunna hämmas. Den slutgiltiga slutsatsen som presenteras är tudelad men tyder trots allt på att kvinnliga huvudtränare i den svenska högstaligan skulle kunna hämmas av både rekryteringsprocessen och könsstereotyper. / The underrepresentation of female leadership in sports has recently been noticed by both researchers and institutions. Female head coaches face obstacles on social, organizational, and individual levels. The problems are mainly related to recruitment and gender stereotypes, there are perceptions of how a female leader should be and how a head coach should be. These two do not match each other. Female leaders are affected negatively by the society’s gender stereotypes and research shows that female head coaches are examined more closely. Female head coaches are underrepresented generally in the world and statistics show that it’s the same in Sweden. The purpose of the work is thus to examine the Swedish Handball Elite (SHE) and investigate if the same problem exists in Sweden too. The purpose of the study is to contribute with a better understanding of why female head coaches are underrepresented in the SHE.To be able to fulfill the purpose of the study and respond to the problem formulation semi-structured interviews have been made with different teams in the SHE. The theoretical frame of reference is designed based on previous research, statistics of how many women and men that have completed a coaching education, gender stereotypes that affect women negatively and information about how a recruitment process works. The study’s empirical data that is based on the team’s answers and is set in relation to the theoretical frame of reference in the analysis of the study. In the analysis of the study the authors can state that there are factors that both positive and negative affect women. Female head coaches are considered to be negatively affected by the gender stereotypes that prevail in the society and there are also parts of the recruitment process where women could be negatively affected. The conclusion that is presented is somewhat divided but indicates that female head coaches in the SHE partly could be affected negatively by both the recruitment process and gender stereotypes.

In recent years, more women have entered positions of leadership, and their alpha personalities have compelled them to strive for higher positions of authority. With this influx, it has become necessary to better understand the influences of this type of female leader and to expand narrow conceptualizations. Previous studies examined alpha female leaders of high school and college-age, but studies have yet to explore this type of leader beyond college. This phenomenological study sought to examine the influence of the minority identity, life experience, and leadership duration on veteran alpha female leaders. It was grounded in social-role and ethnic-identity theory. During semistructured interviews, 12 veteran alpha female leaders of various ethnicities explained their experiences. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method; 409 significant statements were extracted and then clustered into 8 themes. The findings indicated that although alpha qualities can emerge early, most attributes take time to develop. Seeking opportunities and ongoing mentoring influenced leader experiences and contributed to success and leadership duration. Through exploration of the minority identity status (e.g. gender, ethnicity, culture, etc.) increased motivational influences were found as a direct result of the minority identity, these findings indicated that leaders of color were particularly susceptible to more than one motivational influence. Increased understanding of veteran alpha women could help to improve leadership practices and enhance working relationships, which better support the personalities of this valuable but sometimes challenging leadership type. The general acceptance of alpha women in leadership roles promotes positive social change by helping to facilitate growth in female leadership representation.

In order for businesses to increase their chances of survival in the global market, adaptable organizations and competent change leaders are required. Leadership and change management are becoming increasingly important, with a particular emphasis on engaged and transformative leadership. Despite the proven ability of female leadership to facilitate transformative change, it is often overlooked. This qualitative study examines the knowledge gap regarding key factors for successful change leadership, characteristics of successful change leaders, and the significance of gender. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who have held or currently hold leadership positions and have implemented change processes. The study explores the importance of gender in successful change leadership, differences among successful leaders, and the role of gender. Participants included both men and women in leadership positions with experience in driving change.  The results showed that clear, direct, and honest communication tailored to the recipient is crucial for managing change. The study emphasizes the need for change leaders to possess communication and social skills in order to thrive in a dynamic global market. Employee involvement and heterogeneous groups were also identified as important factors that increase the likelihood of success. A good leader is outward-facing and engages with individuals who have diverse and stimulating tasks. The findings of the study revealed that female leaders are often not recognized as a success factor, despite their ability to implement transformative changes. Gender itself does not differentiate successful change leaders from others; rather, individual characteristics play a significant role. / För att verksamheter ska öka sina överlevnadschanser i den globala marknaden krävs det att organisationen är förändringsbenägen och innehar kompetenta förändringsledare. Ledarskap och förändringsarbete blir allt viktigare, med särskild vikt för engagerat och transformativt ledarskap.  Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker det forskningsgap som identifierats kring viktiga faktorer för framgångsrik förändringsledning och egenskaper hos framgångsrika förändringsledare. Vidare undersöker studien könets betydelse hos framgångsrika förändringsarbeten. Studiens frågeställningar har besvarats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer av deltagare som varit i ledarskapspositioner och genomfört förändringsprocesser. Studien undersöker könets betydelse för framgångsrik förändringsledning och skillnader mellan framgångsrika ledare samt könets roll varför studiens deltagare bestått av både män och kvinnor i ledarskapspositioner med förändringserfarenhet. Resultaten visade att tydlig, direkt och ärlig kommunikation anpassad till mottagaren är avgörande för att hanteringen kring förändringar. Förändringsledare behöver enligt studiens resultat sådana typer av egenskaper som främjar kommunikations- och sociala färdigheter för att verksamheten ska överleva på en föränderlig global marknad. Studiens resultat påvisar att en bra ledare är utåtriktad och socialiserar med människor med varierande och stimulerande uppgifter. Medarbetarinvolvering och heterogena grupper är ytterligare faktorer som ökar också chanserna till framgång. Könet hos en ledare i sig skiljer inte framgångsrika förändringsledare från andra, utan det är de individuella egenskaper hos ledaren som spelar en betydande roll.

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