Trade-off between offspring size and number belongs to the most discussed concepts in the life history theory. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between egg size, clutch size and female body mass at the family level in bird's and to examine whether there is the relationship between offspring size and number and life history traits specific for particular bird families. From published sources, I collected data about 5.073 species belong in 146 families. Most species of birds lay smaller clutches, on average three eggs. In 112 families from 130 tested eggs size was positively correlated with female body mass. There is evidence that egg size and clutch size are inversely related in 83 families from 130 tested but only for 34 families was significant. The relationship exists independently of female body mass across bird families and this suggests a trade-off between these traits. The relationship between the strength and shape of egg size-number correlations and life history characteristics of bird families was not frequent. According to results, the strength of correlation seems to be related to development mode and diet type. The negative egg size-number correlation is stronger when incubation period and fledging time is longer and in birds with longer lifespan. The...

<p>The narrative of the Ecuadorian César Dávila Andrade (Cuenca, Ecuador 1918 - Caracas, Venezuela 1967) is of great importance for the literature of his country; however, it has not been studied very frequently, as critics have focused on his poetry. This has mainly shown Dávila Andrade as a poet, rather than a narrator. However, his short stories constitute a considerable body of work and must be considered for a global understanding of his work. This dissertation aims to show that the short stories have to be considered an important part of the literary work of Dávila Andrade. Furthermore, the dissertation is part of a process of a contemporary rereading of Ecuadorian canonical authors; specifically, I propose an innovative analysis, based on abjection, gender and body, of texts that have traditionally been studied from narratological and stylistic perspectives only. For this study, I selected stories from different periods in Davila Andrade's career: “Un centinela ve la vida aparecer” (1966), “El hombre que limpió su arma” (1966), “Cabeza de gallo” (1966), “La autopsia” (Revista Tomebamba 1943), “Autopsia” (1952), “Las nubes y las sombras” (1952), “Un cuerpo extraño” (1955), “El último remedio” (1955), “La batalla” (1955), “La mirada de Dios” (1949), and “Ataúd de cartón” (1952). In these short stories, abjection is a subversive category that allows the author to question the constitution and ontology of reality. Julia Kristeva’s theoretical proposal defines abjection as what reminds the individual of a state of being of undifferentiation (before and after existence), in which he/she ceases to be; the presence of the abject puts at risk the existence of the subject within a social system. Specifically, the body in different states in the Davilian narrative is the main abject element that disfigures the categories and hierarchies of symbolic systems (patriarchy and religion are some examples). The Davilian body is essentially feminine and constitutes abjection; it is presented as a border space where reality loses its contours. Similarly, the diseased body and the corpse are constant elements in the Davilian narrative, inhabitants of unstable worlds, which invade places and the characters’ psyches. In conclusion, Dávila Andrade's short stories are occupied by the abjection of bodies, which functions as a concept that allows the dismantling of imposed, closed systems, based on hierarchies, such as patriarchy and religion.</p>

Les deux récits Le Sari vert (2009) et Manger l’autre (2018) se placent aux extrêmes du spectre d’écriture d’Ananda Devi. Historiquement et stylistiquement, ces œuvres témoignent d’un engagement littéraire à représenter la condition féminine dans ce qu’elle a de plus sombre. Ces deux récits présentent un constat social qui perdure : le corps de la femme ne lui appartient pas. La présente étude a pour objectif d’exposer l’influence du discours social sur les personnages féminins, qui aboutit à une représentation essentiellement basée sur la seule apparence physique au détriment de l’identité globale de la femme. Cette apparence évoque, dans le corpus, un lieu insulaire, que le narrateur associe à l’île Maurice. Dans un premier temps, la représentation du corps de la femme est observée selon les théories féministes, l’identité de la femme étant réduite à son apparence. Dans un second temps, les appels à l’imaginaire qui caractérisent l’écriture de Devi sont convoqués pour analyser la construction discursive de la violence du quotidien et démontrer que les narrateurs des romans font systématiquement du corps de la femme l’origine des malheurs des personnages féminins. Dans un dernier temps, une approche géocritique est employée pour réfléchir sur le corps de la femme comme évocation de la morphologie insulaire mauricienne. De cette représentation du corps féminin émane violence et enfermement. Le corps est une prison de laquelle la femme doit se libérer pour ne plus faire de son insularité une tare. / The two novels Le Sari vert (2009) and Manger l’autre (2018) are opposite in the spectrum of Ananda Devi’s work. Historically and stylistically, these narratives illustrate a literary commitment to represent the female condition in its darkest aspects. These two novels describe a social fact : woman’s body doesn’t belong to her. This study aims at exposing the impact of social discourse on female characters which creates a representation almost essentially based on physical characteristics regardless of overall identity. Physical appearance recalls an insular environment, like the Mauritian island. Firstly, the representation of female body will be observed through feminist theories which will show women’s identities are reduced to physical appearance. Secondly, the fiction as an instrument to describe everyday violence will be analyzed, especially because the female body is always presented as the cause of violence. Finally, geocriticism will help us think about the female body as a metaphor of the Mauritian island. The representation of female body evokes violence and confinement. Thus, the body is a prison; woman must escape from it to embrace her insularity instead of being held hostage.

L’idéologie dominante de la sexualité influence la place des femmes dans la société et soutient la mise en place des structures sociales et étatiques de contrôle du corps de la femme. Ces discours et structures s’articulent dans l’espace public. Pour comprendre comment la conception de la sexualité influence le contrôle du corps de la femme, cette recherche vise à identifier le courant de pensée dominant qui sous-tend la législation entourant le travail du sexe au Canada et à explorer l’impact que cette législation a sur les conditions de travail et le vécu des travailleuses du sexe. En s’appuyant sur une analyse soutenue des transformations législatives et une analyse d’une littérature grise autour du sujet, cette recherche fait une analyse multiéchelle des cadres légaux entourant le travail du sexe dans la ville de Montréal. Cette analyse met en relation les différentes réformes législatives pour identifier les changements d’idéologie à travers le temps. L’analyse a permis de constater que la législation canadienne contemporaine se base principalement sur une approche néoabolitionniste et que malgré les réformes législatives, il y a eu en réalité peu de changement dans la nature du contrôle des corps des femmes travailleuses du sexe à travers le temps. Dans le but de comprendre quel rôle joue les législations et réglementations dans le contrôle du corps des travailleuses du sexe dans l’espace public, une analyse de la présence des travailleuses du sexe dans les quartiers Hochelaga-Maisonneuve et Ahuntsic-Cartierville est réalisée. Cette recherche démontre que la régulation du travail du sexe se trouve à l’intersection du cadre légal fédéral et de la réglementation municipale, ce qui génère des contradictions dans l’application des lois. Le service de police de la ville de Montréal utilise le principe de nuisance publique pour orienter les actions des policiers dans des secteurs définis. Cette pratique cherche en particulier à rendre le travail du sexe moins visible dans l’espace public, principalement dans les secteurs où les plaintes de nuisance publique sont faites par des citoyens. Cette façon d’appliquer le principe de nuisance publique pourrait entrainer un déplacement des travailleuses du sexe dans d’autres secteurs de la ville, ou encore, augmenter la vulnérabilité de ces dernières. / The dominant ideologies regarding sexuality shape the place of women in society and support the establishment of social and state structures of control over women's bodies. These discourses and structures impact the social construction of space, in particular the access and use of public space. To understand how the conception of sexuality influences the control of the female body, this research aims to determine the dominant current of thought that underlies the legislation surrounding sex work in Canada and to explore the impact that this legislation has on the working conditions and the lived experience of sex workers. Drawing on a sustained analysis of the legislative transformation in Canada and the analysis of ‘grey literature’ around the topic, this research presents a multi-scale analysis of the legal frameworks surrounding sex work in the City of Montreal. Through an analysis of the legislative reform, this research attempts to understand the shifting ideologies that have underpinned these legal frameworks. This analysis indicates that contemporary Canadian legislation is based on a neo-abolitionist approach to sex work and that, despite multiple legislative reforms, there has been little change in the control of female sex workers' bodies over time. In order to understand what role laws and regulations play in controlling the bodies of sex workers in public space, this research then turns to an analysis of the presence of sex workers in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve and Ahuntsic-Cartierville neighborhoods. The analysis demonstrates that stat control of sex work occurs at the intersection on the federal laws and municipal regulations. In particular, the police department of the city of Montreal uses the principle of public nuisance to guide the actions of police officers in particular sector of the city. This practice seeks to make sex work less visible in public space, which may increase the vulnerability of sex workers.

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[pt] A proposta desta dissertação é investigar as representações das mulheres em um conjunto de peças gráficas publicitárias, contemporâneas a esta dissertação e provenientes da paisagem urbana do centro comercial de rua do Bairro de Ipanema/RJ. Busca-se analisar as imagens do merchandising que contém o corpo feminino representado em seu gráfico, a maneira que são dispostas na paisagem urbana e como se apresentam no espaço comercial para a sociedade com quem se relacionam. Além de demonstrar, quando identificados, os padrões e as repetições formais e conceituais contidos nas fotografias publicitárias femininas dessas peças gráficas do estudo de caso. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa, de maneira geral, disserta sobre a estetização da linguagem visual na sociedade da cultura do consumo. Os referenciais teóricos que estruturaram as reflexões apresentadas advêm dos campos do saber da Arquitetura, do Urbanismo, do Design Gráfico, da Filosofia e da Antropologia. Pensamentos e epistemologias femininas têm um lugar relevante nos desdobramentos teóricos deste escrito. Como resultado principal, é possível notar que as imagens que serviram como objeto de estudo desta investigação partilham discursos e experiências estéticas múltiplas. Operam como espelho da sociedade (da cultura, da moda vigente — entendendo moda aqui para além do mundo fashion), ajudando a mantê-la regulada e padronizada. Ou seja, as distribuições de visibilidades e invisibilidades são antecipadas no seio das evidências visíveis. / [en] The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the representations of women in a set of current graphic advertising pieces that come from the urban landscape of the street shopping center in the neighborhood of Ipanema/RJ. The aim is to analyze the merchandising images that contain the female body represented in their graphics, the way they are arranged in the urban landscape and how they present themselves in the commercial space to the society they relate to. In addition to this, to demonstrate, when identified, the formal and conceptual patterns and repetitions contained in the female advertising photographs of these graphic pieces in the case study. Therefore, this research discuss the aestheticization of visual language in consumer culture society. The theoretical references that structure the reflections presented come from the fields of knowledge of Architecture, Urbanism, Graphic Design, Philosophy and Anthropology. Feminine thoughts and epistemologies have a relevant place in the theoretical developments of this writing. The main result is that the images used as the object of study in this research share multiple discourses and aesthetic experiences. They operate as a mirror of society (of culture, of current trends), helping to keep it regulated and standardized. In other words, the distribution of visibilities and invisibilities is anticipated within the visible evidence.

Clinical and subclinical eating pathology are common, especially among female undergraduates. Such problems are often chronic and associated with a range of negative medical and psychological outcomes. Thus, it is important to develop effective prevention programs to reduce eating disorder risk. Numerous studies suggest that dissonance-based prevention programs are the most successful in reducing eating disorder risk factors, however, such programs might not be convenient for students limited by scheduling restraints or geographic proximity. Further, some students may be reluctant to attend such groups due to lack of anonymity. One way to address these potential barriers is to adapt dissonance-based programs for online use. However, no extant studies have examined the feasibility of this mode of delivery for dissonance-based programs. The current study examined the effectiveness of an online dissonance-based program, and compared it with traditional face-to-face delivery and assessment-only control conditions. It was hypothesized that: 1) online and face-to-face dissonance programs would produce comparable results; and 2) both of these active treatments would yield improvements in eating disorder outcomes (e.g. reduced thin ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, negative affect, and eating disorder symptoms) compared with an assessment-only control condition. Results partially supported the original hypotheses. Modified intent-to-treat analyses (MITT) indicated that participants in both the face-to-face and online intervention groups showed less body dissatisfaction at post-intervention assessment compared to assessment only participants. Further, when analyses were conducted using a non-intent-to-treat (non-ITT) approach (examining only the outcomes of participants who completed the intervention), significant post-intervention differences were observed for all outcome variables. Specifically, individuals in both intervention groups showed lower thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, restraint, negative affect, and fewer eating disorder symptoms compared to assessment only participants. This study indicates that there may be some promise in adapting dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs for online use. Future studies should continue to refine online adaptations of such programs and examine the effects of such programs with different populations.