Thesis advisor: Lisa S. Cahill / As ethicists, we have a responsibility to engage with major issues around the world. In Latin America, gender-based violence has become a reality for far too many women, and community organizers from faith-based organizations are working to change attitudes and structures in society. Many women from these organizations are using theological resources to aid them in their activism. This dissertation will examine how theological resources contribute to the activism of Latin American women. Through an examination of Jon Sobrino’s Christology, we can see that “resurrection” serves as a major theme for women who are fighting gender-based violence, and that specific concepts within this Christology can inspire hope. Sobrino’s work offers women a theological framework through which they can understand their protest activities as an important part of their spiritual lives. Although Sobrino provides this helpful paradigm, his writing refers to all Latin Americans in general and does not take the contextual specifics of women’s lives into consideration. Therefore, in order to add a gender lens to the conversation about women’s uses of theological resources in Latin America, this dissertation will put Latina feminist theologians in conversation with Sobrino. Although liberation theology has contributed to an important foundation for feminist theologians, liberation theologians often do not consider the realities of women’s lives as unique experiences. By looking at the writings of Marcella Althaus-Reid, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Ivone Gebara, María Pilar Aquino, and Nancy Pineda-Madrid we can see that a gender lens is especially important for women who are using theological resources to animate their protest activities. In addition to offering important resources for women struggling against the reality of gender-based violence, it is also necessary for theologians and ethicists to develop responses to gender-based violence and to support activists in their work for change. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Thesis advisor: Matthew Rutledge / Feminicides are the gender motivated killings of women. In other words, they are the killing of women because they are women. This difference in motive from homicides means that feminicides merit legal distinction, which led all 32 Mexican states to reform their penal codes in order to include feminicide. This paper investigates the evolution of feminicide typifications across states, and evaluates whether states with stronger feminicide laws have been more effective at enforcing justice by having higher prosecution rates for feminicides. Three factors are of particular importance when measuring the strength of feminicide laws: (1) the number of objective criteria used to recognize gender motive; (2) the presence of subjective elements; and (3) the recognition of feminicide as an autonomous crime. This paper finds that between 2010 and 2017, the typification of feminicide laws improved for all three criteria, but many states continue to have laws that are far from ideal. Over the last decade, feminicide prosecution rate fell as a result of an increase in violence throughout the country, even though the number of feminicide prosecutions increased. Yet the strength of the laws had a positive and significant effect on feminicide prosecutions, suggesting that the decrease in the feminicide prosecution rate would have been greater were it not for the stronger laws. This paper finds that the average improvement in the feminicide laws led to an increase in the feminicide prosecution rate of between 12% and 21%. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Scholar of the College. / Discipline: Economics.

Corpses and disappeared bodies have become part of the Mexican landscape. Within the overall increase of violence, feminicide has become an urgent matter. Around ten women are murdered each day and most cases remain unsolved. As a response to this spectacle of violence, feminist protests and organized action are gaining prominence throughout the country. ‘Vivas nos queremos’ (‘We want to stay alive’) and ‘Ni una menos’ (‘Not one less’) are some of the chants that resonate among massive protests. Despite the growing numbers of feminicide cases and with the spread of activism, there is surprisingly little research that examines the affects and emotions engendered in the current normalization of violence. Much has been said about feminicide in relation to symbolic violence, and patriarchal structures, but not enough focus has been placed on how living bodies affect and are affected by their contact with the dead. Thus, this project utilizes affect theories (Brian Massumi, 2002) and the language of haunting (Avery F. Gordon, 2008) to unpack the complexity of feminicide, collective mourning, and normalization of violence. Through a close reading of literary fiction, I explore the affective forces engendered between living bodies and dead bodies. By thinking with Massumi and Gordon, I posit that theorizing affective forces should not assume a sharp cut between life and death. Then I follow the ghost of La Llorona (The Weeping Woman) as her wails become the voice of grieving mothers and murdered women. Listening to La Llorona’s wails as they mingle with activists’ chants of resistance makes visible, audible, and palpable a larger haunting that hints towards unequal social structures. Thinking with the concepts of mourning and grief as well as affect and haunting opens new ways of thinking about the unresolved murders and disappearances of women as expressed by literature and artivism. / Graduate

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The most visible expression of violence against women is feminicide. The majority of feminicide cases are committed by the partner or former partner of the victim. This involves ongoing domestic abuses, threats or intimidation, sexual violence or situations in which women have less energy or resources than their partner. In addition, clinics, public hospitals or private health institutes have mental health evaluation processes, however, these flows are usually carried out in several sessions, which causes a delay in the diagnosis. In this article, a mobile application that supports psychologists or psychiatrists during the process of the psychological profile diagnosis is proposed. The system contains a questionnaire and psychological tests, in this way, based on the patient responses, indicators, and metrics, the psychological profile of the assailant is obtained as a result. The use of the system in 40 patients shows that the selection times and the psychological test qualification have improved, as well as the interpretation of the results and the total process of diagnosis, which, when obtained at opportune time, allows specialists to prevent the victim from a possible feminicide.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T15:43:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3002264 bytes, checksum: dd0cf6031589a438d8c620fba0aabc6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T15:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3002264 bytes, checksum: dd0cf6031589a438d8c620fba0aabc6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work resumes the case of the murder of Violeta de Lourdes Formiga, a poet, born in the city of Pombal on May 28, 1951, who was murdered by her ex-husband, Antonio Olimpio Rosado Maia, in Tambaú, a neighborhood of the city of João Pessoa, on August 21, 1982. For the analysis of the case, I did contextualize the "crimes of honor", in which this case is inserted. I present to the readers the concept of feminicide, which according to Rita Laura Segato (2006) is a political term, since, feminicide is a crime of the patriarchy, with imposition of power, with the use of physical force; it is a crime of hate against women. In addition, this dissertation covers the various narratives of the Paraíba press, investigating the treatment of the Violeta Formiga case, on the pages of the newspapers. I will Throughout the text, I have observed the importance of the Feminist Movement in this case. This work belongs to the Research Line of History Teaching and Historical Knowledge. / Neste trabalho retomo o caso do assassinato de Violeta de Lourdes Formiga, poeta paraibana, nascida na cidade de Pombal, dia 28 de maio de 1951, que foi assassinada pelo seu ex-marido, Antonio Olímpio Rosado Maia, na cidade de João Pessoa, Bairro de Tambaú, no dia 21 de agosto de 1982. Para a análise do caso, fiz a contextualização dos “crimes de honra”, no qual se insere este caso. Apresento aos leitores a concepção de feminicídio, que, de acordo com Rita Laura Segato (2006), é um termo político, já que o feminicídio é um crime do patriarcado, de imposição de poder, com o uso da força física; é um crime de ódio às mulheres. Ao mais, esta dissertação percorre os caminhos da imprensa paraibana, investigando o tratamento dispensado ao Caso Violeta Formiga nas páginas dos jornais. Ao longo do texto, observei a importância do Movimento Feminista, neste caso. Este trabalho vincula-se à Linha de Pesquisa Ensino de História e Saberes Históricos.

This dissertation examines representations of feminicide victims in documentary film, novels, non-fiction, art, and graffiti and argues that these images express anxiety about they way women traverse and inhabit the geography of Ciudad Juárez, often giving precedence to the idea of the public female body as hypersexualized. In order to reclaim memory of the victims some cultural producers focus on the testimonial form in which victims’ families and other activists share their stories or construct informal memorials in the city; these remembrances later appear in works of non-fiction, film, and art, as markers of the process of creating and preserving memory. My dissertation analyzes such works as the documentary Señorita extraviada (2001) by Lourdes Portillo, the non-fiction work Huesos en el desierto (2002) by Sergio González Rodríguez, and the novel 2666 (2004) by Roberto Bolaño, among other cultural expressions, to show how feminicide victims and their families have been marked by and have challenged a pervasive public discourse about female sexuality.

In this report I argue that the analytical unit of feminicide must be expanded beyond gender in order to assess the axis of inequality upon which gender violence in contemporary Guatemala is being waged. Intersectionality and a gendered racial formation theory provide a more nuanced basis from which to undertake an analysis of gender violence and feminicide, and the grounds for devising effective long-term strategies for ending violence in its myriad forms. Second, I argue that the increased visibility of feminicide of late in Guatemala, far from being evidence of gradual progress toward addressing the problem, should be read as a sign of the problem‘s deepening, in a new and perhaps exacerbated form. Using historical examples from the Guatemalan women‘s movement, I demonstrate that demands to end gender violence and increase the rights of women, when articulated by the state, have often led not to a diminishing, but a reshaping of patriarchy and other forms of oppression. The Guatemalan state‘s transition towards neoliberal governmentality, and the gendered subject formation that is a part of this process, raise additional contradictions that merit further attention. State-based approaches to women‘s rights and protection should be merely one element of a larger political strategy towards more radical transformations of the state and racial, social and economic inequalities that will end gender based violence in the long-term. / text

La siguiente investigación busca examinar la existencia del sesgo y prejuicio al construir las noticias sobre la violencia hacia la mujer y los feminicidios. Asimismo, se busca identificar las principales características en la construcción de los actores de la noticia, principalmente en la imagen de la mujer. Para esto nos centramos en cinco casos que ocurrieron durante el año 2018 y que por la forma violenta en la que se dieron, se realizó una larga y detallada cobertura en la que no solo se dio a conocer el hecho, sino que se revelaron aspectos de la vida íntima de las mujeres y de sus familias. Estos casos fueron tomados del diario peruano Trome y para el análisis se buscó en manuales de género e investigaciones centradas en esta problemática. La investigación arrojó que a pesar de los intentos de la sociedad civil y de algunas entidades del Estado, aún se continúan cometiendo los mismos errores como lo son: no contextualizar la información, no concientizar sobre el tema, dramatizar y espectacularizar el asesinato misógino de mujeres, así como seguir con el formato novelesco para entregar la información. Esta investigación concluyó que las mujeres víctimas de esta violencia son escaneas por el medio para utilizar su imagen de acuerdo con los cánones de belleza establecidos por una línea editorial centrada en la pasión, el sentimiento y la muerte. / The following research examines the existence of a certain type of bias and prejudice while the newspaper Trome is building the news about violence against women and femicides. It also identifies the main characteristics in the construction of the actors from the news, mainly in the image of women. For this, we focus on five cases that occurred during the year 2018 because of the violence and the coverage which not only reveals the crimes, it also reveals a lot of intimate aspects of women and their families. The investigation showed that despite the attempts of civil society and some government entities, the same mistakes are still being made: not contextualizing the information, not raising awareness about the issue, dramatizing and spectacular sizing the misogynistic murder of women following a novel format to deliver the information. This investigation concluded that female victims of this violence are scanned by the newspaper to use their image under the canons of beauty established by an editorial line focused on passion, feelings, and death. / Tesis

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No / Global concern about feminicide -- the killing of girls or women for reasons related to gender roles – started in Latin America with the epidemic of sexualised murders and disappearances in Central America and Mexico. There, the killers walked free due to state indifference and an incompetent criminal justice system. But this book tells a more positive story from the region. Brazil has high numbers of feminicides, mostly committed by intimate partners. Yet, the state’s responses to this crime have been transformed in recent years. This is the first country study to examine in detail how strategic action by the women’s movement has resulted in significant improvements in the investigation, prosecution and prevention of domestic violence and of feminicide. This study traces the interaction between the main contributory factors to that transformation. Innovation and capacity-building in the criminal justice system has been driven by the development of norms and protocols at the inter-American level, by changes in Brazilian law and jurisprudence, and by policy entrepreneurs within the police and justice sector. Executive branch investment since the early 2000s in tackling gender-based violence created a propitious political environment. Coalitions of interest involving feminist academics, NGOs, local campaigners, bureaucrats within the state machineries for women, politicians, journalists, and criminal justice professionals were able to identify, create and use institutional spaces for change and diffuse good practices. / Research Development Fund Publication Prize Award winner, Mar 2021.