A comparação entre duas teorias na área de finanças sobre estrutura de capital nas empresas é o objetivo deste trabalho. Usando testes desenvolvidos por Shyam-Sunder & Myers (1999) e Rajan & Zingales (1995), os dados de empresas brasileiras, não financeiras, de capital aberto foram analisados entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 para verificar se preferiram os comportamentos previstos na Static Trade-off Theory ou os da Pecking Order Theory. As maneiras de se financiar e as causas e conseqüências dessas decisões nas empresas são importantes questões que vêm sendo debatidas em inúmeros trabalhos acadêmicos. Este trabalho procurou analisar a bibliografia relacionada ao tema e replicar testes realizados no exterior, visando verificar as semelhanças, diferenças e os motivos relacionados a tais resultados. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a provável preferência do comportamento previsto pela Pecking Order Theory, isto é, as empresas estudadas, no período analisado, usaram, em primeiro lugar, recursos gerados internamente (caixa operacional), usando em segundo lugar recursos de terceiros, por meio de empréstimos bancários ou emissão de debêntures, somente emitindo ações como última alternativa. Outra conclusão foi que as empresas brasileiras de capital aberto provavelmente não procuram alcançar ou manter uma meta ideal de endividamento, que equilibre os custos e benefícios gerados pelos empréstimos. / The comparison between two theories in the finance area of capital structure in business is the goal of this work. Using tests developed by Shyam-Sunder & Myers (1999) and Rajan & Zingales (1995), the data of Brazilian non-financial publicly traded were analyzed between the years 2000 and 2010 to determine whether they preferred the expected behaviors in the Static Trade-off Theory or the Pecking Order Theory. The ways to finance and the causes and consequences of these decisions in organizations are important issues that have been discussed in numerous scholarly works. This study sought to examine the literature related to the theme and replicating tests performed abroad in order to verify the similarities, differences and the reasons related to such results. The results indicate the problabe preference behavior provided by Pecking Order Theory, ie the companies studied in the period analyzed, used, first, internally generated funds (operating cash), second using third-party funds through bank loans or issuance of bonds or issuance of bonds, sending shares only as a last resort. Another conclusion is that Brazilian companies traded problaby did not seek to achieve or maintain an ideal goal of indebtedness, wich balances the costs and benefits generated by the loans.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar empiricamente as implicações dos modelos desenvolvidos por Almeida e Campello (2007) e Acharya, Almeida e Campello (2007) em um contexto de simultaneidade entre as decisões financeiras da firma e no qual o impacto do ambiente legal sobre a capacidade de crédito da mesma fosse considerado. Para alcançar esse objetivo estimou-se um sistema de quatro equações simultâneas, que incorpora os avanços teóricos recentes no tocante as decisões financeiras da firma, para uma amostra de firmas de diversos países. Os resultados alcançados sugerem a rejeição empírica das implicações dos referidos modelos, visto que as diferenças esperadas entre as firmas classificadas como não restritas e classificadas como restritas não puderam ser confirmadas. Os resultados também sugerem que ignorar a simultaneidade que caracteriza as decisões financeiras da firma consiste em um erro de especificação que pode ter consequências sérias sobre as estimativas dos parâmetros e que as restrições financeiras manifestam-se em praticamente todas as firmas, possivelmente em intensidades diferentes. / The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the implications of the Almeida and Campello (2007) and Acharya, Almeida, and Campello (2007) models in a context of simultaneous financial decisions of the firm while taking into account the effects of the legal environment on the credit capacity of the firm. To achieve this goal I estimated a system of four simultaneous equations, which incorporates recent theoretical advancements, over a sample of firms from several countries. The results suggest the rejection of the empirical implications, since the expected differences between constrained and unconstrained firms could not be confirmed. The results also suggest that ignoring the simultaneity among financial decisions induces a misspecification that could have serious consequences on the estimated parameters and that the financial constraints arises in almost all firms, possibly in different degrees.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar empiricamente as implicações dos modelos desenvolvidos por Almeida e Campello (2007) e Acharya, Almeida e Campello (2007) em um contexto de simultaneidade entre as decisões financeiras da firma e no qual o impacto do ambiente legal sobre a capacidade de crédito da mesma fosse considerado. Para alcançar esse objetivo estimou-se um sistema de quatro equações simultâneas, que incorpora os avanços teóricos recentes no tocante as decisões financeiras da firma, para uma amostra de firmas de diversos países. Os resultados alcançados sugerem a rejeição empírica das implicações dos referidos modelos, visto que as diferenças esperadas entre as firmas classificadas como não restritas e classificadas como restritas não puderam ser confirmadas. Os resultados também sugerem que ignorar a simultaneidade que caracteriza as decisões financeiras da firma consiste em um erro de especificação que pode ter consequências sérias sobre as estimativas dos parâmetros e que as restrições financeiras manifestam-se em praticamente todas as firmas, possivelmente em intensidades diferentes. / The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the implications of the Almeida and Campello (2007) and Acharya, Almeida, and Campello (2007) models in a context of simultaneous financial decisions of the firm while taking into account the effects of the legal environment on the credit capacity of the firm. To achieve this goal I estimated a system of four simultaneous equations, which incorporates recent theoretical advancements, over a sample of firms from several countries. The results suggest the rejection of the empirical implications, since the expected differences between constrained and unconstrained firms could not be confirmed. The results also suggest that ignoring the simultaneity among financial decisions induces a misspecification that could have serious consequences on the estimated parameters and that the financial constraints arises in almost all firms, possibly in different degrees.

El avance de la investigación considera la mejora y el crecimiento de los servicios funerarios en la localidad de Lima, que mantiene un protagonismo jamás antes visto por los servicios que brindan y a la magnitud de la demanda que actualmente se enfrenta. Es por ello, que ésta investigación planteará como propósito resolver con mayor exactitud el determinar la influencia de los costos logísticos en la toma de decisiones financieras en el sector funerario privado de Lima en el año 2018. La investigación comprende: Capítulo I Marco teórico, comprende el desarrollo de las variables dependiente e independiente, como son la toma de decisiones financieras y los costos logísticos. De igual manera, se visualizará el sector funerario a nivel nacional y extranjero. Capítulo II Plan de Investigación, detalla la situación problemática; el estado de la cuestión, el problema general y los problemas específico marco teórico. Asimismo, el objetivo general y los objetivos específicos, como la hipótesis general e hipótesis específicas. Capítulo III Metodología de la Investigación, será presentada a través del estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo. Adicional a ello, se visualizará la población y la muestra empleada para el desarrollo de los instrumentos de la recolección de datos. Capítulo IV Desarrollo de la Investigación, se realizó la entrevista a profundidad al especialista de costos y finanzas con la finalidad de un mejor enfoque del tema. De igual manera, las encuestas han sido realizadas a los administradores, directores y asesores de las empresas del sector. Capítulo V Análisis de resultados, se realiza el análisis del caso práctico, la validación de la hipótesis general y específica, realizada mediante el Alpha de Cronbach y la prueba de Chi Cuadrado el cual fue positivo validando nuestra hipótesis. / The progress of the investigation considers the improvement and growth of funeral services in the town of Lima, which maintains a leading role never before seen due to the services they provide and the magnitude of the demand that it currently faces. That is why this research will propose the purpose of solving with greater accuracy to determine the influence of logistics costs in making financial decisions in the private funeral sector in Lima in 2018. The research comprises of the following chapters: Chapter I Theoretical framework, it includes the development of dependent and independent variables, such as financial decision making and logistics costs. Similarly, visualize the funeral sector nationally and abroad. Chapter II Research Plan, details the problematic situation, the state of the question, the general problem and the specific problems. Also, the general objective and the specific objectives, such as the general hypothesis and the specific hypotheses. Chapter III Research Methodology will be presented through the quantitative and qualitative study. In addition, visualize the population and the sample used for the development of the data collection instruments. Chapter IV Investigation Development, we do the interview in depth to the cost and finance specialist, in order to better focus on the topic. Similarly, the surveys have been conducted with the administrators, directors and advisers of the companies in the sector. Chapter V Analysis of results, the analysis of the practical case is carried out, the validation of the general and specific hypotheses is carried out by means of the Cronbach's Alpha and the Chi Square test, which was positive validating our hypothesis. / Tesis

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors AVID students perceive as important in making financial decisions about paying for college. This study analyzed the factors college-bound students perceive as important in making decisions about paying for college. Trends in higher education include the rising cost of attendance, longer degree completion time, and the lagging purchasing power of federal grant funding. Existing data has delivered student perceptions regarding college access, affordability, and retention. The researcher framed the study using the human investment capital model. This model is grounded in the basic theory that education is an investment that will provide greater social and financial mobility in the future. The human capital theory coupled with benefits of a college education help guide the research and collects data that capture factors students perceive as important about making financial decisions regarding paying for college. From the data, it was evident that AVID students were seeking to maximize their higher education opportunities. Many students applied to as many as seven colleges while examining tradeoffs of college costs, the impact of financial aid offers, and ways to reduce the total costs. The factors students perceived as important in making financial decisions about paying for college could be put into three categories; tradeoffs, offered financial aid, and reducing the total cost. Students reported that the total cost of education was more important than peer and family approval of their school, academic reputation, and time to degree. However, the location of the school and the social and networking opportunities were more important than the total costs of the school. Conclusions from the study are students would rather attend a school that has less prestige and take longer to earn their degree if the total cost was aligned accordingly. Yet, the location and the networking and social experiences were not worth sacrificing for the students. Students were not willing to attend an institution with a less desirable location or fewer social opportunities even if the costs were minimal. The data say that an important factor for AVID students is the amount of financial aid they will receive.

本論文主要由兩篇文章所組成，探討有關跨國購併活動中目標公司的選擇，以及聯貸市場中參貸銀行的選擇。第一部份旨在分析市場集中程度與跨國購併在垂直相關產業的議題。Beladi, Chakrabarti and Marjit (2013)建立一般均衡寡佔模型，連結當地國的市場競爭力和跨國購併在垂直相關產業的論點。他們模型認為當地國家的垂直整合程度會改變國外主併者策略優勢。我們使用1990年至2012年涵蓋86個國家，之全球購併活動案件，我們衡量當地國家的市場競爭與垂直整合程度，呈現當地國家前期的市場競爭力將會誘發國外市場主併者進入，以垂直購併的方式購併當地國家之目標公司。本研究結果提供了實證性的結果來支持過去理論之發現，認為產業的集中程度會影響跨國購併。 本論文的第二部份，在研究知識技能互補和銀行商譽在參貸銀行的選擇，觀察主貸銀行該如何選擇參貸銀行之決策分析。延伸Diamond (1991)的商譽建立假說，透過主貸銀行本身的特性因子與工作經驗，來探討主貸銀行選擇參貸銀行的誘因動機。研究結果發現，當主貸銀行具有較高的自身商譽佳、經營及投資具效率性、內部監理機制較佳、且市場經驗較為豐富時，會誘使主貸銀行減少對高商譽參貸銀行的需求。呈現知識技能互補的現象於主貸銀行選擇參貸銀行的決策。本研究結果可提供我們對聯貸銀行團商譽互補現象及分析。 / Two essays are comprised in this dissertation to study on choices of target firms in cross-border M&As and choices of participant banks in the syndicated loan market. In the first essay, cross-border mergers and market concentration in a vertically related industry, we examine the relationship between market concentration and cross-border M&A. Beladi, Chakrabarti and Marjit (2013) present an oligopoly in general equilibrium model to identify the linkages between local market competition and cross-border mergers in a vertically related industry. Their model predicts that a vertical integration at home changes the strategic advantage for foreign acquirers. Using firm-level data from 86 countries between 1990 and 2012, we calculate proxies for local market competition and show that lower (higher) pre-merger local competition at home country will increase (decrease) mergers between a foreign firm and a vertically integrated home firm. These findings provide empirical supports for the significant impact of industry concentration on the decisions of cross-border M&A. In the second essay, the effects of knowledge complementarities and bank reputation on participant banks choices, we focus on the decision of lead arrangers on participant bank choices in the syndicated loan market. We extend reputation building theory (Diamond, 1991) and model the lead arranger’s partner choice problem through the effect of self-related and task-related factors. Our paper show that when lead arrangers have higher reputation, operating efficiency, and market experience, lead arrangers tend to choose less reputable partners. These results help to explain how lead arrangers, through their partner selection decisions, manage the reputation pool among banks in the syndicated loan market.