Abstract The mineralogy and geochemistry of the fine and clay fractions of till in different moraine types and in different bedrock areas in northern Finland have been studied. A total of 250 till samples from 140 test pits were studied mineralogically and geochemically. X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry were used as analytical methods. In the clay fraction of till quartz, plagioclase, microcline and amphibole are the primary minerals occurring. The clay minerals proper include vermiculite, chlorite, illite, swelling-lattice vermiculite and mixed-layer clay minerals. Kaolinite occurs most abundantly in the clay fractions of till in the Kittilä, Jerisjärvi, Kaaresuvanto and Pulju areas. In the clay fraction of Kittilä and Jerisjärvi illite is dioctahedral type, but in their of other study areas both di- and trioctahedral types occur. Kaolinite and dioctahedral illite are evidence of the mixing of the weathered bedrock material into the till matrix. In the fine fraction of till most abundant minerals are primary minerals and clayminerals are in a minor role. In the clay fraction of till the content of primary minerals are at higher and secondary minerals are at lower level in the Granitic and Archaean gneiss areas than in the Greenstone Belt, Svecokarelian schists and gneiss and Granulite areas. Amphibole, microcline and plagioclase occur in very low amounts or are totally destroyed by chemical weathering in the clay fraction of the till in the Kittilä area. The mineral composition of fine and clay fractions in the tills of northern Inari gives an indication that there occur much more mafic volcanites than is known today. The mineralogical compositions of fine fraction of the tills correlates quite well with the underlying bedrock in all study areas, but clay fraction does not. Geochemical results are in accordance with the mineralogical composition of both fractions. In the fine fraction of the till Si, Ca and Na contents are higher than in the clay fraction. Clay fraction is enriched in Al, Fe, Mg, K and trace elements as compared to the fine fraction. Present study material points out that the distribution of chemical elements in the clay fraction of the till does not correlate with the composition of the underlying bedrock, but fine fraction does so with a few exceptions. The chemical composition of till in Kaaresuvanto and Inari does not fully correspond to the composition of the underlying bedrock as known today. In northern Inari and Kittilä the results give an indication that there are more mafic volcanites and/or sulphide mineralizations occurring in these areas than is known at the present time. The most important factors controlling the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the fine and clay fractions of the tills in northern Finland are the composition of the bedrock and the possible occurrence of an old weathering crust. The final grain size composition of the tills and consequently the quantitative proportions of the different minerals are often related to the last glacial quarrying and sorting processes; therefore the mineralogical composition of the tills is to a certain extent bound also to the respective moraine type.

Abstract The aim of this work was to assess trends in childhood mortality in Finland over the period 1969–2004 and to identify the main preventable causes of death in childhood. Specific topics of interest were childhood mortality due to infectious diseases and possible regional differences in childhood mortality. As accidents are the most common cause of death in childhood, we also analysed regional differences in accidental mortality in childhood between the years 1969 and 2013. Annual neonatal mortality declined by 78%, from 11.13/1000 in 1969 to 2.46/1000 in 2004, with perinatal disorders and congenital malformations the most common causes of death, while childhood mortality declined by 65% during the same period, from 0.67/1000 to 0.23/1000, with accidents the leading cause of death, followed by congenital malformations, tumours and haematological diseases, and infectious diseases. Childhood mortality due to infectious diseases decreased by 89%, from 0.12/1000 in 1969 to 0.013/1000 in 2004, and neonatal mortality from similar causes by 69%, from 0.50/1000 to 0.16/1000. Pneumonia, central nervous system infections and septicaemia were the most significant fatal infections in childhood. There were no significant differences in childhood mortality between the university hospital districts, but notable differences existed at the regional level between the central hospital districts. There were also considerable regional differences in childhood accidental mortality, which showed a tendency to persist with time, especially in the case of traffic accidents, suicides and homicides. Childhood mortality in Finland has declined markedly, and the trend was a continuous one throughout the period concerned. The differences between the central hospital districts, however, suggest that paediatric care in Finland may need further centralization. Accidents represent the main preventable cause of death in childhood, and further reductions in mortality could be achieved, especially through local preventive measures. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella muutoksia lasten kuolleisuudessa Suomessa vuosina 1969–2004 ja selvittää tärkeimmät ehkäistävissä olevat kuolinsyyt lapsuudessa. Olimme kiinnostuneita erityisesti lasten infektiokuolleisuudesta ja mahdollisista alueellisista eroista lapsikuolleisuudessa. Koska tapaturmat ovat yleisin kuolinsyy lapsuudessa, analysoimme myös alueellisia eroja lapsuusiän tapaturmakuolleisuudessa vuosina 1969–2013. Neonataalikuolleisuus laski vuosina 1969–2004 78%, 11.13/1000:sta 2.46/1000:een. Perinataaliset ongelmat ja synnynnäiset epämuodostumat olivat yleisin kuolinsyy. Lapsuusiän kuolleisuus laski samanaikaisesti 65%, 0.67/1000:sta 0.23/1000:een tapaturmien ollessa yleisin kuolinsyy. Epämuodostumat, syövät ja hematologiset sairaudet sekä infektiot olivat myös merkittäviä kuolinsyitä. Infektiokuolleisuus laski seuranta-aikana lapsuusiässä 89%, 0.12/1000:sta 0.013/1000:een ja vastasyntyneisyyskaudella 69%, 0.50/1000:sta 0.16/1000:een. Keuhkokuume, keskushermostoinfektiot ja sepsikset olivat yleisimpiä kuolemaan johtavia infektioita lapsuudessa. Yliopistollisten sairaanhoitopiirien välillä ei esiintynyt alueellisia eroja lapsikuolleisuudessa, mutta pienempien sairaanhoitopiirien välillä havaittiin eroja. Myös tapaturmakuolleisuudessa esiintyi merkittäviä alueellisia eroja, erityisesti liikenneonnettomuuksissa sekä itsemurhissa ja henkirikoksissa. Erot säilyivät läpi seuranta-ajan. Lapsikuolleisuus on laskenut Suomessa merkittävästi läpi seuranta-ajan. Koska lapsikuolleisuudessa esiintyy alueellisia eroja keskussairaaloiden välillä, lasten sairaanhoito voi vaatia jatkossa enemmän keskittämistä. Tapaturmat ovat tärkein ehkäistävissä oleva kuolinsyy lapsuudessa, ja kuolleisuutta niihin olisi mahdollista vähentää paikallisen ennaltaehkäisyn kautta.

No description available.

Humanitarian aid can be defined as an aid and an action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies. The defining characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of foreign aid and development assistance includes so-called principles of humanitarian aid. Humanitarian policy of the EU, which includes effective programs, tools and mechanisms, is an important part of foreign relations. EU tries through financial or non-financial assistance to prevent human suffering or mitigate it. Finland has started its new humanitarian policy since the October 2012. This mentioned policy defines the key principles, objectives, programs and priorities of its humanitarian aid. In general The European Union and Finland are very active players among the international community in providing of humanitarian aid to countries that are currently in humanitarian crisis.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom en fallstudie undersöka mottagningsprocessen i Värmland och vilka organisationer och aktörer som var inblandade med de finska krigsbarnen, samt att se genom en kvalitativ texttolkning om fallstudien visade några skillnader i mottagningsprocessen och flyktingmottagningen generellt beskrevs i den tidigare forskningen. Att den tidigare forskningen visar att Värmland relativt snabbt klassades som ett skyddsobjekt med anknytning till Tysklands ockupation av Norge så innebar det att inga flyktingar fick vistas i Värmland efter 1940. Klassningen som skyddsobjekt och det höga antalet barn som Värmland tog emot i förhållande till sin befolkning tyder på att den norska flyktingströmmen inte påverkade de finska barnen i Värmland. Den generella mottagningen av barn från Finland i Sverige, ger inte heller någon klar bild på att den massiva invandringen till Sverige under andra världskriget påverkade barnens vistelse. Makthavarna i Sverige och det svenska folkets hållning mot våra nordiska grannar var att man såg det sin plikt att hjälpa dem så långt man kunde. Var det genom donationer, krigsmaterial eller att öppna sina hem till tusentals barn, så försökte många personer i Sverige att hjälpa till så gott dom kunde. Att barnen evakuerades till Sverige och inte flydde är ändå av den största betydelse när man ska se till resultatet av uppsatsen. Den enorma ideella uppoffring Sverige och svenska familjer gjorde för cirka 70 000 finska barn får en allt för liten plats i svensk historia, tycker jag.

In this thesis, I analyse how the rights of undocumented migrants are understood and represented by different actors, such as politicians, public sector representatives, and Finnish scholars, in Finnish newspapers between 2015-2019. I conduct an argumentation analysis of secondary source news articles, drawing on a theoretical framework of Differentiation Theory and Social Constructivist Approach. This study identifies some key factors, which have contributed to the construction of an unclear understanding of undocumented migrants' rights. My results show that the identified factors have inter alia, led to significant municipal differences in the provision of rights. I argue that due to various factors, the understanding and representation of the rights of undocumented migrants differ widely, thus creating ambiguity to the overall understanding. The findings contribute to earlier research made on the rights of undocumented migrants in Finland as it examines how the rights are understood and represented and could potentially be employed both in policy development and understanding the concept itself.

This study examines Sweden’s and Finland’s security strategies for the Arctic region for the purpose of mapping and compare the two Nordic states. The study originates from the ongoing security dilemma in the Arctic illustrated by previous researcher, but neither Sweden nor Finland are sufficiently audited to fully describe the situation. Research also describes Sweden and Finland as small states and that these two states have employed various strategies during the 21st century which also increases the need of comparing the two Nordic states. Sweden and Finland have many similarities which suggests that they will adapt similar security strategies for the Arctic region, but they also consist of different characteristics that might explain alterations in strategy. The general result shows that Sweden and Finland constitute similar security strategies for the Arctic region by keeping the level of conflict low through multilateral cooperation with EU, UN, The Arctic Council and The Barents Euro-Arctic Council. Differences in strategies can be found in Finland’s bilateral cooperation with Russia and the US, which have explanatory power in Finland’s proximity to Russia while Sweden benefits from the strategic depth provided by Finland and Norway. In order to defend their arctic territory in the north, both countries employ armed forces rather than expanding outside their borders.

Diploma thesis attempts to apply an actualized concept of semi-presidential regime of Matthew Shugart on concrete cases of countries where the role of president has weakened over the course of last 30 years (Finland), and where the role of president has conversely grown up (Iceland). Theoretical part of the study presents the thoughts of the main actors of the semi-presidentialism debate and political-systems debate in general from the 1970s till current times. A special regard is being put forward on the conflict between legalist approach of system classifications according to written laws, and behavioralist approach of classifications through the degree of actually exercised power of individual political figures in real time. Practical part of the study follows a long-term evolution of a political system of the two selected Scandinavian republics, whose categorizations have been disputed in the academic literature. Hence a (non)utility of the semi-presidentialism theory is demonstrated exactly on the examples of Finland and Iceland. On the basis of such built-up frame, the author concludes the work by a hypothesis explaining a gradual rise or decline of power of the head of state according to internal and external political factors.

Projektet är en stad som ligger mellan Umeå och Vasa (Finland), det är den smalaste delen av Bottniska viken med bara ca 60 km öppet hav. Jag ville undersöka vad det fanns för möjligheter med en stad som utnyttjar sitt läge. Så jag planerade en offshore hamnstad som bygger sig själv och sprider sig. Varför? 60-talets men även samtida megastrukturer planerades ofta för att ge en teknisk lösning på ett visst problem. De här problemen vare sig det är bostadsbrist eller klimatförändring är fortfarande aktuella och lösningarna likaså. Därför ville jag använda min struktur som ett redskap för att testa och reflektera kring dessa idéer för boende. En jurymedlem jämförde mig kritiskt vid en skata som plockat silvret från mina referenser, men det han inte förstod var att jag plockade silvret just för att i min fiktiva värld analysera det. Analysen gjorde jag genom att hitta på invånare som med sinne och själ fick reflektera kring livet i en modul och etc. / The project is a city located between Umeå and Vasa, it is the most narrow part of the Gulf of Bothnia with only 60 km of open waters. I wanted to investigate existing possibilities with a city that exploits its location. So I designed an offshore port city that builds itself and grows. Why? The megastructures of the 60’s but also contemporary ones were often planned to give a technical solution to a certain problem. These problems whether it’s housing shortage or climate change are still current and the solutions as well. This is why I wanted to use my structure as a tool to test and reflect about these concepts of living. A member of the jury critically compared me to a magpie that had picked the silver of my references, but what he didn’t understand was that I had picked the silver to analyze it in my fictional world. I made the analysis by imagining inhabitants that through their mind and soul reflected on life in a module and etc.

Since Russia’s annexation of the Crimean Peninsula 2014, the security policy for many European countries have changed. The Russian aggression in Ukraine have led to a shifted view on security policy in both Sweden and Finland. This case study will focus on Sweden and Finland, both members of the EU however not members of Nato. The case study will not compare the two nations, it will rather compare each nation’s change over time.  This case study aims to explain how Sweden’s and Finland’s security policy has changed since the Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, by using Allison’s and Zelikow’s Rational Actor and Governmental Politics models, to explain the change. By analyzing documents of Swedish and Finnish governments, it should be possible to see differences over time.  The study shows that the security threat has changed after 2014, mainly due to the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. The big difference in Sweden is that the threat has increased since 2014, and the security goal for Finland has increased. Above all, Sweden is trying to strengthen bi- and multilateral relations with other countries, meanwhile Finland is trying to influence GUSP and the EU to play a greater roll in European security policy.