O presente estudo visa analisar os processos de transformações econômicos, políticos e socioambientais decorrentes da instalação dos grandes empreendimentos em territórios tradicionais da pesca, mais especificamente, as experiências da comunidade pesqueira da Ilha da Madeira/baía de Sepetiba/Itaguaí-RJ, desde a instalação da Cia Ingá Mercantil (1964) até os dias atuais, identificando, nos vários ciclos de industrialização: os fatores endógenos e exógenos que contribuem para a vulnerabilidade ou sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal e do meio ambiente. Sinalizando, nesta experiência, alguns aspectos que possam servir de referência para outras comunidades pesqueiras que vivenciam problemas similares. Introduzimos a problemática a partir da contextualização da pesca artesanal no Brasil, as políticas, a regulamentação da atividade, a organização dos pescadores. Ao evidenciar a pesca artesanal no estado do Rio de Janeiro, destacamos os conflitos socioambientais decorrentes da instalação de complexos industriais em territórios tradicionalmente ocupados por pescadores, com destaque para os conflitos relativos à instalação do Porto de Açu, em São João da Barra/RJ e os gasodutos para a refinaria de petróleo na baía de Guanabara. Aprofundamos a temática, a partir de um estudo de caso na Ilha da Madeira, baía de Sepetiba, Itaguaí/RJ. Esse território, tradicionalmente ocupado por pescadores, mergulhou em uma crise socioambiental a partir da década de 60 e, desde então, vem passando por diversas transformações: alteração radical da paisagem, degradação ambiental além do sufocamento da atividade pesqueira. Os fatos são evidenciados por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais, registros fotográficos, sobretudo, história de oral. Em entrevistas com informantes-chave resgatamos as memórias pessoais e, nesse percurso, fomos recuperando parte da história do território. Caracterizando a paisagem, a vida e trabalho dos pescadores, a cultura local: tradições, costumes, valores, aspectos materiais e simbólicos, em um período anterior a chegada das indústrias, quando a Ilha da Madeira era de fato, uma Ilha. Em suas narrativas os entrevistados foram pontuando as sucessões dos trágicos acontecimentos que ocorreram após a instalação da Ingá até os dias atuais. Esses fatos são demarcados em ciclos que compõem a crise socioambiental no território. Um estudo que retrata a injustiça ambiental, a vulnerabilidade de uma comunidade pesqueira, cuja experiência serve de alerta para outras comunidades tradicionais. Ressaltamos a importância das articulações entre os movimentos locais com instâncias extras locais, sinalizando para a necessidade de democratização dos processos decisórios e da gestão compartilhada dos recursos de uso comum. Também pontuamos a urgência de superação do paradigma que dissocia desenvolvimento, natureza e sociedade, fortalecendo uma lógica de produção que, ao se impor como hegemônica sufoca todas outras formas de organização do trabalho. / The present study aims to analyze the process of economics, politics and socioenvironmental transformations resulting from installation of the large enterprises at traditional fishery territories, more specifically, the experiences of the fishing community from Madeira Island/Sepetiba Bay/Itaguaí-RJ, since installation of the Ingá Mercantil Corp. (1964) to the present day, identifying, in the various cycles of industrialization, the endogenous and exogenous factors that contribute for the vulnerability or sustainability of the artisanal fishing and the environment. Signaling, in this experience, some aspects that may serve as reference for others fishing communities that experience similar problems. We introduce the problem through the contextualization of the artisanal fishing in Brazil , the politics, the activity regulation, the fishermen organization. By showing artisanal fishing in the state of Rio de Janeiro, include the socioenvironmental conflicts arising from the installation of industrial complexes at territories traditionally occupied by fishermen, highlighting conflicts concerning the installation of Açu Port, at São João da Barra/RJ and the gas pipelines to oil refinery in the Guanabara Bay. Deepen the thematic, from a case study at the Madeira Island, Sepetiba Bay, Itaguaí/RJ. Territory that was traditionally occupied by fishermen, but that plunged into a socioenvironmental crisis from the 60 and ever since has undergone several transformations: radical transformation of the landscape, environmental degradation beyond suppressing the fishing activity. The facts are evidencied from bibliographics and documentaries researches, photographic records but mostly through the life story. At interviews with key informants get back the personal memories and this journey, were recovering part of the history of the territory. Featuring the landscape, life and work of the fishermen, the local culture: traditions, habits, values, material and symbolic aspects, in a previous period to arrivals of the industries, when the Madeira Island was indeed, a island. In yours narratives the respondents were appointing the successions of tragic events that happening after installation of the Ingá Corp. to present day. These facts are demarcated in cycles comprising the territorial socioenvironmental crisis. A study that portrays environmental injustice, the vulnerability of a fishing community whose experience serve as a warning to others traditional communities. Emphasize the importance of joints between local movements with instance extra local, signalizing to necessity to democratization of the decision processes and management of shared resources in common use. Also we pointed out the urgency of overcoming the paradigm that separate development, nature and society and strengths a production logic that by imposing as hegemonic suppress all others forms of work organization.

O Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Litoral Norte de São Paulo (ZEELN) define características, diretrizes e metas para a gestão e uso da zona costeira. Foi construído sob a ótica da participação e aprendizagem social, buscando integrar interesses diversos, como os do setor pesqueiro artesanal. No presente trabalho, o levantamento de dados através de entrevistas semi estruturadas em duas comunidades de pescadores artesanais com maior e menor grau de isolamento permitiu: analisar a participação social na elaboração e implementação do ZEELN e suas consequências, levantar características socioeconômicas das comunidades e determinar sua influência na aceitação do ZEELN e analisar a possibilidade de emprego do conhecimento ecológico local (LEK) na definição de zonas de restrição. A pouca influência dos pescadores na definição das zonas marinhas (ZEEM) gerou conflitos na aceitação das restrições de maneira diferente em cada comunidade, apesar do semelhante grau de envolvimento. A satisfação com o ZEEM variou com o tipo de pesca praticado e para ser maior é necessário fortalecer as representações locais, e considerar as necessidades de cada comunidade e tipo de pesca em seu desenho. O LEK apresenta influências das vontades políticas locais que aparentemente norteiam a opinião dos pescadores e que devem ser consideradas na gestão costeira. / The Ecological-Economic Zoning of São Paulo\'s Northern Coast (EEZNC) defines characteristics, presents guidelines and goals for management and land use of the coastal area. It was shaped considering the concepts of social participation and social learning, in an attempt to integrate diverse interests, such as artisanal fishermen\'s. This work collected data through semi-structured interviews in two fishermen communities (an urban and an isolated community) aiming to: characterize social participation in EEZNC\'s elaboration and implementation process and analyze its consequences, characterize the communities\' social economic profiles and their influence on acceptance of EEZNC\'s restrictions and investigate the possibility of using local ecological knowledge (LEK) for defining fishing restricted areas. The low fishermen participation in defining marine zones (EEMZ) has originated conflicts in accepting the imposed limits in a different way in each community, despite showing similar level of stakeholder engagement. Satisfaction regarding EEZM is related to the type o fishing gear applied and improving it involves establishing effective representations and considering each community and gear users\' needs and wishes individually. LEK is influenced by local political will which seems to be the greater influence in restriction acceptance, enforcing the need do consider this will in integrated coastal management practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Moreira.pdf: 7919537 bytes, checksum: d51443912b96ee0fa95114ca841e5b90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-05 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This research was developed inside a traditional fishing community located in region of Praia do Bonete, city of Ilha Bela, State of São Paulo, South Coast of Brazil. Such community is composed of fishermen and boatmen and it is considered an isolated area, since the only way to reach it is by sea or through a 13 KM route along the forest. This community was chosen because it has been living out of social conditioning patterns that are known as part of the whole civilizing model. This research main goal is to describe the surviving and transcendence aspects of this Praia do Bonete fishing community regarding its main daily activities and cultural approach. This research was based on the Etnomathematics Theory that studies the ways to explain and to understand natural and socio-economic contexts in different time and space perspectives. The qualitative descriptive research has some anthropological studies aspects which application is the ethnography of the contact between different cultures inside a dynamic cultural context. This research proposes: to observe this independent community knowledge production process, to study its cultural diffusion process, to research how they produce boats, its main religious and social habits and to identify its life and mathematical processes / A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida na comunidade tradicional caiçara da Praia do Bonete, em Ilhabela, litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo. É uma comunidade de canoeiros e pescadores considerada isolada, já que o lugar só é acessível por uma trilha de 13 km, ou pelo mar. A escolha de tal comunidade se deu pelo fato de a vida ali acontecer fora dos padrões sociais condicionantes daquilo que, não faz muito tempo, era conhecido como único modelo de civilização. A pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever as manifestações de sobrevivência e transcendência da população local nos seus aspectos cotidianos e culturais. Para isso, buscamos fundamentação teórica na Etnomatemática, que estuda as várias maneiras de explicar e entender os distintos contextos naturais e socioeconômicos diferenciados no tempo e no espaço. A pesquisa descritiva qualitativa possui algumas das características dos estudos antropológicos, cuja prática é a etnografia dos efeitos do contato da cultura com outras culturas no âmago do seu dinamismo. A proposta é observar a produção de conhecimento surgida da necessidade que a comunidade tem de se estabelecer de modo independente, e, nessa dinâmica de produção de conhecimento, estudar o processo de difusão dessa cultura, pesquisar como são construídas suas canoas, anotar seus hábitos e rituais religiosos, fazendo emergir as matemáticas produzidas, e ainda descrever o processo de vida do povo boneteiro

Au début de notre ère, les hautes terres du sud du Brésil furent occupées par des peuples précoloniaux qui édifièrent de grandes constructions en terre sur le sol - tels que monticules funéraires, dépôts de terre, murs, remblais, terrassements - et sous le sol - les structures souterraines et semi-souterraines. Dans le but d'obtenir davantage de données et de mieux comprendre le mode de vie de ces populations, ce travail s'est basé sur l'approche de l'archéologie du paysage lors des fouilles entreprises dans l'ensemble des structures édifiées du site RS-AN-03 et de la prospection archéologique dans une zone pilote de 1 500 km² dans la région de Bom Jesus, située dans l'État le plus méridional du Brésil. Envisageant le paysage comme un participant actif dans les actions sociales humaines, cette approche a donné à l'archéologie des hautes terres brésiliennes un nouveau support interprétatif. Elle a également permis d'élaborer un modèle de comportement territorial à partir des analyses des niveaux intrasite, intersite et régional, ainsi qu'un nouveau discours narratif sur l'occupation humaine précoloniale. Établi à partir du constat d'expansion de la forêt d'araucarias sur un paysage de champs, concomitante de l'expansion et de la fixation des groupes humains vers 1 500 avant J.C. environ, ce discours met en évidence une dynamique socio-environnementale sur le Planalto das Araucárias, un aspect anthropique du paysage. La concentration élevée des ressources disponibles et assurées annuellement a favorisé la concentration de personnes, qui construisirent des villages et de grands hameaux à caractère permanent et constituèrent des sociétés complexes, hiérarchisées, avec des territoires délimités et protégés. / The highlands in southern Brazil were settled around the beginning of our era by precolonial peoples who built large earth buildings on the ground in the form of small burial hills, earth deposits, walls, landfills, terraces, in addition to building underground and semiunderground structures. In order to get more information and better understand the way of life of these populations, the landscape archeology approach was used to make diggings in the set of buildings on site RS-AN-03 and on the archeological survey conducted at a pilot area of 1,500 Km² located in Bom Jesus in the southernmost Brazilian state. This approach, which views the landscape as an active player in human social actions, provided a new interpretative contribution to the archeology of Brazilian highlands, enabling the design of a territory behavior model based on the analyses performed within sites, across sites and at the regional level and a new narrative discourse on pre-colonial human settlements. This discourse, made from the realization of the expansion of araucaria forecast on a grassland landscape that took place together with the expansion and settlement of human groups around 1,500 BC shows evidence of a social-environmental dynamics at the araucaria plateau, a landscape anthropogenization. The high concentration of resources available and ensured all year round enabled the concentration of people who built permanent towns and larges villages and constituted complex hierarchized societies that kept their territories delimited and protected.

MONTEIRO JUNIOR, Francisco Helio. Fortaleza na ponta do anzol. 2008. 130f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sociologia). Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by GLAUBENILSON CAVALCANTE (glaubenilson@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-11-18T13:24:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008-DIS_FHMJUNIOR.pdf: 10577337 bytes, checksum: 9b44d53da8d0416659b95fdc1af316b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2011-11-23T16:45:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008-DIS_FHMJUNIOR.pdf: 10577337 bytes, checksum: 9b44d53da8d0416659b95fdc1af316b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-23T16:45:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008-DIS_FHMJUNIOR.pdf: 10577337 bytes, checksum: 9b44d53da8d0416659b95fdc1af316b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The present study analyzes the oppositions, as well the dialogues, between urban spaces and natural environment on the constitution of Fortaleza City (capital of the Ceará State - Brazil)as a "regional mepropolis". With the focus on the lake-dwelling fishermen, this work points to the close relationship among urban development and the fishing activities that occur by the border of this process. It also underlines the conflict in the discourses relative to the diverging interests of the fishermen crafts, entrepeneurs and the public authorities about the uses and appropriations of the pounds. The empirical research was made at the Parangaba Lagoon and describes the sociabilities invented in a place "liminar" condition - relationships of the genders, the corporal movements and the practices of fishing in fresh water. / O presente estudo analisa a oposição entre espaço urbano e meio ambiente na constituição da cidade de Fortaleza como metrópole regional. Considerando o caso dos pescadores lacustres da cidade, o trabalho aponta para a íntima relação entre o desenvolvimento urbano da cidade e a atividade pesqueira que se desenvolveu à margem desse progresso. Também sublinha os discursos conflituosos que envolvem interesses divergentes dos pescadores artesanais, empresários e poder público nos usos e apropriações das lagoas. A pesquisa empírica foi realizada na Lagoa da Parangaba e descreve as sociabilidades forjadas num lugar e numa condição liminar, as relações de gênero e a apropriação da Lagoa pelos pescadores. Ainda desembaraça a intricada e complexa relação entre os apetrechos artesanais, os movimentos corporais e o tempo que envolve a singular pescaria em água doce.

Au début de notre ère, les hautes terres du sud du Brésil furent occupées par des peuples précoloniaux qui édifièrent de grandes constructions en terre sur le sol - tels que monticules funéraires, dépôts de terre, murs, remblais, terrassements - et sous le sol - les structures souterraines et semi-souterraines. Dans le but d'obtenir davantage de données et de mieux comprendre le mode de vie de ces populations, ce travail s'est basé sur l'approche de l'archéologie du paysage lors des fouilles entreprises dans l'ensemble des structures édifiées du site RS-AN-03 et de la prospection archéologique dans une zone pilote de 1 500 km² dans la région de Bom Jesus, située dans l'État le plus méridional du Brésil. Envisageant le paysage comme un participant actif dans les actions sociales humaines, cette approche a donné à l'archéologie des hautes terres brésiliennes un nouveau support interprétatif. Elle a également permis d'élaborer un modèle de comportement territorial à partir des analyses des niveaux intrasite, intersite et régional, ainsi qu'un nouveau discours narratif sur l'occupation humaine précoloniale. Établi à partir du constat d'expansion de la forêt d'araucarias sur un paysage de champs, concomitante de l'expansion et de la fixation des groupes humains vers 1 500 avant J.C. environ, ce discours met en évidence une dynamique socio-environnementale sur le Planalto das Araucárias, un aspect anthropique du paysage. La concentration élevée des ressources disponibles et assurées annuellement a favorisé la concentration de personnes, qui construisirent des villages et de grands hameaux à caractère permanent et constituèrent des sociétés complexes, hiérarchisées, avec des territoires délimités et protégés. / The highlands in southern Brazil were settled around the beginning of our era by precolonial peoples who built large earth buildings on the ground in the form of small burial hills, earth deposits, walls, landfills, terraces, in addition to building underground and semiunderground structures. In order to get more information and better understand the way of life of these populations, the landscape archeology approach was used to make diggings in the set of buildings on site RS-AN-03 and on the archeological survey conducted at a pilot area of 1,500 Km² located in Bom Jesus in the southernmost Brazilian state. This approach, which views the landscape as an active player in human social actions, provided a new interpretative contribution to the archeology of Brazilian highlands, enabling the design of a territory behavior model based on the analyses performed within sites, across sites and at the regional level and a new narrative discourse on pre-colonial human settlements. This discourse, made from the realization of the expansion of araucaria forecast on a grassland landscape that took place together with the expansion and settlement of human groups around 1,500 BC shows evidence of a social-environmental dynamics at the araucaria plateau, a landscape anthropogenization. The high concentration of resources available and ensured all year round enabled the concentration of people who built permanent towns and larges villages and constituted complex hierarchized societies that kept their territories delimited and protected.

O presente estudo visa analisar os processos de transformações econômicos, políticos e socioambientais decorrentes da instalação dos grandes empreendimentos em territórios tradicionais da pesca, mais especificamente, as experiências da comunidade pesqueira da Ilha da Madeira/baía de Sepetiba/Itaguaí-RJ, desde a instalação da Cia Ingá Mercantil (1964) até os dias atuais, identificando, nos vários ciclos de industrialização: os fatores endógenos e exógenos que contribuem para a vulnerabilidade ou sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal e do meio ambiente. Sinalizando, nesta experiência, alguns aspectos que possam servir de referência para outras comunidades pesqueiras que vivenciam problemas similares. Introduzimos a problemática a partir da contextualização da pesca artesanal no Brasil, as políticas, a regulamentação da atividade, a organização dos pescadores. Ao evidenciar a pesca artesanal no estado do Rio de Janeiro, destacamos os conflitos socioambientais decorrentes da instalação de complexos industriais em territórios tradicionalmente ocupados por pescadores, com destaque para os conflitos relativos à instalação do Porto de Açu, em São João da Barra/RJ e os gasodutos para a refinaria de petróleo na baía de Guanabara. Aprofundamos a temática, a partir de um estudo de caso na Ilha da Madeira, baía de Sepetiba, Itaguaí/RJ. Esse território, tradicionalmente ocupado por pescadores, mergulhou em uma crise socioambiental a partir da década de 60 e, desde então, vem passando por diversas transformações: alteração radical da paisagem, degradação ambiental além do sufocamento da atividade pesqueira. Os fatos são evidenciados por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais, registros fotográficos, sobretudo, história de oral. Em entrevistas com informantes-chave resgatamos as memórias pessoais e, nesse percurso, fomos recuperando parte da história do território. Caracterizando a paisagem, a vida e trabalho dos pescadores, a cultura local: tradições, costumes, valores, aspectos materiais e simbólicos, em um período anterior a chegada das indústrias, quando a Ilha da Madeira era de fato, uma Ilha. Em suas narrativas os entrevistados foram pontuando as sucessões dos trágicos acontecimentos que ocorreram após a instalação da Ingá até os dias atuais. Esses fatos são demarcados em ciclos que compõem a crise socioambiental no território. Um estudo que retrata a injustiça ambiental, a vulnerabilidade de uma comunidade pesqueira, cuja experiência serve de alerta para outras comunidades tradicionais. Ressaltamos a importância das articulações entre os movimentos locais com instâncias extras locais, sinalizando para a necessidade de democratização dos processos decisórios e da gestão compartilhada dos recursos de uso comum. Também pontuamos a urgência de superação do paradigma que dissocia desenvolvimento, natureza e sociedade, fortalecendo uma lógica de produção que, ao se impor como hegemônica sufoca todas outras formas de organização do trabalho. / The present study aims to analyze the process of economics, politics and socioenvironmental transformations resulting from installation of the large enterprises at traditional fishery territories, more specifically, the experiences of the fishing community from Madeira Island/Sepetiba Bay/Itaguaí-RJ, since installation of the Ingá Mercantil Corp. (1964) to the present day, identifying, in the various cycles of industrialization, the endogenous and exogenous factors that contribute for the vulnerability or sustainability of the artisanal fishing and the environment. Signaling, in this experience, some aspects that may serve as reference for others fishing communities that experience similar problems. We introduce the problem through the contextualization of the artisanal fishing in Brazil , the politics, the activity regulation, the fishermen organization. By showing artisanal fishing in the state of Rio de Janeiro, include the socioenvironmental conflicts arising from the installation of industrial complexes at territories traditionally occupied by fishermen, highlighting conflicts concerning the installation of Açu Port, at São João da Barra/RJ and the gas pipelines to oil refinery in the Guanabara Bay. Deepen the thematic, from a case study at the Madeira Island, Sepetiba Bay, Itaguaí/RJ. Territory that was traditionally occupied by fishermen, but that plunged into a socioenvironmental crisis from the 60 and ever since has undergone several transformations: radical transformation of the landscape, environmental degradation beyond suppressing the fishing activity. The facts are evidencied from bibliographics and documentaries researches, photographic records but mostly through the life story. At interviews with key informants get back the personal memories and this journey, were recovering part of the history of the territory. Featuring the landscape, life and work of the fishermen, the local culture: traditions, habits, values, material and symbolic aspects, in a previous period to arrivals of the industries, when the Madeira Island was indeed, a island. In yours narratives the respondents were appointing the successions of tragic events that happening after installation of the Ingá Corp. to present day. These facts are demarcated in cycles comprising the territorial socioenvironmental crisis. A study that portrays environmental injustice, the vulnerability of a fishing community whose experience serve as a warning to others traditional communities. Emphasize the importance of joints between local movements with instance extra local, signalizing to necessity to democratization of the decision processes and management of shared resources in common use. Also we pointed out the urgency of overcoming the paradigm that separate development, nature and society and strengths a production logic that by imposing as hegemonic suppress all others forms of work organization.

This thesis is concerned with environmental conflict between local population and the protection of cormorants. In the introduction, I deal with biology, bionomics and taxonomy of cormorants. The literature retrieval is worked out in other part of the thesis. On the basis confrontation of current report made by international program COST, project MSMT Czech Republic and the evaluation of the information from the local survey the plan is suggested in terms of interdisciplinary access to the problem. I also worked out European analysis of media.

Au début de notre ère, les hautes terres du sud du Brésil furent occupées par des peuples précoloniaux qui édifièrent de grandes constructions en terre sur le sol - tels que monticules funéraires, dépôts de terre, murs, remblais, terrassements - et sous le sol - les structures souterraines et semi-souterraines. Dans le but d'obtenir davantage de données et de mieux comprendre le mode de vie de ces populations, ce travail s'est basé sur l'approche de l'archéologie du paysage lors des fouilles entreprises dans l'ensemble des structures édifiées du site RS-AN-03 et de la prospection archéologique dans une zone pilote de 1 500 km² dans la région de Bom Jesus, située dans l'État le plus méridional du Brésil. Envisageant le paysage comme un participant actif dans les actions sociales humaines, cette approche a donné à l'archéologie des hautes terres brésiliennes un nouveau support interprétatif. Elle a également permis d'élaborer un modèle de comportement territorial à partir des analyses des niveaux intrasite, intersite et régional, ainsi qu'un nouveau discours narratif sur l'occupation humaine précoloniale. Établi à partir du constat d'expansion de la forêt d'araucarias sur un paysage de champs, concomitante de l'expansion et de la fixation des groupes humains vers 1 500 avant J.C. environ, ce discours met en évidence une dynamique socio-environnementale sur le Planalto das Araucárias, un aspect anthropique du paysage. La concentration élevée des ressources disponibles et assurées annuellement a favorisé la concentration de personnes, qui construisirent des villages et de grands hameaux à caractère permanent et constituèrent des sociétés complexes, hiérarchisées, avec des territoires délimités et protégés. / The highlands in southern Brazil were settled around the beginning of our era by precolonial peoples who built large earth buildings on the ground in the form of small burial hills, earth deposits, walls, landfills, terraces, in addition to building underground and semiunderground structures. In order to get more information and better understand the way of life of these populations, the landscape archeology approach was used to make diggings in the set of buildings on site RS-AN-03 and on the archeological survey conducted at a pilot area of 1,500 Km² located in Bom Jesus in the southernmost Brazilian state. This approach, which views the landscape as an active player in human social actions, provided a new interpretative contribution to the archeology of Brazilian highlands, enabling the design of a territory behavior model based on the analyses performed within sites, across sites and at the regional level and a new narrative discourse on pre-colonial human settlements. This discourse, made from the realization of the expansion of araucaria forecast on a grassland landscape that took place together with the expansion and settlement of human groups around 1,500 BC shows evidence of a social-environmental dynamics at the araucaria plateau, a landscape anthropogenization. The high concentration of resources available and ensured all year round enabled the concentration of people who built permanent towns and larges villages and constituted complex hierarchized societies that kept their territories delimited and protected.

Text in English / Ruti dam is located on the Nyazvidzi river, and is home to many Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus), which rely on fish and livestock for food. The community also relies on the dam and riverine for its resources. The investigation of crocodile impacts on humans and livestock, the trends and seasonality of attacks and identification of other predators resulted in formulation of research. The field interviews, using a structured questionnaire, field observation and focused group discussions were mainly used in data collection. Threats posed by crocodiles were identified as mainly human and livestock depredation, which has increased since the introduction of the crocodiles into the dam. The crocodile depredation varies between seasons, due to differences in water levels in the dam, and availability of alternative water sources. The attacks were mostly during the dry season and at the beginning of the wet season, when there were fewer water sources and when the water was dark and murky. The study assessed the human-crocodile conflict situation, based on interviews with the local residents and focused group discussions with fishermen. The conflict arose with livestock farmers after animal kills and fishermen, in cases of death, injury or damage to fishing gear. The killing of either humans or livestock was during the early hours of the day. Hostile attitudes of the residents towards crocodiles were high (83.9%). The majority, given the chance to eliminate the crocodile, would do so mercilessly. These negative attitudes can only be ameliorated when the damage is adequately compensated. The absence of compensation has increased the conflict, though no retaliation is taken against the crocodiles. The crocodiles prefer cattle in their kills (41% and 48%), followed by goats (38% and 25%), and, lastly, humans, in Buhera Rural District Council (BRDC) and Gutu Rural District Council (GRDC), respectively. Livestock farmers who stay close to the dam and Nyazvidzi suffer more losses, as their animals are more oftenly exposed to the dangers of crocodile predation, than those of farmers who stay far away, as they can use alternative water sources, and their animals are less likely to be exposed to the dangers of the crocodiles. The settlement pattern in BRDC has had an influence on predation. The farmers have also developed new livestock management techniques to reduce the loss of livestock. The fishermen suffer net damage on most occasions of their fish catches, as the crocodile might have learnt to follow the plastic floats on the water for easier prey from the nets. The fishing strategies have been developed to reduce fish loss. The death of fishermen is mostly that of people who enter the dam without canoes; no deaths were recorded of fishermen in canoes. Also, no capsizing of canoes has been recorded in Ruti dam, as fishermen always move in groups. Attacks in the Nyazvidzi River were on women and schoolchildren. Hyenas, as with the crocodile, have contributed to high kills of livestock (71.1%) and human kills were also reported in 2012 and July 2013. Though conflicts exist in the area, recommendations were made which might help to lower the conflicts. Educational campaigns and direct incentives from predator losses were identified as the main factors in conflict resolutions. The information on the importance of the predators and how or when it kills should be taught to respondents as they will be able to protect their livelihood. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)