Arguments have been made for dimensional models over categorical for the classification of personality disorder, and for the five-factor model (FFM) in particular. A criticism of the FFM of personality disorder is the absence of measures designed to assess pathological personality. Several measures have been developed based on the FFM to assess the maladaptive personality traits included within existing personality disorders. One such example is the Five-Factor Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI). The current study applied item response theory analyses (IRT) to test whether scales of the FFOCI are extreme variants of respective FFM facet scales. It was predicted that both the height and slope of the item-response curves would differ for the conscientiousness-based scales, due to the bias towards assessing high conscientiousness as adaptive in general personality inventories (such as Goldberg’s International Personality Item Pool; IPIP). Alternatively, the remaining FFOCI scales and their IPIP counterparts were predicted to demonstrate no significant differences in IRCs across theta. Nine hundred and seventy-two adults each completed the FFOCI and the IPIP, including 377 undergraduate students and 595 participants recruited online. A portion of the results supported the hypotheses, with select exceptions. Fastidiousness and Workaholism demonstrated the expected trends, with the FFOCI providing higher levels of fidelity at the higher end of theta, and the IPIP demonstrating superior coverage at the lower end of theta. Other conscientiousness scales failed to demonstrate the expected differences at a statistically significant level. In this context, the suitability of IRT in the analysis of rationally-derived, polytomous scales is explored.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka samband mellan personlighetsdimensioner och upplevd stress på arbetsplatser utifrån fem-faktormodellen samt krav-kontrollmodellen. 128 deltagare deltog i enkätundersökningen; 58 män och 66 kvinnor mellan åldern 20-69 år. Studien var en tvärsnittsstudie med självskattningsfrågor och urvalet gjordes genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Enkäterna besvarades på arbetsplatser i Örebro, Eskilstuna, Västerås och Stockholm. Tidigare forskning påvisar samband mellan personlighet och stress, men få undersöker detta utifrån krav-kontroll-stödmodellen. Föreliggande studie undersöker detta utifrån graden av krav och kontroll. T-test visade skillnader utifrån kön, envägs ANOVA visade skillnader i yrkestitel och ålder. Korrelationsanalyser visade positivt samband mellan krav och upplevd stress samt negativt samband mellan kontroll och upplevd stress. Resultatet visade positivt samband mellan agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness och krav samt positivt samband mellan openness och kontroll. / The purpose of the study was to examine correlations between personality traits and perceived stress at work places based upon the Five Factor model and demand-control model. 128 participants attended; 58 men and 66 women aged 20-69 years. The study was cross-sectional with self-report measures and convenience sampling. Surveys were answered at work places in Örebro, Eskilstuna, Västerås and Stockholm. Previous research show correlations between personality and stress, but few examine this through the demand-control-support model. Present study examine this through the demand-control model. T-test showed differences between gender, one-way ANOVA showed differences in occupation and age. There was a positive correlation between demand and perceived stress and a negative correlation between control and perceived stress. The results showed positive correlations between agreeableness, openness, conscientiousnness and demand, positive correlations between openness and control.

This paper investigates the impact of social norms on the performance and valuation of “controversial stocks”- publicly traded companies involved in the production of Adult Entertainment, Alcohol, Gambling, Nuclear Energy, Tobacco, Uranium, and Weapons. Their performance and valuation is directly compared with compare non-controversial stocks. The paper consider an international sample of 941 controversial stocks. Employing a multi-factor performance measure, seven countries provide a significant outperformance of controversial stocks across all relevant control factors. The valuation analysis, however, provide mixed results on a country level, but on the global market-to-book ratio provide a significant overvaluation of controversial stocks compared to comparable non-controversial stocks, which contradicts the prediction of an undervaluation.JEL classification:

Self-determination theory (SDT), a motivation theory, consists of motivation types: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, where the social environment is important. SDT’s motivation orientations are about individual differences in people’s tendencies to orient towards environments. The five factor model (FFM), a personality theory, consists of five factors and can be grouped into two metatraits; plasticity: extraversion and openness; and stability: agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Studies show that SDT’s motivation orientations and the factors of FFM significantly covary. Intrinsic motivation and trait plasticity have similar features; the desire for exploration, engagement, well-being, and dopamine as neural correlate. The thesis reviews the role of dopamine as the neural correlate of intrinsic motivation and trait plasticity – a relation between motivation and personality. Dopamine and trait plasticity function to attain rewards of uncertainty and explore, but uncertainty is threatening. Salience coding neurons, value coding neurons and a combination of both are related, respectively, to rewards of information, specific rewards and the value of any uncertainty. Intrinsic motivation is related to the value coding neurons, flow via D2 receptors, the salience network, and the seeking system. Conclusions: there are many appealing similarities and rational that relate constructs/mechanisms – motivation is related to personality; can there even be a common construct? However; results based on proposed theories, neuroscientific quality issues, early inconsistent findings of intrinsic motivation mechanisms, and trait stability are speculated to, also, be needed to model intrinsic motivation. Unifying cross-disciplinary work and proposed theories of neural correlates are encouraged.

Revisorns oberoende är sedan länge ett omdiskuterat ämne. Brist på oberoende har tidigare orsakat flera större företagsskandaler och lett till att allmänheten förlorat förtroende för revisionsprofessionen. Därefter har ett flertal förändringar skett genom att olika regleringar har införts, vilka bland annat har syftat till att stärka oberoendet. Syftet med denna studie är att förklara huruvida det finns ett samband mellan revisorers personlighetsdrag och deras förmåga att bibehålla oberoendet. Denna studie undersöker hypoteser som har skapats utifrån befintlig teori och har därmed en kvantitativ ansats. För att undersöka revisorers personlighetsdrag har femfaktormodellen använts, som består av fem olika dimensioner vilka undersöker en individs grundläggande personlighetsdrag. För att undersöka oberoendet har tre vinjettfrågor tillämpats. Vinjettfrågorna lyckades inte mäta graden av oberoende tillsammans och således bör studiens resultat tolkas med försiktighet.  Resultaten av denna studie indikerar att personlighetsdragen neuroticism, öppenhet för erfarenhet och vänlighet skulle kunna ha en påverkan på revisorers förmåga att bibehålla oberoendet. Sambanden som återfinns är emellertid svaga. Vidare återfinns inga samband mellan extraversion samt samvetsgrannhet och oberoendet, vilket talar för att personlighetsdragen påverkar oberoendet i mycket låg utsträckning. Slutligen är revisorers personlighetsdrag ett forskningsområde som kan vidareutvecklas. / The independence of the auditor is since a long time a debated topic. Lack of independence has earlier caused several major corporate scandals and led to the public losing trust in the audit profession. Afterwards, several changes have been made through implementation of various regulations which among other things aim to strengthen the independence. The purpose of this paper is to explain whether there is a relationship between auditors’ personality traits and their ability to remain independent. This study tests hypotheses which have been created through existing theory and thus, has a quantitative approach. To examine auditors’ personality traits, the five-factor model of personality traits has been used which consists of five dimensions that explain an individual's fundamental personality traits. To examine the independence, three vignette questions have been used. The vignette questions did not manage to measure the level of independence together and consequently, the study’s results need to be interpreted with caution.  The findings of the study indicate that the personality traits neuroticism, openness to new experience and agreeableness might have an impact on the auditors’ ability to maintain the independence. However, the found relationships are weak. Furthermore, no relationships can be found between extraversion, conscientiousness and the independence which suggests that personality traits affect the independence to a very low extent. Lastly, the auditors’ personality traits are a research area that can be further developed.

The aim of the present study was to investigate how sensory processing sensitivity is related to the personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness and autonomy of the five-factor model. The samples for the study were members of the Association for the Highly Sensitive in Sweden and a Facebook community for highly sensitive individuals. The participants in the present study responded on a web-based questionnaire to participate. To answer the purpose of the study The Highly Sensitive Person scale (HSPS) were used to measure the degree of a person’s sensitivity. The Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) was used to measure the Big Five personality traits. The data were analyzed in the statistics program SPSS with Pearson’s correlations coefficient and a multiple regression analysis. The result of the multiple regression analysis showed that personality traits of neuroticism and agreeableness predicted sensory processing sensitivity. Further on results showed that the personality traits of extraversion, conscientiousness and autonomy not predicted sensory processing sensitivity. The results of the study conclude that participants of the study are much likely to have the personality traits neuroticism and introversion. Furthermore, results indicated that the participants of the study had the personality traits agreeableness, conscientiousness and autonomy. Continued studies with other methodological starting points are needed to achieve greater knowledge about the personality trait sensory processing sensitivity. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det fanns en relation mellan högkänslighet och personlighetsdragen extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet samt emotionell stabilitet enligt femfaktormodellen. Urvalet bestod av medlemmar från Sveriges Förening för Högkänsliga och en Facebookgrupp som riktar sig till högkänsliga personer. För att besvara frågeställningen användes en webbaserad enkät som mailades ut till medlemmarna i Sveriges Förening för Högkänsliga samt publicerades i Facebookgruppen. Beroendevariabeln högkänslighet mättes med mätinstrumentet The Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS). Oberoendevariablerna extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, emotionell stabilitet och öppenhet mättes med mätinstrumentet The Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI). Dataanalyserna som genomfördes i studien var Pearsons korrelationskoefficient och multipel regressionsanalys. Regressionsanalysen visade att personlighetsdragen emotionell stabilitet och vänlighet var prediktorer för högkänslighet. Personlighetsdragen extraversion, samvetsgrannhet och öppenhet var inte prediktorer för högkänslighet. Resultatet indikerade att studiens deltagare i högre grad hade personlighetsdragen neuroticism och introversion. Vidare visade resultatet att studiens deltagare hade grad av personlighetsdragen samvetsgrannhet, vänlighet och öppenhet. Studien gav en indikation på hur hög grad av högkänslighet var i relation till andra personlighetsdrag. Resultatet kan således öka kunskapen om högkänslighet och vad det medför. Fortsatta studier med andra metodologiska utgångspunkter krävs för att få ökad kunskap om personlighetsdraget högkänslighet.

The present study examines relationships among differences in personality, financial planning behaviors, and retirement life satisfaction. The hypothesized sequence of relationships is: PersonalityàFinancial Planning BehavioràRetirement Life Satisfaction. The study adds to prior research by clarifying the hypothesized role that proactive personality (as opposed to other personality variables such as the Big Five) has as a predictor, and also by showing how differences in discrete types of financial planning behavior influence retirement life satisfaction and mediate effects of proactive personality on satisfaction. This study tests these linkages while also addressing limitations and ambiguity in prior research regarding these potentially important effects among disposition, financial planning and a satisfactory retirement.

Tidigare forskning visar att interpersonella arbetsrelaterade konflikter kan få negativa följer på arbetsplatsen, för såväl anställda som organisationen i sig. Konflikter tar stor plats och uppmärksamhet från arbetet, vilket kan leda till både minskad effektivitet och produktivitet. Konflikter kan ha en inverkan på de anställdas psykiska välmående och är en bidragande faktor till stress. Hur vi tolkar, uppfattar och agerar i konflikter beror delvis på individuella skillnader. Denna studie undersöker därav sambandet mellan personlighet och involvering i interpersonella arbetsrelaterade konflikter. Kvantitativ metod användes för studien och datainsamlingen skedde genom en enkätundersökning online. Frågeformuläret bestod av två instrument, BFI-44 som mätte de fem personlighetsdragen utifrån femfaktormodellen samt Interpersonal Conflict At Work Scale (ICAWS) för att mäta interpersonella arbetsrelaterade konflikter. Totalt deltog 41 personer (M = 47, SD = 10) i studien som alla, vid tidpunkt för enkätundersökningen, var anställda tjänstemän på en svensk industri som producerar livsmedel. Det personlighetsdrag som visade sig ha starkast samband med hur ofta en individ är involverad i interpersonella arbetsrelaterade konflikter var neuroticism. Korrelationen visade sig vara medelstark och positiv (r = .26), och är det resultat som är mest betydande för studien. Resultatet visar att en individ med höga värden av neuroticism oftare tenderar att uppleva sig vara involverad i interpersonella arbetsrelaterade konflikter. / Previous research shows that interpersonal work-related conflicts can have negative consequences in the workplace, for both employees and the organization itself. Conflicts take great place and attention from work, which can lead to both reduced efficiency and productivity. Conflicts can have an impact on employees' psychological well-being and are a contributing factor to stress. How we interpret, perceive and act in conflicts partly depends on individual differences. This study investigates the relationship between personality and involvement in interpersonal work-related conflicts. Quantitative method was used for the study and the data collection was done through an online survey. The questionnaire consisted of two instruments, the BFI-44 as the five personality traits based on the Five-Factor Model and the Interpersonal Conflict At Work Scale (ICAWS) for interpersonal work-related conflicts. A total of 41 people (M = 47, SD = 10) participated in the study, all of whom at the time of the survey, were employed as officials in a Swedish industry that produces food. The personality traits that has been found to be the most related to how often an individual is involved in interpersonal work-related conflicts is neuroticism. The relationship turned out to be a moderately positive relationship (r = .26). This was the strongest correlation of the personality traits along with the outcome variable and the most important result of this study. The results show that the higher the values of neuroticism an individual has, the more often this person tend to feel involved in interpersonal work-related conflicts.

Mental illness as a part of work-related fatigue may in some cases lead to longperiods of sick leave. This in turn often has major consequences for the individual, the workorganisation and the society. Present study examines the relationship between personality andwork-related fatigue. The participants (N=142) answered a web survey containing generalbackground questions and 16 statements about personality and work-related fatigue. Theresults indicated a negative correlation between neuroticism and emotional exhaustion.Furthermore the results implicated positive correlation between extraversion,conscientiousness and openness and personal accomplishment. The results implicated lack ofcorrelations between personality and depersonalization. The conclusion in the present studyindicated correlation between personality and work-related fatigue. The results are partly inline with previous research. / En del av den psykiska ohälsan handlar om utmattning relaterat till arbetet som ivissa fall leder till långa perioder av sjukskrivningar. Detta i sin tur innebär ofta storakonsekvenser för individen, arbetsorganisationen och samhället i sig. Föreliggande studieundersökte sambandet mellan personlighet och arbetsrelaterad utmattning utifrån tidigareforskningsresultat. Deltagarna (N=142) besvarade en webbenkät med påstående ompersonlighet och arbetsrelaterad utmattning. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett negativtsamband mellan neuroticism och känslomässig utmattning. Vidare visade resultatet att detfanns positiva samband mellan extraversion, samvetsgrann och öppenhet och personligprestation. Det fanns inget samband mellan personlighet och cynism. Slutsatsen i föreliggandestudie visade att det finns ett samband mellan personlighet och arbetsrelaterad utmattning,dock är resultatet endast delvis i linje med tidigare forskning

Syftet med studien var att undersöka personlighetens betydelse för arbetsupplevelsen av distansarbete under Covid-19. Studien undersökte även om det fanns någon skillnad på arbetsupplevelsen av distansarbetet beroende på om det skedde frivilligt eller påtvingat. Studien var en kvantitativ enkätstudie och urvalet var tjänstemän som under Covid-19 arbetat på distans. För att mäta personlighet genom femfaktormodellen tillämpades Ten- Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS) användes för att mäta arbetsupplevelsen. Resultatet visade ett signifikant samband mellan personlighet och arbetsupplevelsen av distansarbete under Covid-19, där vänlighet hade störst effekt men även neuroticism och samvetsgrannhet visade sig predicera arbetsupplevelsen av distansarbete. Extraversion, öppenhet, kön, ålder, samt om distansarbetet skedde frivilligt eller påtvingat hade ingen signifikant påverkan på arbetsupplevelsen. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of personality for the work experience of teleworking during Covid-19. The study also examined whether there were any differences in the work experience of teleworking depending on whether the telework was voluntary or forced. The study was a quantitative questionnaire study and the sample were white-collar workers who teleworked during Covid-19. To measure personality through the five-factor model, the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) was applied. The Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS) was used to measure work experience. The results showed a significant relationship between the predictors and the work experience of teleworking during Covid-19. The results showed that agreeableness had the highest effect on work experience of telework during Covid-19, whereas neuroticism and conscientiousness also proved to be predictors of work experience. However, extraversion, openness, gender, age and whether the telework was voluntary or forced showed a non-significant result.