Nous présentons dans cette thèse une adaptation de la technique de vélocimétrie par marquage moléculaire (MTV) aux micro-écoulements gazeux. Les effets de luminescence de l’acétone gazeuse excitée par un rayonnement UV, mis en jeu dans la MTV, ont été analysés en vue d’une application en vélocimétrie à basse pression. La phosphorescence de l’acétone diminue fortement avec la pression, pour devenir non détectable à des pressions de l’ordre du kPa. En revanche, la fluorescence reste détectable à des pressions de l’ordre de la dizaine de Pa. L’analyse des déplacements de molécules luminescentes au sein de l’écoulement porteur a montré que les effets de la diffusion moléculaire sont importants et augmentent avec la raréfaction du gaz. Une méthode de reconstruction, basée sur l’équation d’advection diffusion, a été développée. Elle permet d’extraire le profil de vitesse à partir de l’analyse du déplacement et de la déformation de la zone marquée, en prenant en compte la diffusion des molécules luminescentes. L’analyse d’un écoulement de Poiseuille dans un canal de section rectangulaire et de dimensions millimétriques, sous des pressions de l’ordre de 100 kPa, a montré la capacité de la MTV à extraire avec précision la vitesse locale en écoulements confinés, lorsque la méthode de reconstruction est appliquée. Une feuille de route pour l’analyse future par MTV des écoulements raréfiés, notamment dans le régime glissant, est finalement proposée. / In the present thesis we present an adaptation of Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) to gas microflows. The photo-luminescence effects of gaseous acetone excited by UV light, implemented in MTV, have been analyzed in various pressure conditions. The acetone phosphorescence shows a drastic decrease with pressure and becomes non measurable for pressures lower than 1 kPa. On the other hand, fluorescence shows a slower decrease and remains clearly detectible at pressures as low as 10 Pa. The motion of tracer molecules within the carrier flow has been studied. The analysis of the displacement of the tagged molecules has shown the strong influence of molecular diffusion, this influence being increased with the gas rarefaction. A reconstruction method based on the advection-diffusion equation has been developed. It allows to extract the velocity profile from the analysis of the displacement and deformation of the tagged region, taking into account the diffusion of tracer molecules. This reconstruction method has been successfully implemented to analyse a Poiseuille flow in a rectangular millimetric channel, under atmospheric pressure conditions, and the capability of MTV to accurately extract the local velocity in confined gas flows has been demonstrated. Finally, some short term perspectives have been proposed with the aim to help achieving rarefied flows analysis by MTV.

<div>With the rapid development of the advanced two-phase flow experimental technologies, more experimental databases with extended measurement ranges have been established to support the two-phase flow model development. The advantage of the Two Fluid model in modeling the complex two-phase flow phenomena over the mixture models stands out. One key aspect in the Two Fluid model development is the accurate modeling of the interfacial area between phases, which is strongly related to the interfacial mass, momentum, and energy transfer. As a closure relation of interfacial area concentration (interfacial area per unit volume) for the Two Fluid model, the Interfacial Area Transport Equation (IATE) provides dynamic predictions on the interfacial area change. It substantially solves the shortcoming of using flow-regime-dependent empirical correlations that can introduce numerical discontinuities between flow regimes. </div><div><br></div><div>The IATE has been extensively developed over the past twenty-five years. Many studies targeted on improving its prediction capability by developing bubble interaction source terms based on their experimental data. </div><div>The existing models are usually based on medium and large flow channels, yet the models may not be physically fit the small flow channels. The major reason is that the wall effect can have a larger influence on the two-phase flow in a small flow channel, as the surface area to volume ratio greatly increases. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study are to physically investigate the wall effect on two-phase flow and develop a generalized IATE by extending the application range of existing IATE from large and medium flow channels to small flow channel.</div><div><br></div><div>To achieve the objective, this study established a rigorous database of air-water two-phase flows in a small diameter pipe with its inner diameter of 12.7 mm, focusing on the bubbly-to-slug transition regime. The experimental analysis was performed on the pipe wall effect on the interfacial characteristics, based on the current experimental database and the existing experimental database collected on vertical pipes of different sizes. It is observed that 1) the pipe wall effect can alter the non-uniform radial two-phase distribution; 2) the bubbly-to-slug flow regime transition in a small diameter pipe happens in a smaller void fraction than in a large diameter pipe; 3) the bubble coalescence phenomenon can be more dominant for small pipe flow, and an intensive intergroup transfer can happen for the two-group interfacial area transport in two-phase flows. </div><div>As the interfacial area transport is directly related to the two-phase geometrical configuration, the two-phase geometrical parameters, void fraction and relative bubble size, are identified as the key parameters for modeling.</div><div><br></div><div>In the modeling of IATE source terms, the high geometrical scalability of the model is realized by properly including the wall effect into the modeling consideration. The following major improvements on the existing models are: 1) the inertia subrange assumption on the turbulent-driven interaction is properly improved; 2) the bubble-induced turbulent-driven interactions such as wake entrainment is revised by considering the wall effect on the wake region. In summary, models of bubble interaction due to random collision, wake entrainment, turbulent impact, and shearing-off are revised based on the existing studies on the IATE source terms development. The newly proposed interfacial area transport models are evaluated against an experimental database with 112 test conditions in total from a wide range of experimental pipe diameters from 12.7 mm to 304.8 mm. The new models can accurately capture the drastic intergroup transfer of void fraction and interfacial area concentration between two groups in transition flows. Overall, the relative error of void fraction and interfacial area concentration comparing with the experimental data are within ±15\% and ±10\%, respectively.</div>

<div>In order to better understand and quantify the effect of instabilities in systems utilizing flow boiling heat transfer, the present study explores dynamic results for pressure drop, mass velocity, thermodynamic equilibrium quality, and heated wall temperature to ascertain and analyze the dominant modes in which they oscillate. Flow boiling experiments are conducted for a range of mass velocities with both subcooled and saturated inlet conditions in vertical upflow, vertical downflow, and horizontal flow orientations. High frequency pressure measurements are used to investigate the influence of individual flow loop components (flow boiling module, pump, pre-heater, condenser, etc.) on dynamic behavior of the fluid, with fast Fourier transforms of the same used to provide critical frequency domain information. Conclusions from this analysis are used to isolate instabilities present within the system due to physical interplay between thermodynamic and hydrodynamic effects. Parametric analysis is undertaken to better understand the conditions under which these instabilities form and their impact on system performance. Several prior stability maps are presented, with new stability maps provided to better address contextual trends discovered in the present study.</div><div>Further, this study utilizes experimental results for vertical upflow boiling of FC-72 in a rectangular channel with finite inlet quality to investigate Density Wave Oscillations (DWOs) and assess their potential impact on design of two-phase systems for future space missions. High-speed flow visualization image sequences are presented and used to directly relate the cyclical passage of High and Low Density Fronts (HDFs and LDFs) to dominant low-frequency oscillations present in transient pressure signals commonly attributed to DWOs. A methodology is presented to determine frequency and amplitude of DWO induced pressure oscillations, which are then plotted for a wide range of relevant operating conditions. Mass velocity (flow inertia) is seen to be the dominant parameter influencing frequency and amplitude of DWOs. Amplitude of pressure oscillations is at most 7% of the time-averaged pressure level for current operating conditions, meaning there is little risk to space missions. Reconstruction of experimental pressure signals using a waveform defined by frequency and amplitude of DWO induced pressure fluctuations is seen to have only moderate agreement with the original signal due to the oversimplifications of treating DWO induced fluctuations as perfectly sinusoidal in nature, assuming they occur at a constant frequency value, and neglecting other transient flow features. This approach is nonetheless determined to have potential value for use as a boundary condition to introduce DWOs in two-phase flow simulations should a model be capable of accurately predicting frequency and amplitude of oscillation.</div><div>Additionally, this study presents a new mechanistic model for Density Wave Oscillations (DWOs) in vertical upflow boiling using conclusions drawn from analysis of flow visualization images and transient experimental results as a basis from which to begin modeling. Counter to many prior studies attributing DWOs to feedback effects between flow rate, pressure drop, and flow enthalpy causing oscillations in position of the bulk boiling boundary, the present instability mode stems primarily from body force acting on liquid and vapor phases in a separated flow regime leading to liquid accumulation in the near-inlet region of the test section, which eventually departs and moves along the channel, acting to re-wet liquid film along the channel walls and re-establish annular, co-current flow. This process was modeled by dividing the test section into three distinct control volumes and solving transient conservation equations for each, yielding predictions of frequencies at which this process occurs as well as amplitude of associated pressure oscillations. Values for these parameters were validated against an experimental database of 236 FC-72 points and show the model provides good predictive accuracy and capably captures the influence of parametric changes to operating conditions.</div><div>Also, this study shows analysis of pressure signals in condensing systems reveal the presence of relevant oscillatory phenomena during flow condensation as well, which may impact performance in applications concerned with precise system control. Towards this end, the present study presents results for oscillatory behavior observed in pressure measurements during flow condensation of FC-72 in a smooth circular tube in vertical upflow, vertical downflow, and horizontal flow orientations. Dynamic behavior observed within the test section is determined to be independent of other components within the flow loop, allowing it to be isolated and interpreted as resulting from physical aspects of two-phase flow with condensation. The presence of a peak oscillatory mode (one of significantly larger amplitude than any others present) is seen for 72% of</div><div>vertical upflow test cases, 61% of vertical downflow, and 54% of horizontal flow. Relative intensities of this peak oscillatory mode are evaluated through calculation of Q Factor for the corresponding frequency response peak. Frequency and amplitude of peak oscillatory modes are also evaluated. Overall, vertical upflow is seen to exhibit the most significant oscillatory behavior, although in its maximum case amplitude is only seen to be 7.9% of time-averaged module inlet pressure, indicating there is little safety risk posed by oscillations under current operating conditions. Flow visualization image sequences for each orientation are also presented and used to draw parallels between physical characteristics of condensate film behavior under different operating conditions and trends in oscillatory behavior detected in pressure signals</div><div>Further, the present work outlines a new methodology utilizing temperature and pressure measurements to identify condensation flow regimes. For vertical upflow condensation, amplitude of dynamic temperature and pressure oscillations are shown to clearly indicate transition from counter-current flow regimes (i.e., falling film, oscillating film, flooding) to annular, co-current flow (climbing film flow regime). In horizontal flow condensation, standard deviation between multiple thermocouple measurements distributed around the tube circumference was calculated at all axial (stream-wise) measurement locations. High values of standard deviation are present for stratified flow (stratified flow, wavy-stratified, plug flow), while axisymmetric flow regimes (i.e., slug flow, annular flow) yield significantly lower values. Successful development of this technique represents a valuable contribution to literature as it allows condensation flow regime to be identified without the often-costly restriction of designing a test section to allow optical access. Identified flow regimes in both vertical upflow and horizontal flow orientations are compared to regime maps commonly found in the literature in pursuit of optimum performing maps.</div><div>Finally, the present study aims to better analyze the influence of body force on flow condensation heat transfer by conducting tests at multiple orientations in Earth’s gravity. Dielectric FC-72 is condensed in a smooth stainless-steel tube with 7.12 mm diameter and 574.55 mm condensing length by counterflow of cooling water across the outer surface of the tube. Test conditions span FC-72 mass velocities of 50.3 – 360.3 kg/m2s, test section inlet pressures of 127.0 – 132.1 kPa, and test section inlet thermodynamic equilibrium qualities of 0.13 – 1.15. A subset of data gathered corresponding to axisymmetric, annular condensation heat transfer is identified and a detailed methodology for data reduction to calculate heat transfer coefficient presented. Uncertainty analysis is also presented and indicates channel average heat transfer coefficients are calculated within ±3.6% to ±26.7% (depending on operating conditions). Analysis of parametric trends for condensation heat transfer reveals the dominant influence of mass velocity (flow inertia), secondary influence of vapor mass fraction (thermodynamic equilibrium quality), and strong dependence on orientation (body force) at low mass velocities. At higher mass velocities results for all orientations investigated begin to converge, indicating body force independent annular condensation heat transfer is achieved. Separated Flow Model predictions of vertical downflow condensation heat transfer provide reasonable agreement with experimental results, evidence by a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 31.2%. Evaluation of condensation heat transfer correlations for horizontal flow reveal most correlations struggle for cases with high liquid content. Specific correlations are identified for superior accuracy in predicting the measured data.</div>

An experimental study of the effects of turbulent flow regime on the flame structure is conducted by using perforated-plate-stabilized hydrogen-piloted lean premixed methane/air turbulent flames. The underlying non-reacting turbulent flow field was investigated using two-dimensional three-components particle imaging velocimetry (2D3C-PIV) with and without three perforated plates. The non-reacting flow data allowed a separation of the turbulent flow regime into axial velocity dominated and vortex dominated flows. A plate with 62\% blockage ratio was used to represent the stream-dominant flow regime and another with 86\% blockage ratio was used to represent the vortex-dominant flow regime. OH laser-induced fluorescence was used to study the effects of the turbulent flow regime on the mean progress variable, flame brush thickness, flame surface density, and global consumption speed. In comparison with the stream-dominant flow, the vortex-dominant flow makes a wider and shorter flame. Also, the vortex-dominant flow has a thicker horizontal flame brush thickness and a thinner longitudinal flame brush thickness. Especially, the horizontal flame brush thickness for the vortex-dominant flow does not follow the turbulence diffusion theory. Then, the vortex-dominant flow shows a relatively constant flame surface density along the stream-wise direction, while the stream-dominant flow shows a decreasing flame surface density. Lastly, the vortex-dominant turbulent flow improves the consumption speed in comparison to the stream-dominant turbulent flow regime with the same velocity fluctuation level.

<p>The hydropower industry has altered connectivity in many rivers during the last century. Many fish species depend on both an intact longitudinal connectivity to be able to migrate between spawning, feeding and winter habitats, and vertical connectivity for development and survival of incubating embryos and larvae in the gravel. The objective of this thesis was to examine problems and remedial measures associated with disrupted longitudinal and vertical connectivity in regulated rivers. The issue of longitudinal connectivity was studied in the River Emån by evaluating the efficiency of two nature-like fishways for anadromous brown trout. Telemetry studies showed that the combined efficiency for the two fishways in 2001-2004 was 60.5%. The passage efficiencies of both fishways were high for trout (89-100%), but also for other species such as chub, perch, tench, burbot and roach (74%). The attraction efficiencies were largely dependent on power plant operation, and generally high for the fishway situated next to the tail-race and low for the fishway situated inside the former channel. More than half of the trout spawners were also observed using the fishways for downstream passage. The densities of brown trout yearlings upstream of the fishways were higher after the fishways were built than during pre-fishway years. Smolts produced upstream of the fishways were observed migrating downstream in 2003-2005. The percentage of smolts that passed both power plants in was 51%, with losses being attributed to predation (15%), turbine-induced mortality (16%) and other reasons (18%). Turbine-induced mortality was higher (40%) at the power plant with four small Francis runners, than at the power plant with one large Kaplan runner (12%). The issue of vertical connectivity was studied in three rivers in Värmland, one unregulated, and two regulated, one of which had no minimum flow requirements. In the unregulated river, temporal patterns in hyporheic water chemistry correlated to variation in surface water chemistry and discharge as expected. In the regulated rivers, the hyporheic water chemistry showed little correlation to discharge or surface water chemistry. The intra-gravel water chemistry conditions for brown trout eggs were more favourable in the unregulated river, characterised by high oxygen levels, than in the two regulated rivers. The regulated river with no minimum flow requirements had critically low oxygen levels at the end of the incubation period.</p>

The hydropower industry has altered connectivity in many rivers during the last century. Many fish species depend on both an intact longitudinal connectivity to be able to migrate between spawning, feeding and winter habitats, and vertical connectivity for development and survival of incubating embryos and larvae in the gravel. The objective of this thesis was to examine problems and remedial measures associated with disrupted longitudinal and vertical connectivity in regulated rivers. The issue of longitudinal connectivity was studied in the River Emån by evaluating the efficiency of two nature-like fishways for anadromous brown trout. Telemetry studies showed that the combined efficiency for the two fishways in 2001-2004 was 60.5%. The passage efficiencies of both fishways were high for trout (89-100%), but also for other species such as chub, perch, tench, burbot and roach (74%). The attraction efficiencies were largely dependent on power plant operation, and generally high for the fishway situated next to the tail-race and low for the fishway situated inside the former channel. More than half of the trout spawners were also observed using the fishways for downstream passage. The densities of brown trout yearlings upstream of the fishways were higher after the fishways were built than during pre-fishway years. Smolts produced upstream of the fishways were observed migrating downstream in 2003-2005. The percentage of smolts that passed both power plants in was 51%, with losses being attributed to predation (15%), turbine-induced mortality (16%) and other reasons (18%). Turbine-induced mortality was higher (40%) at the power plant with four small Francis runners, than at the power plant with one large Kaplan runner (12%). The issue of vertical connectivity was studied in three rivers in Värmland, one unregulated, and two regulated, one of which had no minimum flow requirements. In the unregulated river, temporal patterns in hyporheic water chemistry correlated to variation in surface water chemistry and discharge as expected. In the regulated rivers, the hyporheic water chemistry showed little correlation to discharge or surface water chemistry. The intra-gravel water chemistry conditions for brown trout eggs were more favourable in the unregulated river, characterised by high oxygen levels, than in the two regulated rivers. The regulated river with no minimum flow requirements had critically low oxygen levels at the end of the incubation period.

Darbo tikslas - ištirti taršos veikiamų reguliuotų upelių savaiminio apsivalymo nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų tendencijas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiais atsižvelgiant į gamtines ir antropogenines sąlygas. Darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė - disertacijoje nustatytas matematines priklausomybes galima pritaikyti vertinant organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijų pokyčius tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio ne tik tirtuose, bet ir kituose upeliuose, tekančiuose panašiomis sąlygomis. Pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės yra naudingos modeliuojant vandens kokybės pokyčius, vertinant išleidžiamų į upelį teršalų poveikį vandens ekosistemai, nustatant leistiną išleidžiamų į upelius teršalų kiekį. Darbo mokslinis naujumas - šiame darbe pirmą kartą Vidurio Lietuvos Nevėžio upės baseino reguliuotuose upeliuose (kai debitas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiu mažesnis kaip 0,1 m3/s) nustatyta gyvenviečių (iki 2000 gyventojų) sąlyginė tarša ir vandens kokybės kitimo dinamika upeliuose tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio; nustatyti veiksniai, turintys esminės įtakos savaiminiam upelių apsivalymui nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų, bei ištirti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo dėsningumai ir pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės, leidžiančios prognozuoti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo galimybes. / The target subject of the research – pollution of Nevėžis River sub-basin regulated streams by small settlements (max. 2,000 inhabitants) in Middle Lithuania and their self-purification processes during seasons of low-flow regime. Scientific novelty of the research – for the first time, this paper identifies a relative pollution by settlements (up to 2000 inhabitants) in Nevėžis River basin regulated rivers (at a river discharge less than 0.1 m3/s during seasons of low-flow regime in summer-autumn) in Middle Lithuania and water quality dynamics in streams, moving away from the point pollution source, identifies factors having substantial effect on stream self-purification from organic substances and nutrients, investigates patterns of the stream self-purification, and provides mathematical relations that allow forecasting stream self-purification capabilities. Practical value of research results – mathematical relations, defined in the dissertation, can be applied to the assessment of fluctuations in organic substances and nutrients concentrations, moving away from the point pollution source not only in the studied streams, but also in other ones flowing under similar conditions. The mathematical relations are useful for modelling water quality changes, for assessing an impact of pollutants, discharged into a stream, on the aquatic ecosystem, and for determining the permissible load of pollutants discharged into streams.

The target subject of the research – pollution of Nevėžis River sub-basin regulated streams by small settlements (max. 2,000 inhabitants) in Middle Lithuania and their self-purification processes during seasons of low-flow regime. Scientific novelty of the research – for the first time, this paper identifies a relative pollution by settlements (up to 2000 inhabitants) in Nevėžis River basin regulated rivers (at a river discharge less than 0.1 m3/s during seasons of low-flow regime in summer-autumn) in Middle Lithuania and water quality dynamics in streams, moving away from the point pollution source, identifies factors having substantial effect on stream self-purification from organic substances and nutrients, investigates patterns of the stream self-purification, and provides mathematical relations that allow forecasting stream self-purification capabilities. Practical value of research results – mathematical relations, defined in the dissertation, can be applied to the assessment of fluctuations in organic substances and nutrients concentrations, moving away from the point pollution source not only in the studied streams, but also in other ones flowing under similar conditions. The mathematical relations are useful for modelling water quality changes, for assessing an impact of pollutants, discharged into a stream, on the aquatic ecosystem, and for determining the permissible load of pollutants discharged into streams. / Darbo tikslas - ištirti taršos veikiamų reguliuotų upelių savaiminio apsivalymo nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų tendencijas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiais atsižvelgiant į gamtines ir antropogenines sąlygas. Darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė - disertacijoje nustatytas matematines priklausomybes galima pritaikyti vertinant organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijų pokyčius tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio ne tik tirtuose, bet ir kituose upeliuose, tekančiuose panašiomis sąlygomis. Pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės yra naudingos modeliuojant vandens kokybės pokyčius, vertinant išleidžiamų į upelį teršalų poveikį vandens ekosistemai, nustatant leistiną išleidžiamų į upelius teršalų kiekį. Darbo mokslinis naujumas - šiame darbe pirmą kartą Vidurio Lietuvos Nevėžio upės baseino reguliuotuose upeliuose (kai debitas vasaros–rudens sausmečio laikotarpiu mažesnis kaip 0,1 m3/s) nustatyta gyvenviečių (iki 2000 gyventojų) sąlyginė tarša ir vandens kokybės kitimo dinamika upeliuose tolstant nuo sutelktosios taršos šaltinio; nustatyti veiksniai, turintys esminės įtakos savaiminiam upelių apsivalymui nuo organinių ir biogeninių medžiagų, bei ištirti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo dėsningumai ir pateiktos matematinės priklausomybės, leidžiančios prognozuoti upelių savaiminio apsivalymo galimybes.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / One of the parameters involved in the design of pressurized hydraulic systems is the pressure drop of the pipes. This verification can be performed through the Darcy-Weisbach formulation, which considers a coefficient of loss of charge (f) that can be measured by the implicit Colebrook-White equation. However, for this determination it is necessary to use numerical methods. Numerous explicit approaches have been proposed to estimate the "f", with different precisions and complexity. Considering the above, the objective of this work is to analyze the explicit approximations of the pressure loss coefficient for pressurized conduits in relation to the Colebrook-White formulation, through the relative performance and error index, determining the most accurate ones so that they can replace the standard Implied for the turbulent flow regime. It was analyzed 29 explicit equations in the literature, determining the coefficient of loss of charge through Reynolds number values in the range of 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 and relative roughness of 10-6 ≤ Ɛ / D ≤ 5x10-2, obtaining 160 points for each equation, totaling 4800 points. Statistical analysis was performed by the performance index (Id) and the relative error (ER) of the explicit equations in relation to Colebrook-White. The equations of Chen (1979), Shacham (1980), Sonnad Goudar (2006), Buzzelli (2008), Vantankhah and Kouchakzadeh (2008), Fang et al. (2011) and Offor and Alabi (2016a) apply for the entire range of 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 and 10-6 ≤ Ɛ / D ≤ 5x10-2, and presented high “Id” and high precision, the latter being highlighted by extreme precision, which is indicated to replace the use of the Colebrook-White standard approximation. / Um dos parâmetros envolvido no dimensionamento de sistemas hidráulicos pressurizados é a perda de carga das tubulações. Essa verificação pode ser realizada através da formulação de Darcy-Weisbach, que considera um coeficiente de perda de carga (f) que pode ser mensurado pela equação implícita de Colebrook-White. Porém, para essa determinação é necessário utilizar métodos numéricos. Numerosas aproximações explícitas têm sido propostas para estimar o “f”, com diferentes precisões e complexidade. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as aproximações explícitas do coeficiente de perda de carga para condutos pressurizados em relação a formulação de Colebrook-White, através do índice de desempenho e erro relativo, determinando as mais precisas para que possam substituir a padrão implícita, para o regime de fluxo turbulento. Foi analisado 29 equações explícitas presentes na literatura, determinando o coeficiente de perda de carga através de valores do número de Reynolds na faixa de 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 e rugosidade relativa de 10-6 ≤ Ɛ/D ≤ 5x10-2, obtendo 160 pontos para cada equação, totalizando 4800 pontos. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo índide de desempenho (Id) e pelo erro relativo (ER) das equações explícitas em relação à Colebrook-White. As equações de Chen (1979), Shacham (1980), Sonnad Goudar (2006), Buzzelli (2008), Vantankhah e Kouchakzadeh (2008), Fang et al. (2011) e Offor e Alabi (2016a) se aplicam para todo intervalo de 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 e 10-6 ≤ Ɛ/D ≤ 5x10-2, e apresentaram elevado Id e elevada precisão, destacando-se a última por extrema precisão, sendo esta a indicada para substituir o uso da aproximação padrão de Colebrook-White.

Altered flow regimes following river regulation can result in significant changes in river bed geomorphology and subsequent negative ecological impacts caused by re-suspended sediments deposited on the riverbed. This study aimed to evaluate the consequences of implementing an ecological flow regime on sediments accumulated within the regulated river Juktån. Sediments were sampled and analysed for particle size distribution to estimate sediment stability. Flow alteration following the ecological flow regime was analysed with HEC-RAS unsteady flow simulation serving as a basis for calculations of forces acting to erode or retain deposited sediments. Additional analyses regarding critical flow were made with HEC-RAS steady flow simulation. Results show that 4 out of 15 cross-sections analysed would have the potential to erode and re-suspend sediments. The estimated average critical flow for when sediments become unstable with potential to re-suspend is 17 m3/s. The total sediment inventory of the studied reach is ~25000 ton, with ~3000-ton sediments potentially eroding into re-suspension. This is approximately 3% of river Umeälvens annual 100 000 ton suspended sediments before being regulated. Results indicate that river bed heterogeneity in river Juktån could benefit from implementing the ecological flow regime while not mobilizing such amounts of fine sediments that would cause clogging effects downstream the site of interest. The study also introduces the erosion rate equation which compares the annual erosion between two different flow regimes.