Avaliou-se a influência do curativo intra-canal com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio na penetração do cimento EpiphanyTM no interior dos túbulos dentinários e na adaptação do cimento às paredes dos canais radiculares utilizando-se a microscopia confocal de varredura a laser (MCVL). Foram utilizados 30 incisivos centrais inferiores humanos, extraídos, com apenas um canal radicular. O acesso ao canal foi realizado de forma convencional utilizando-se pontas diamantadas montadas em alta rotação, sob refrigeração. Os canais foram preparados pela técnica progressiva empregando-se instrumentos manuais e rotatórios de níquel-titânio, Protaper e Profile (conicidade 0.4). A irrigação foi realizada usando solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e, ao final do preparo, o soro fisiológico. Após o preparo, os canais radiculares de todos os dentes receberam aplicação de EDTA a 17% por 3 minutos e irrigação final com soro fisiológico. A seguir, os dentes foram divididos em 3 grupos como segue: grupo 1 sem tratamento adicional (controle); grupo 2 curativo de Ca (OH)2 e grupo 3 - curativo de Ca (OH)2 e nova aplicação de EDTA. O curativo de Ca (OH)2 foi empregado na forma de pasta viscosa com propilenoglicol que foi inserida no canal com espiral de Lentulo. Após o curativo, os dentes foram armazenados a ± 37 °C por 14 dias. A remoção do curativo foi feita com irrigação com soro fisiológico e com instrumento manual. A seguir, os canais radiculares de todos os 30 espécimes foram obturados com o Sistema EpiphanyTM utilizando-se o primer, o cimento EpiphanyTM, cones principais de Resilon 40/0.4 e cones auxiliares fino-médio pela técnica da condensação lateral ativa. Antes da obturação, o cimento foi corado com Rodamina B. Foram feitas secções transversais a 3, 7 e 10 milímetros distantes do forame apical (terços apical, médio e cervical), cujas imagens foram analisadas em microscopia confocal por varredura a laser (MCVL). Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos de Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e teste Tukey, ambos com 5% de significância. Os resultados indicaram que a maior penetração de cimento no interior dos túbulos dentinários foi verificada nas secções dos terços cervical e médio do grupo II comparado aos grupos I e III. A penetração do cimento em todas as secções foi maior e estatisticamente significante nas faces vestibular e lingual. Em relação à adaptação do cimento às paredes dos canais radiculares, a fluorescência do cimento, considerando o perímetro total do canal mostrou regiões com falhas na interface dentina-cimento. A menor porcentagem de adaptação foi observada no grupo I (78%) comparado com os grupos II (93%) e III (86%) (p<0,05). Em canais obturados com o Sistema EpiphanyTM pela técnica da condensação lateral, o hidróxido de cálcio influenciou positivamente na profundidade de penetração do cimento no interior dos túbulos dentinários e na sua adaptação às paredes dos canais. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide on the depth of dentinal tubule sealer penetration and the percentage of sealer-dentin interface in the coronal, middle and apical thirds teeth obturated with the EpiphanyTM Obturation System using 5 x and 40x confocal laser scanning microscopy. Thirty extracted single-rooted mandibular incisor human teeth were instrumented using 1.0 % NaOCl. The smear layer was removed using 17% EDTA for 3 minutes. The teeth were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=10), according to the presence or absence of intracanal dressing and its removal: GI= non Ca(OH)2 dressing (control); G II= Ca(OH)2 + removal using saline solution and kfile # 40; and G3= Ca(OH)2 + removal using saline solution + kfile # 40 and 17% EDTA. One tooth from groups II and III were ramdomly selected for calcium hydroxide analysis. The calcium hidroxyde was labeled with fluorescent fluorescein and after 14 days of storage in 100% humidity at 37 degrees C, the dressings were removed from experimental groups. All root canals (control and experimental groups) were obturated with Resilon master points 40/0.4, Resilon points fine-medium and EpiphanyTM sealer labeled with fluorescent Rhodamine B dye. The sections cut from the coronal, middle and apical thirds of each root were viewed using 5x and 40x confocal laser scanning microscopy. Twoway ANOVA and Tukey test found significantly lower average depth of sealer penetration in apical sections than middle or coronal sections (p<0,05). The deepest sealer penetration was observed in the coronal and middle secctions of group II compared to the groups I and III. The sealer penetration in all sections was deeper and statistically different in the vestibular and lingual faces. A fluorescent sealer ring was seen around the canal wall in all sections presenting some gaps in the sealerdentin interface. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests showed significantly less percentage of sealer-dentin interface in the group I (78%) compared to groups II (93%) and III (86%) (p<0,05). Calcium hydroxide dressing affected positively the deep of sealer penetration and percentagem of sealer dentin interface in the root canals filled with EpiphanyTM resin based sealer.

O diagnóstico rotineiro da dengue é realizado com amostra de sangue dos casos suspeitos. A coleta tradicional de sangue (por punção venosa) é um procedimento que dificulta a realização de exames e pesquisas por ser um procedimento invasivo que nem sempre é prático para crianças e bebês, requer pessoal especializado e necessita de um local para armazenamento da amostra sob refrigeração ou congelamento. O propósito deste estudo foi coletar amostras por punção digital com uma nova tecnologia (FTA Card) e compará-la com amostras coletadas por punção venosa, avaliando-as através de uma técnica molecular de PCR em tempo real. Sendo o PCR em Tempo Real a técnica molecular atualmente disponível de maior rapidez, sensibilidade e especificidade, padronizamos uma metodologia de passo único de PCR em Tempo Real com SYBR green baseando-se na região 3 não codificante do vírus e utilizando primers degenerados, capazes de detectar os quatro sorotipos de uma só vez. A avaliação das técnicas de coleta e amplificação foram feitas com amostras suspeitas de dengue, obtidas em Goiânia durante surto ocorrido no ano de 2008. O limite de detecção da reação padronizada no presente estudo foi de aproximadamente 100 cópias/ml e uma especificidade de 100%. Para tipagem das amostras positivas a técnica empregada foi o PCR multipex. Dentre as 89 amostras coletadas 60 (67%) foram positivas para àquelas coletadas por punção venosa e 14 (16%) para àquelas coletadas por punção digital. Dentre as 89 amostras para o PCR em Tempo Real, apenas 29 (32%), foram tipadas pelo método de PCR multiplex, sendo 3 casos do vírus da dengue 1 (10%), 16 casos do vírus da dengue 2 (55%), e 10 casos do vírus da dengue 3 (35%). Descritores: Dengue/diagnóstico, coleta de amostras sanguíneas, reação em cadeia da polimerase, corantes fluorescentes / The collection by venipuncture is a procedure that is difficult to carry out in diagnosis and research because it is an invasive procedure that is not always practical for children and babies , requires specialized staff, needs a place to store the sample under refrigeration or forzen, This study aimed to collect samples by fingerstick puncture with a new technology named FTA card and compare it with samples collected by venipuncture, using a realtime PCR to evaluate if FTA card collection would have a similar performance to standard blood sampling. Towards that, we obtained viral load values in order to estimate the differences not only qualitatively (e.g. pos or neg) but also in numbers.. We used an one-step SYBR Green I Real-Time PCR based on the region 3 \'noncoding virus using degenerate primers which was able to detected all four serotypes of dengue virus. Among the 89 samples collected 60 (67%) were positive for those collected by venipuncture and 14 (16%) to those collected by fingerstick, Only 29 (32%) were possible to be typed by PCR multiplex. Three cases were dengue virus 1 (10%), 16 cases were dengue virus 2 (55%) and 10 cases were dengue virus 3 (35%). The limit of detection obtained was approximately 100 copies / ml and aspecificity of 100% was observed. Keywords: Dengue / diagnosis, collection of blood samples, polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent dyes

Abstract This study utilized normal and defective epithelial cell cultures and epidermal skin samples to examine intra- and intercellular calcium signaling. The main interests of this thesis were Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), Darier disease (DD), neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). HHD and DD diseases are rare autosomal dominant skin disorders characterized by dissociation of epidermal keratinocytes (acantholysis) at the suprabasal layer of the epidermis. HHD and DD diseases are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the calcium pumps in the Golgi apparatus (hSPCA1) and endoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2b), respectively. Due to these mutations calcium uptake into the Golgi apparatus or ER is diminished, which is believed to cause abnormal cell junction protein processing and dissociation of keratinocytes. This study utilized electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and demonstrated for the first time that lesional areas of HHD and DD and non-lesional areas of DD epidermis display abnormally low calcium content in the basal cell layer. Furthermore, ATP mediated calcium signaling was impaired in cultured HHD and DD keratinocytes and epidermal ATP receptor localization was disrupted. In conclusion, these results suggest that the low calcium content in the basal cell layer is the reason for suprabasal ruptures in HHD but not necessarily in DD lesions, and that abnormal ATP receptor localization contributes to the calcium signaling defects. NF1 deficient keratinocytes display abnormally low resting cytosolic calcium levels and it has been suggested that the calcium concentration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is decreased. This study demonstrated that NF1 keratinocytes rely mostly on ATP mediated calcium signaling while normal keratinocytes rely mostly on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Studies with TCC cells have demonstrated that gap junctions participate in intercellular calcium wave propagation. This thesis demonstrated that the ATP mediated pathway was also operational in calcium wave propagation in normal uroepithelial and TCC cell cultures. Furthermore, impaired calcium wave propagation in the TCC cell culture could be improved through PKC α/βI –isoenzyme inhibition with Gö6976. Gö6976 treatment increased connexin 26 clustering at plasma membrane but did not alter expression level of the protein. This thesis contains a wide repertoire of calcium detection techniques including a new cutting-edge technology for elemental calcium detection of epidermal samples. These techniques can be used for molecular specific analysis of calcium signaling in epithelial cells.

No description available.

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques provide a simple, highly sensitive method of studying live cells and whole organisms in real time. Without question, fluorophores such as GFP, fluorescein, and rhodamines have contributed vastly to our understanding of both cell biology and biochemistry. However, most of the fluorescent molecules currently utilized suffer from one major drawback, the use of visible light. Due to cellular autofluorescence and the absorbance of incident light by cellular components, fluorescence imaging with visible wavelength fluorophores often results in high background noise and thus a low signal-to-noise ratio. Fortunately, this situation can be ameliorated by altering the wavelength of light used during imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) light (650-900 nm) is poorly absorbed by cells; therefore, fluorophores excited by this light provide a high signal-to-noise ratio and low background in cellular systems. While these properties make NIR fluorophores ideal for cellular imaging, most currently available NIR molecules cannot be used in live cells. The first half of this thesis addresses the synthetic difficulties associated with preparing NIR fluorophores that can be used within living systems. Small molecule NIR fluorophores are inherently hydrophobic which makes them unsuitable for use in the aqueous environment of the cell. Water-solubility is imparted to these dyes through highly polar sulfonates, which subsequently prevents the dyes from entering the cell. The novel work presented here details vii synthetic routes to aid in the development of sulfonated NIR fluorophores, which can be delivered into live cells through the inclusion of an esterase-labile sulfonate protecting group. Application of these synthetic techniques should allow for the development of novel NIR fluorophores with intracellular applications. The second half of this thesis addresses the need for novel NIR imaging reagents. Although several classes of NIR scaffolds do exist, most NIR probes are derivatives of a single class, heptamethine indocyanines. The work described here increases this palette by displaying the ability of NIR oxazines to function as an imaging reagent in live cells and in vivo and as a molecular sensor of biologically-relevant environmental conditions. Combined, the work contained herein has the capacity to not only advance the current NIR toolkit, but to expand it so that fluorescence imaging can move out of the dark and into the NIR light.

La fluorescence excitée à deux photons est actuellement largement utilisée pour l’imagerie de tissus biologiques, mais la faible sensibilité des fluorophores utilisés en microscopie confocale (excitation à un photon) à une excitation à deux photons (ADP) rend nécessaire la conception et la synthèse de nouveaux fluorophores spécifiques pour la microscopie de fluorescence par excitation bi-photonique (MFEB). Mon travail de thèse a ainsi porté sur l’ingénierie moléculaire (conception, synthèse et caractérisations) de nouveaux fluorophores pour la MFEB. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à des systèmes unidimensionnels (1D) de petite taille comportant des systèmes π étendus autour d’un cœur rigide (dicétopyrrolopyrrole ou DPP) et entourés de différents systèmes électro-actifs. Nous avons modifié par la suite les fluorophores précédents de manière à pouvoir les conjuguer à des molécules d’intérêt biologique, comme des protéines. Ces fluorophores bio-conjugables ont été greffés sur un peptide du virus HIV étudié au laboratoire : TAT (Trans-Activator of Transcription). L’imagerie par microscopie biphotonique a été effectuée avec succès sur des cellules HeLa. Nous nous sommes ensuite tourné vers la mise au point de nouvelles sondes multimodales pour associer la MEBP à une autre modalité d’imagerie : la résonance magnétique nucléaire et la microscopie électronique (imagerie corrélative). Pour ce faire nous avons développé des colorants fluorescents par excitation bi-photonique comportant une entité paramagnétique ou dense aux électrons (nanoparticules de magnétite, ion gadolinium III ou atomes lourds comme le platine et l’or). / Two-photon induced fluorescence is nowadays widely used for the imaging of biological tissues. The classical fluorophores used in confocal microscopy exhibit low sensitivity to two-photon excitation for the two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM), led the researchers towards the development of new fluorophores, specifically engineered for TPEM. This manuscript describes our work on conception, synthesis and characterizations of new one-dimensional fluorophores based on dicétopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) central core, surrounded by various electro-active systems through π conjugated systems. We also modified such fluorophores to be able to conjugate them to molecules of biological interest, such as proteins. These bio-conjugable fluorophores were grafted on a peptide of HIV virus studied in our laboratory: TAT (Trans-Activator of transcription). The imaging by TPEM was successfully performed on HeLa cells. In addition we developed new multimodal probes for the correlative light electronic microscopy and for the correlative imaging fluorescence microscopy/ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Theses multimodal probes associate a fluorescent moiety based on the DPP core associated to a paramagnetic or electron dense entity (magnetite nanoparticles, gadolinium III or heavy atoms such as platinum or gold).

L’imagerie moléculaire est devenue incontournable pour le diagnostic et le traitement de cancers. Cette discipline regroupe un ensemble de techniques telles que la tomodensitométrie (CT), l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM), l’imagerie optique ou encore l’imagerie nucléaire (tomographie par émission de positons TEP, tomographie d’émission monophotonique TEMP). Chacune de ces techniques possède ses propres avantages et inconvénients et ne peut apporter à elle seule des informations anatomiques et fonctionnelles suffisantes. Les travaux actuels sont portés sur la conception de systèmes dits multimodaux afin de combiner les avantages de différentes techniques, voire de bénéficier d’un effet synergique. De par leur sensibilité comparable et leur complémentarité, coupler l’imagerie nucléaire à l’imagerie optique devient alors avantageux. La conception des systèmes monomoléculaires (MOMIA) contenant deux fonctions détectables par imagerie nucléaire (complexe de radiométaux) et imagerie optique (sonde fluorescente) nécessite en amont la mise au point d’outils de synthèses performants. La première partie de ce travail de thèse est consacrée à la synthèse d’agents chélatants bifonctionnels à base de polyamines macrocycliques, destinés à une utilisation en imagerie médicale. Ces agents doivent présenter d’excellentes propriétés de coordination vis-à-vis du métal visé, et posséder une fonction de greffage pour assurer le couplage avec une biomolécule vectrice. L’accès à de tels systèmes a nécessité le développement d’outils de synthèse efficaces de précurseurs macrocycliques dérivés du cyclène et du 13aneN4. L’introduction sélective de diverses fonctions de greffage visant principalement les résidus de type lysine a permis la préparation de plusieurs familles de composés, dont certains ont pu être « bioconjugués» à des peptides ou anticorps au sein du laboratoire ou dans le cadre de diverses collaborations. Plus particulièrement, la facilité d’utilisation du système « DOTAGA anhydride » a permis l’introduction aisée d’unités DOTA sur des nanoparticules ou des anticorps monoclonaux. Egalement, l’introduction d’une fonction alcyne a permis l’accès à de nouvelles briques moléculaires préparées par « click chemistry ». Dans une seconde partie sont présentés les travaux relatifs à la synthèse d’agents bimodaux originaux. Pour accéder à de tels systèmes, l’introduction d’un fluorophore de la famille des bodipys a été envisagée. L’absence de travaux antérieurs relatifs au couplage d’une polyamine cyclique et une entité bodipy a nécessité la préparation préalable d’un système modèle « DOTA bodipy », permettant de s’assurer par des études photophysiques que la présence des complexes métalliques macrocycliques ne va pas, ou peu, interférer avec les propriétés de fluorescence du bodipy. L’utilisation d’un espaceur « acide aminé » a alors permis d’accéder à de nouveaux bodipys porteurs de deux groupes fonctionnels en position méso. La fonctionnalisation a posteriori de ces briques de construction a permis l’introduction en dernier lieu d’unités macrocycliques N- et/ou C- fonctionnalisés. La préparation de système émettant dans le proche I.R. a été également envisagée. / Molecular imaging became a major tool for the diagnosis and the treatment of cancers. This research field includes different techniques, such as Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Optical Imaging or nuclear Imaging (PET Positron Emission Tomography, SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Each imaging modality has its own strengths and weaknesses, and thus, combining different and complementary systems can overcome inherent limitations associated with any one individual techniques and improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis and enhancing patient management. In particular dual-modality Optical/Nuclear imaging may find important preclinical and clinical applications. One possible approach seeks to fuse the two imaging systems into one molecule (MonOmolecular Multimodality Imaging Agent [MOMIA]) in order to ensure the same biodistribution of the two probes. Our strategy consists in combining a DOTA-like compound allowing complexation of radiometal for nuclear imaging (SPECT or PET) with a bodipy moiety, valuable probe those fluorescent properties can be finely adjusted. The first part of this work is dedicated to the synthesis of bifunctional chelating agents based on macrocyclic polyamines for medical imaging application. These compounds must show excellent coordination properties towards the aimed radiometal and possess a grafting function to allow the coupling with a biomolecule. Powerful and general routes for the synthesis of a wide range of N- and C-functionalized macrocycles derived from cyclen and 13aneN4 are described, which enable to access to a wide range of new BFCs by introduction of different functional groups reactive towards primary amines, such as carboxylic acid, isothiocyanate or anhydride function. Some compounds were conjugated to different biomolecules, such as peptides or antibodies. Morever, the introduction of an alkyne function yields a novel family of bifunctional agents allowing chemoselective attachment to functionalized biomolecules or to modified amino acids using « click chemistry ». In a second part, we focused on the introduction of a bodipy moeity to obtain new bimodal agents for dual Optical/Nuclear imaging. Interestingly, the attachment of the polyaminocarboxylate (DOTA derivative) to the bodipy makes it soluble in water and complexation of different metal cations of interest in the macrocyclic cavity does not significantly alter the luminescence properties of the whole system. In addition, the functionalization of the meso position by using an appropriate linker between the bodipy and DOTA-like units, i.e. a 4-nitrophenylalanine derivative, could provide a new bimodal tag for labeling antibodies or peptides. Optimisation of the second generation bodipy-DOTA, i.e. derivatization reaction to reach the near-IR range or introduction of C-functionalised macrocycles was also investigated.

Die Verbindung von hoch entwickelten Nanomaterialien mit fluoreszenzbasierten Technologien hat sich zu einem aufstrebenden Forschungsbereich entwickelt. Nichtsdestotrotz ist bis heute der Schritt von einem organischen Indikatormolekül zum anwendbaren Sensorsystem ein komplexer Prozess. Diese Arbeit zielte darauf ab, sensorische Materialien verschiedener chemischer Natur für diverse Analyten zu entwickeln, zu charakterisieren und zu etablieren. Hierbei wurden zunächst pH sensitive Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe entwickelt und in dünnen Membranen immobilisiert. Der Teststreifen ermöglicht die Beurteilung von pH-Änderungen mit dem Auge. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, wie diese Farbstoffe auch in eine wasserlösliche Form überführt werden können. Damit konnten lokale pH-Änderungen an der Wachstumsfront von Silikat-Biomorphs detektiert werden. Auch partikuläre Systeme stellten sich als geeignete Materialien heraus. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie die Silikat-Matrix von Partikeln zu verbesserten Eigenschaften für Farbstoffe führt. Mittels farbstoffbeladener Partikel konnte in einem Lateral-Flow-Assay ein schneller Nachweis von TATP etabliert werden. Ein anderer Ansatz verfolgte das Ziel des sensitiven Nachweises von Quecksilberionen in Wasser. In einem anderen System konnten Silikat-Nanopartikeln so funktionalisiert werden, dass ein sensitiver und selektiver Nachweis von Schwermetallionen und Anionen über ein Quencher-Displacement-Assay gelang. Zusätzlich wurde die einzigartige Oberfläche von Zellulosepartikeln mithilfe eines neu entwickelten Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs untersucht. Die untersuchten Materialien und Strategien zeigen, wie leicht innovative Moleküle für potentielle sensorische Systeme im wässrigen Medium auf Basis von fluoreszierenden Partikeln und dünnen Schichten geschaffen werden können. Das Verhalten der hergestellten Materialien wurde über spektroskopische Methoden evaluiert und dabei, wenn möglich, die Parameter Sensitivität, Selektivität und Ansprechzeit beurteilt. / The combination of fluorescence and nanomaterials has developed into an emerging research area. Nonetheless until now the step from an organic sensory molecule to a final sensor format is a complex endeavor. This thesis aimed at the preparation of particulate and thin-film based platforms for various analytes through combining the features of an appropriate host material with outstanding properties of dyes concomitant with sensitive fluorescence detection techniques. In particular, pH sensitive fluorescent probes were sterically immobilized into a thin membrane. The dip-stick allows the assessment upon change in pH with the eye. Especially a probe working at high basic pH range was converted into a water-soluble analogue and was directly applied at the growth front of silica biomorphs to detect local pH changes. But also particulate structures are suitable host materials. It is shown how the silica matrix of nanoparticles lead to improved optical properties for embedded dyes. The interactions of silica and fluorescent dyes within the pores of mesoporous particles were exploited to develop an actual sensor format based detection of TATP. In another approach it was possible to detect mercury ions in water. Heavy metal ions were also successfully detected in a quencher displacement assay involving receptor-dye functionalized silica nanoparticles. The impact of the unique surface properties of cellulose microparticles was shown by a fluorescent dye which allows an assessment of the surface functional groups and microenvironment through the reactivity and its changes in the optical properties. The performance of the prepared materials were evaluated mostly by spectroscopic methods and if possible assessed in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and response time. The newly developed and investigated materials based on fluorescent particulate and thin-films show the facile application of innovative sensor probes for potentially sensing devices.

No description available.