A garantia da segurança alimentar global é um dos grandes desafios da humanidade para as próximas décadas. O aumento populacional do planeta, até 2050, em cerca de 2 bilhões de pessoas em 2050, a tendência de ascensão da classe média e as projeções de mudanças climáticas têm sido consideradas como um dos grandes desafios futuros para as políticas internacionais de seguridade alimentar. As projeções de alteração climática levam em consideração o aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa, sendo o CO2 o principal deles. O setor agrícola pode ser o mais afetado pelas mudanças no clima. O Brasil é o maior exportador e o segundo maior produtor de soja (Glycine max L.) do mundo. Essa cultura representa mais de 60% de toda a proteína alimentar de origem vegetal produzida no mundo. Considerando essa problemática, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral simular o crescimento da cultura da soja em pontos estrategicamente selecionados no Brasil, com base em séries históricas observadas e em cenários climáticos futuros. Para isso, o modelo DSSAT/CROPGRO-SOYBEAN foi calibrado para diferentes grupos de maturação relativa (6.0, 7.0, 8.0 e 9.0), de modo a abranger pelo menos 80% de toda a produção nacional. Especificamente para o grupo 6.0, foi necessário a instalação de um experimento de campo, em Piracicaba-SP nas safras 2015/16 e 2016/17. Para a projeção dos cenários climáticos futuros adotou-se a metodologia do projeto internacional Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP). Esses cenários foram baseados nas projeções de concentrações futuras de CO2 atmosférico (RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5). Considerando as duas possibilidades de concentração futura de CO2, selecionou-se três modelos climáticos globais (GCM) para cada zona homogênea. As zonas homogêneas foram agrupadas considerando a soma térmica, aridez e sazonalidade de temperatura. As produtividades futuras de soja foram simuladas para o período 2040-2069 (representando 2050). Notou-se que as mudanças climáticas podem contribuir para o aumento da produtividade de soja no Brasil para a maioria das zonas homogêneas nos cenários simulados, mas com aumento do risco climático da cultura em algumas regiões. As simulações e zonas homogêneas que apresentaram perdas de produtividade estavam estritamente relacionadas com o défict hídrico. / Ensuring global food security is one of humanity\'s greatest challenges for the coming decades. The rising population of the planet by about 2 billion people, the rising trend of the middle class and the projections of climate change have been considered as one of the great future challenges for international food security policies. The projections of climate change take into account the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, with CO2 being the main one. The agricultural sector may be most affected by changes in climate. Brazil is the largest exporter and the second largest producer of soybeans (Glycine max) in the world. This crop represents more than 60% of all plant protein produced in the world. Considering this problem, the present study had as general objective to simulate soybean crop growth in strategically selected points in Brazil, based on observed historical series and future climatic scenarios. For this, the DSSAT / CROPGRO-SOYBEAN model was calibrated for different maturation groups (6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0), to cover at least 80% of all national production. Specifically for group 6.0, it was necessary to install a field experiment in Piracicaba-SP in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons. For the projection of the future climate scenarios the methodology of the international Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) was adopted. These scenarios were based on projections of future concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Considering the two possibilities of future CO2 concentration, three global climate models (GCM) were selected for each homogeneous zone. The homogeneous zones were grouped considering the thermal sum, aridity and seasonality of temperature. Future soybean yields were simulated for the period 2040-2069 (representing 2050). It was noted that climate change may contribute to increase soybean productivity in Brazil for most of the homogeneous zones in the simulated scenarios, but with increasing climatic risk of the crop in some regions. The simulations and homogeneous zones that presented productivity losses were strictly related to the water deficit.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-17T18:41:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thatyana Lacerda de Almeida - 2014.pdf: 1047552 bytes, checksum: 19f6c0b581be0e42b2884ae3ecdddbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-17T20:28:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thatyana Lacerda de Almeida - 2014.pdf: 1047552 bytes, checksum: 19f6c0b581be0e42b2884ae3ecdddbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-17T20:28:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thatyana Lacerda de Almeida - 2014.pdf: 1047552 bytes, checksum: 19f6c0b581be0e42b2884ae3ecdddbcc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Studies conducted in Brazil showed the presence of pathogenic bacteria in foods whose consumption can cause diseases and food-borne disorders. In general, consumers have expectations about consuming safe food and foodborne diseases are highly unpleasant, generating distrust in the quality of food products on the market. Listeria monocytogenes is an important pathogen transmitted by food, whose accurate identification is important for the correct risk determination associated with the ingestion of various kinds of food. Considering the importance of this pathogen to the consumer, the present study aimed to isolate and identify Listeria monocytogenes in frescal type of sausages, butchers sold in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia Goiás. 88 samples were analyzed, been 44 frescal type of pork sausage and 44 of chicken meat from the butchers of Aparecida de Goiânia, registered in the Comércio Varejista de Carnes Frescas in Goiás. Was followed the methodology of sampling and analytical recommended by the American Public Health Association, and the analyzes were performed at the Laboratório de Controle Higiênico Sanitário de Alimentos da Faculdade de utrição da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Of the total samples, six were considered suspicious and inteneded with biochemical evidence, none were considered positive for the target bacteria. The results obtained in this research found a quality sausages for the target bacteria, but must be reinforced the need for legal support to facilitate recognition of research actions broader control and disease severity dissemination, especially in pregnant women, newborn born, immunocompromised and elderly who are the most vulnerable population. / Estudos conduzidos no Brasil demonstram a presença de bactérias patogênicas nos alimentos, cujo consumo pode causar doenças e transtornos de origem alimentar. Em geral, os consumidores têm expectativas em consumir alimentos seguros e as doenças transmitidas por alimentos são altamente desagradáveis, gerando desconfianças na qualidade dos produtos alimentícios no mercado. Listeria monocytogenes é um patógeno relevante transmitido por alimentos, cuja identificação precisa é importante para a correta determinação do risco associado à ingestão de diversos tipos de alimentos. Considerando a importância desse patógeno para o consumidor, o presente estudo pretendeu isolar e identificar Listeria monocytogenes de linguiças do tipo frescal, comercializadas em açougues do Município de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. Foram analisadas 88 amostras, sendo 44 de linguiça tipo frescal de carne suína e 44 de carne de frango, provenientes dos açougues de Aparecida de Goiânia, cadastrados no Sindicato do Comércio Varejista de Carnes Frescas no Estado de Goiás. Seguiu-se a metodologia de coleta de amostras e analítica preconizada pela American Public Health Association e, realizaram-se as análises no Laboratório de Controle Higiênico Sanitário de Alimentos da Faculdade de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Do total de amostras, seis foram consideradas suspeitas e destinadas às provas bioquímicas. Dessas, nenhuma foi considerada positiva para a bactéria alvo. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa constatam uma qualidade nas linguiças para a bactéria alvo, porém deve ser reforçada a necessidade de um amparo legal, para facilitar reconhecimento das pesquisas, ações de controle mais amplas e na divulgação da gravidade da doença, principalmente em gestantes, recém-nascidos, imunodeprimidos e idosos que constituem a população mais vulnerável.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-17T17:21:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Eduardo Lima de Sousa.pdf: 1396561 bytes, checksum: e5e6a638d3487649bffde6f8de4a6de6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T17:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Eduardo Lima de Sousa.pdf: 1396561 bytes, checksum: e5e6a638d3487649bffde6f8de4a6de6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / In this work we attempted to discuss the teaching of food safety for students Course midlevel Integrated Agricultural Technician of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFAM) Campus Tabatinga. This research was divided into two stages, the first check in the Matrix Curriculum topics course on the topic title, and the second time to evaluate the process of teaching and learning through the application of a workshop for students. In the first stage were studied five plans of course Campi of IFAM , in order to verify the existence of topics that promote awareness on issues related to the topic food security , resulting in the absence of the term food security in the disciplines offered only sub themes and with different classifications and different workloads , when compared to Campi. In the second stage, to better understand the class and have better planning workshop was held a free association of words test and a questionnaire to characterize the subjects. As a diagnostic tool, we used the method of evaluation of the individual attitude of 14 subjects to analyze the process of teaching and learning with the holding of a workshop on the subject, which is consisting of application and analysis of a structured questionnaire with 23 statements using Likert Scale - a total of five points - before (Initial Test - IT ) and after ( Final Test -TF ) workshop. Analysis of the questionnaire showed that all students had increased average after the workshop and the overall average of students was 3.99 and 4.73 in the initial and final tests, respectively, which showed an increase of 0.74, the which shows that the students acquired knowledge during activity.Also held analysis of photographic images and video recording. This work is a contribution to the Agricultural Education , therefore, can be seen with the results , the evaluation process for the individual attitude of the method indicated that the analyzed students showed satisfactory performance throughout this learning process and this practice can be used by educators in this area , but when analyzing the course plans, compared the Campi of the IFAM, there is a disparity regarding the theme Food safety, a discussion for standardization , partial or total is necessary, in this regard. / Neste trabalho buscou-se discutir sobre o ensino da seguran?a alimentar para discentes do Curso T?cnico Integrado de n?vel m?dio em Agropecu?ria do Instituto Federal de Ensino, Ci?ncias e Tecnologia (IFAM) Campus Tabatinga. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira verificar na Matriz Curricular do curso t?picos sobre o Tema t?tulo, e no segundo momento avaliar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem atrav?s da aplica??o de uma oficina para discentes. Na primeira etapa foram estudados cinco planos de curso de Campi do IFAM, com o objetivo de verificar a exist?ncia de t?picos que fomentem a percep??o para assuntos relacionados ao tema seguran?a alimentar, tendo como resultado, a aus?ncia do termo Seguran?a alimentar nas disciplinas ofertadas, apenas sub temas e com nomenclaturas distintas e cargas hor?rias diferentes, quando comparados os Campi. Na segunda etapa, para conhecer melhor a turma e ter um melhor planejamento da Oficina, foi realizado um Teste de associa??o livre de palavras e um question?rio para caracteriza??o dos sujeitos. Como instrumento diagn?stico, utilizou-se o m?todo de avalia??o de atitude do indiv?duo de 14 sujeitos para analisar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem com a realiza??o de uma oficina sobre o tema, sendo este consistindo em aplica??o e an?lise de um question?rio estruturado com 23 afirmativas utilizando Escala de Likert - totalizando cinco pontos - antes (Teste Inicial-TI) e depois (Teste Final-TF) da oficina. A an?lise do question?rio mostrou que todos os discentes tiveram aumento da m?dia ap?s a oficina e a m?dia geral dos discentes foi de 3,99 e 4,73 nos testes inicial e final, respectivamente, o que demonstrou uma evolu??o de 0,74, o que evidencia que os discentes adquiriram conhecimento durante a atividade. Al?m disso, realizou-se an?lise de imagens fotogr?ficas e videograva??o. Este trabalho ? uma contribui??o para a Educa??o Agr?cola, pois, se pode observar com os resultados obtidos, que o processo de avalia??o pelo m?todo da atitude do indiv?duo, indicaram que os discentes analisados apresentaram desempenho satisfat?rio ao longo desse processo de ensino-aprendizagem, e tal pr?tica pode ser utilizada por educadores desta ?rea, mas, quando analisado os planos de curso, quando comparados os Campi do IFAM, h? uma disparidade referente ao Tema Seguran?a alimentar, sendo necess?ria uma discuss?o para a padroniza??o, parcial ou total, neste quesito.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-14T17:37:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Isabela Cristina Lobo de Morais.pdf: 661019 bytes, checksum: b22b65730186fe6df5954d9a5ec6f37f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T17:37:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Isabela Cristina Lobo de Morais.pdf: 661019 bytes, checksum: b22b65730186fe6df5954d9a5ec6f37f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Aiming at ensuring safe food in a restaurant industry of a large company's energy business, this study seeks to identify the relationship of organizational culture of food safety in the applicability of ABNT NBR 15635:2008, the standard used by institutions wishing to ensure and demonstrate that best practices and operational controls are essential deployed, implemented and maintained, obtaining certification of their establishments. Culture is considered an important factor influencing the behavior and actions of individuals in an organization. Studies have identified six indicators as applicable to the organizational culture of food safety in relation to food safety performance: leadership, communication, commitment, environment, perception of risk and reward system. The research was conducted in the restaurant industry from an energy company, food service which is under the management of an outsourced food services. The research field was the local team of food service staff. The population was 90 people. A non-probability sample was defined by the criteria of accessibility that selects the elements for ease of access to them, in order to cover 100% of the team. We used a questionnaire to evaluate the variables determining the organizational culture of food safety. The evaluation of ABNT NBR 15635:2008 was performed by comparative reading with the sanitary regulation in the country. In assessing the applicability of ABNT NBR 15635:2008 in the restaurant industry of the company's energy business, we conducted an audit of the second part using a checklist based on this standard adapted for this research. It found 93% compliance of the items analyzed, elaborated action plan 5W2H for nonconformities. Participant observation was analyzed aspects systematized in the assessment instrument completed by employees. The result of the nonconformities encountered served as a subsidy for their applicability. The ABNT NBR 15635:2008, currently the only certification available for food service proved to be capable of implementation at the study site through a checklist of easy application, to obtain the guarantee of safe food. The study showed a strong organizational culture with food safety aspects to be discussed with the aim of continuous improvement. The organizational culture of food safety of this company providing food service favors the implementation of ABNT NBR 15635:2008 studied in the restaurant industry for ensuring food safety. It is suggested that future studies seek to demonstrate the influence of organizational culture on food safety certification process for food safety. / Visando a garantia do alimento seguro em um restaurante industrial de uma empresa de grande porte do ramo de energia, este estudo buscou identificar a rela??o da cultura organizacional de seguran?a de alimentos na aplicabilidade da norma ABNT NBR 15635:2008, norma utilizada pelos estabelecimentos que desejam assegurar e demonstrar que as boas pr?ticas e os controles operacionais essenciais est?o implantados, implementados e mantidos, obtendo a certifica??o dos seus estabelecimentos. A cultura ? considerada um importante fator de influ?ncia no comportamento e das a??es dos indiv?duos que comp?em uma organiza??o. Estudos identificaram seis indicadores como aplic?veis ? cultura organizacional da seguran?a de alimentos em rela??o ao desempenho da seguran?a de alimentos: lideran?a, comunica??o, comprometimento, meio ambiente, percep??o de risco e sistema de recompensa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no restaurante industrial de uma empresa de energia, cujo servi?o de alimenta??o est? sob a gest?o de uma empresa terceirizada de servi?os de alimenta??o. O universo da pesquisa de campo foi a equipe local de funcion?rios do servi?o de alimenta??o. A popula??o foi de 90 pessoas. A amostra n?o-probabil?stica foi definida pelo crit?rio de acessibilidade que seleciona os elementos pela facilidade de acesso a eles, visando contemplar 100% da equipe. Foi aplicado um question?rio visando avaliar as vari?veis determinantes da cultura organizacional de seguran?a de alimentos. A avalia??o da norma ABNT NBR 15635:2008 foi feita atrav?s da leitura comparativa com as legisla??es sanit?rias vigentes no pa?s. Na verifica??o da aplicabilidade da norma ABNT NBR 15635:2008 no restaurante industrial da empresa do ramo de energia, foi realizada uma auditoria de 2? parte utilizando uma Lista de Verifica??o baseada nesta norma adaptada para esta pesquisa. Constatou-se 93% de conformidade dos itens analisados, sendo elaborado plano de a??o 5W2H para as n?o conformidades encontradas. Atrav?s da observa??o participante, foram analisados os aspectos sistematizados no instrumento de avalia??o respondido pelos funcion?rios. O resultado das n?o-conformidades encontradas serviu de subs?dio para a sua aplicabilidade. A norma ABNT NBR 15635:2008, atualmente, a ?nica dispon?vel para certifica??o de servi?os de alimentos mostrou-se pass?vel de implementa??o no local de estudo, atrav?s de uma Lista de Verifica??o de f?cil aplica??o, para obten??o da garantia do alimento seguro. O estudo demonstrou uma forte cultura organizacional de seguran?a de alimentos com alguns aspectos a serem tratados com objetivo de melhoria cont?nua. A cultura organizacional de seguran?a de alimentos desta empresa prestadora de servi?o de alimenta??o favorece a implanta??o da norma ABNT NBR 15635:2008 no restaurante industrial estudado para a garantia do alimento seguro. Sugere-se que estudos futuros busquem comprovar a influ?ncia da cultura organizacional de seguran?a de alimentos no processo de certifica??o em seguran?a de alimentos.

O deslocamento dos indivíduos e a maior exposição da população a alimentos destinados ao pronto consumo em serviços de alimentação e vias públicas contribuem para a incidência de Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTA). Nesse contexto é imprescindível conhecer as estratégias utilizadas em unidades produtoras de refeições vinculadas ao turismo para minimizar os riscos de contaminação dos alimentos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos: caracterizar os sistemas de gestão da qualidade e segurança de alimentos, identificar o nível de adequação das condições higiênicosanitárias, caracterizar os recursos humanos e avaliar a percepção de risco dos agentes envolvidos sobre segurança dos alimentos nos serviços de alimentação de meios de hospedagem. A pesquisa foi conduzida em unidades produtoras de refeições de hotéis e pousadas, em região do estado de São Paulo, composta por dois municípios, A e B, considerados estâncias turísticas. Concordaram em participar da pesquisa 19 estabelecimentos da região, sendo 72,3% hotéis e 16,6% pousadas pertencentes ao município A e 85,7% e 35,7% da mesma tipologia do município B. Um roteiro de entrevista foi aplicado aos gestores das unidades para caracterizar as empresas quanto aos aspectos organizacionais, adequação aos atos normativos vigentes, recursos humanos e o Sistema de Gestão da Segurança dos Alimentos. Um questionário foi empregado para avaliação da percepção de risco dos manipuladores (n=108) sobre questões de segurança dos alimentos e os dados obtidos, analisados a partir de uma escala estruturada com valores variando de 1\"nenhum risco\" a 7 \"risco muito alto\". Uma escala de desejabilidade social foi aplicada para reduzir vieses de medição. A avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos foi realizada com base nos laudos de inspeção dos setores de vigilância sanitária dos municípios e na classificação proposta pelo órgão fiscalizador competente. Construiu-se os bancos de dados com o emprego de software SPSS, 2013, análises descritivas foram realizadas e testes não paramétricos utilizados para a comparação de médias e correlações ao nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados evidenciaram que embora todas as empresas fossem licenciadas pelos órgãos competentes a adoção de Sistema de Gestão da Segurança dos Alimentos ou iniciativas nesta direção, eram mais frequentes nas empresas de maior porte e capacidade de produção, que também possuíam os gestores mais qualificados e com maior conhecimento sobre o assunto e estratégias para promoção da qualidade. Os resultados insatisfatórios das condições higiênico-sanitárias constatados nas inspeções das empresas menores podem ser justificados pelo inadequado critério de seleção, programa de capacitação e avaliação de desempenho deficiente dos funcionários. Os menores níveis de risco percebidos pelos manipuladores de alimentos sobre aspectos que representam entraves para a segurança do alimento reforçaram a falta de conhecimento e conscientização sobre o assunto. Recomenda-se a atuação mais efetiva da fiscalização sanitária uma vez que a implantação, no mínimo das Boas Práticas, é obrigatória para este segmento e que seja adotada pelas empresas uma política de recursos humanos voltada para atender aos anseios dos funcionários, visando motivá-los para o desenvolvimento de serviços de qualidade, produção de alimentos seguros e minimizar os problemas funcionais enfrentados pelos gestores. / The displacement of individuals and the greater exposure of the population to ready-toeat foods and foods offered at street stands contribute to the incidence of Foodborne Diseases (FBD). In this context, strategies used in food services linked to tourism meals are essential to minimize the risk of food contamination. This study aimed to characterize the systems of quality management and food safety, to identify the adequacy of sanitary conditions, to characterize the human resources and to evaluate the risk perception of people involved in food safety in the hosting sector. The study was conducted in food services of hotels and hostels, São Paulo State, in two municipalities, A and B, considered tourist resorts. Nineteen establishments were investigated in this research, encompassing 72.3% hotels and 16.6% hostels from municipality A, and 85.7% and 35.7% in municipality B. A questionnaire was applied to managers of the businesses to characterize the companies in terms of organizational aspects, compliance to current legislation, human resources and the Management System of Food Safety. One questionnaire was used to evaluate of risk perception of food handlers (n=108) about food safety. For the questionnaire analysis, a scale 1 \"no risk\" and 7 \"very high risk\" was defined. A scale of social desirability was applied to reduce bias of measurements. The hygienic and sanitary conditions of the establishments were evaluated based on inspection reports of health surveillance of municipalities and on the classification proposed by competent sectors. Databases were performed using the SPSS software, 2013, besides descriptive analyses and non-parametric tests were used to compare means and correlations at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that although all companies were licensed by the competent sectors, the adoption of the Food Safety Management System or some initiatives in this direction were more common in large enterprises with greater production capacity. These establishments had the most qualified managers with greater knowledge on the subject, promoting quality strategies. The unsatisfactory sanitary conditions results in the small companies may be justified by the inappropriate selection criteria, lack of training and deficient program to evaluate employee performance. The low levels of risk perception by food handlers regarding aspects that are barriers to food security reinforced the lack of knowledge and awareness on the subject. A more effective action of sanitary inspection is recommended once the implementation of good practices is mandatory for this segment and it is a policy adopted by companies to meet the needs of employees, aiming to motivate them to improve quality and safety of food production and to minimize functional problems faced by business managers.

Masters Research Report Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities The University of the Witwatersrand / This research report provides a framework to assess the value of private-public partnerships (PPPs) in shaping the regulatory framework of the food safety regime within southern Africa. As one of Africa’s largest economies and major exporting countries, South Africa provides a clear case for analysing how developing countries in Africa have adopted and enforce international standards relating to the safety of foodstuffs that are produced, distributed and sold. Within the international systems, governments are generally held responsible for the ratification of international treaties that inform global standards and are criticised or excluded when they fail to comply. However, the role of private sector in supporting and enforcing food safety practices has not been evaluated in any meaningful way. The aim of this research is further the understanding of how PPPs have formed in South Africa and to what extent they have had a positive impact on the advancement of food safety between the years 2000 and 2015. With the help of document analysis and a review of the current regulatory framework, this research is framed within the concept of hybridity and allows us to better understand the focus of PPPs within South Africa’s food safety regime. The main conclusion is that South Africa’s commitment to food safety is strong but the relevant policy remains uncoordinated and undefined. South African businesses and the government are involved at the international level in terms of standards-setting and are aware of the global food safety strategy. The primary reason for this is that the country’s involvement improves trade prospects and affirms its role as a collaborative actor within the International Food Safety Complex (IFSC). However, South Africa still experiences several issues relating to food safety risks that affect trade and challenge the efficacy of existing food safety regulations. The recommendation is that public and private sectors should invest more capital and capacity in establishing a comprehensive food safety policy that brings together legislation, identifies key actors and provides a guideline to improve transparency and accountability relating to food safety issues in South Africa. / MT2017

This dissertation investigates food safety regulations and international trade of agricultural products dividing into three aspects: the signalling effect from U.S. strict food safety regulations on U.S. vegetable exports, political determinants of sanitary and photosanitary non-tariff barriers, and the impact of trade barriers on employment in developing countries. In chapter 2, we investigate the impact of high U.S. maximum residue limit (MRL) standards on U.S vegetable exports to 102 countries utilizing the hierarchical model. MRL, which is one of non-tariff barriers with respect to food safety, is applied to home and foreign countries at the same time. Thus, firms in countries with higher food safety standards are expected to have a competitive advantage from the ‘signalling effect’. The results show that high MRL standards in the U.S. have a positive impact on U.S. vegetable exports, indicating the ‘signalling effect’ from the strict U.S. domestic MRL standards. The results provide policy makers with insights into how strict food safety regulations of the home country can be considered as a catalyst for increasing competitiveness in international markets. In chapter 3, we examine the political determinants of SPS notifications using a nonlinear threshold model with possible threshold variables (GDP per capita and tariff rate). This article finds no threshold values in both variables of GDP per capita and tariff rate. Our results also show that GDP per capita has a positive relationship with SPS notifications that are one of proxy variables for food quality. That implies the importance of quality competition in agriculture and food sectors. Our finding also represents no significant effect of tariff on SPS notifications. This indicates that a law of constant protection, presenting an inverse relationship between tariff and non-tariff barriers, is not satisfied in the agricultural and food sectors. In chapter 4, we investigate the impact of tariff and SPS barriers on food manufacturers’ skilled and unskilled employment in developing countries utilizing a structural equation model. Results show that both tariff and SPS barriers have a positive effect on unskilled labor employment in developing countries, while trade barriers are not associated with skilled labor employment. This implies that Hecksher-Ohlin theory, presenting labor abundant countries have a comparative advantage in labor-intensive industries such as food, explains well our results since developing countries are abundant in low-skilled labor. We also find that the age of food firm in developing countries is positively related to skilled employment; however, no relationship with unskilled employment. This implies that older food firms change their production process from labor intensive to capital or machine intensive.

Linguiças cozidas defumadas armazenadas a temperatura ambiente, é um produto tipicamente brasileiro, no qual são empregadas algumas barreiras para a extensão do shelf life: cozimento, defumação e embalagem à vácuo. Estudos de durabilidade comprovaram que muitas não atendem ao shelf life esperado. Na empresa estudada, somente 23% dos lotes das linguiças em estudo atenderam a 90 dias de armazenamento desejados para a indústria de alimentos e 17% dos lotes não chegaram à 45 dias. Foram realizadas avaliações microbiológicas antes do cozimento (média de 5,03 log UFC/g), após cozimento (média de 1,56 log UFC/g) e após resfriamento (média 1,54 log UFC/g) para os gomos com calibre de 40-44mm; comprimento 23-26cm; com peso variando de 260-300 gramas onde foram submetidos ao processo de cozimento e defumação por, no mínimo, 5 horas, atendendo no mínimo 71,1°C no centro térmico do gomo. Os parâmetros físico-químicos também foram avaliados e atendem a legislação, com valores de aw 0,938 e pH 6,33, favoráveis ao desenvolvimento microbiológico. Também foram realizadas análises sensoriais para avaliação dos atributos sensoriais ao longo do armazenamento a temperatura ambiente. / Smoked sausages stored at room temperature, is a typical Brazilian product, in which some hurdles are used to extend shelf life: cooking, smoking and vacuum packing. Durability studies have proven that many do not achieve the expected shelf life. In the studied company, only 23% of the lots of the sausages under study attended the 90 days of storage desired for the food industry and 17% of the lots did not reach 45 days. Microbiological evaluations were performed before cooking (average of 5.03 log CFU/g) after cooking (mean of 1.56 log CFU/g) and after cooling (mean 1.54 log CFU/g) for the caliber 40-44mm; length 23-26cm; with weight varying from 260-300 grams where they were submitted to the cooking and smoking process for at least 5 hours, attending at least 71.1°C in the thermal center of the oven. The physico-chemical parameters were also evaluated and comply with the legislation, with values of aw 0.938 and pH 6.33, favorable to the microbiological development. Sensory analyzes were also performed to evaluate the sensory attributes along the storage at room temperature.

This dissertation takes up developments in European Union policymaking that indicate important shifts from an emphasis on prioritizing markets and economic arrangements to a greater recognition and competing prioritization of what can be broadly characterized as "social" concerns. Potentially sweeping changes are taking place in EU policy in the areas of food safety, chemicals, and gender equality. Each is being substantially guided, even driven by concerns for public health, sustainability, and basic rights defined in terms of their social consequences. Such a socially defined agenda is increasingly important in European Union policymaking. This dissertation investigates these developments through case studies - based on interviews and original documents, as well as secondary literature - in three otherwise quite different policy sectors: the transformation of EU food policy from its focus on food as primarily a market commodity to taking into consideration and prioritizing public health and consumer safety concerns; EU chemicals policy and the banning of asbestos in Europe; the development of gender equality as an EU goal and the emergence of domestic violence as an EU policy concern. The concepts of public policy paradigm - and paradigm shifts - are employed as theoretical tools to specify, analyze and understand: 1) the priority ordering of guiding principles and institutional arrangements for defining and creating public policy, 2) public problem definitions and attributed causes, 3) the classes of social actors who are deemed authoritative, credible, and responsible for the amelioration of such problems, 4) the choice and formation of institutional strategies and definitions of appropriate means for problem solving, and more broadly, 5) the ways in which competing compelxes of leading ideas influence the choice and formation of institutional strategies. A paradigm shift in this perspective entails changes in one or more of the core dimensions of a paradigm. Such shifts also typically result in pressures to restructure institutional arrangements to make them consistent with a new paradigm. The cases examined here illustrate varying stages in an ongoing interplay between policy paradigms, actors, and institutional arrangements. The dissertation concludes that paradigmatic shifts have taken place in the three policy sectors examined, and that institutionalization is in varying phases of development.

This study is aimed to assess the extent of street food vendor information and education on food safety. Aim: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of street food vendors, within the City of Johannesburg, with regard to food hygiene and safety. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study utilizing a quantitative research approach. Data was collected through face-to-face interviewing of street food vendors, with observations of general hygiene and cleanliness. Data was captured in Excel and imported into CDC Epi Info version 3.4.3 (2007) for analysis. Numerical data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and categorical data was analyzed using frequencies. Bivariate analysis was used to establish differences between regions with high and low proportions of street food vendors with regard to knowledge, practices and attitudes variables.