Swedavia är ett statligt ägt bolag som äger och driver tio flygplatser i Sverige, varav Stockholm Arlanda Airport är en. Flygplatsen har ett miljötillstånd där ett utredningsvillkor kallat U4 finns. Prövotidsutredningen syftar främst till att utvärdera reningseffekten hos dagvattenanläggningarna vid flygplatsen, med slutgiltiga villkor om utsläpp av bl.a. organiska föreningar och näringsämnen. När det under vintertid bildas snö- och isbeläggningar på flygplanen och banorna riskerar det att delvis påverka den aerodynamiska förmågan men också orsaka otillräcklig friktion mellan flygplansdäcken och marken. För att förhindra att olyckor sker eller att plan inte lyfter används framför allt kaliumformiat och propylenglykol som av-isning och halkbekämpningsmedel. Följden av att använda dessa blir förhöjda halter löst TOC (Total Organic Carbon) i dagvattnet och det kan leda till syrefria förhållanden i recipienten, vilket i detta fall är Märstaån. Swedavia har, med det primära syftet att rena dagvattnet på av-isning-och halkbekämpningsmedel, anlagt flera dagvattenanläggningar på flygplatsområdet. Dessa består av dammar som genom biologisk nedbrytning och sedimentering ska rena vattnet med avseende på TOC. Enligt ett prövotidsvillkor som uppkom i samband med miljödomen för flygplatsen ska slutgiltiga halter bestämmas och den potentiella reningseffektiviteten av dagvattnet ska undersökas. Reningseffektiviteten har dock visat sig vara svår att fastställa då dammarna kontinuerligt fylls på med vatten och att vattnet leds förbi dammarna via bypass-funktion vid för stora vattenflöden. Då reningseffektiviteten i dammarna fortfarande inte är fastställd är denna studies syfte att utvärdera reningseffekten och om den kan förbättras. Ett inkubationsförsök för nedbrytning gjordes med en experimentuppställning där vattenprover från Arlanda inkuberades i 3 olika temperaturer (5°C, 10°C och 23°C) med kategorierna låg/hög TOC-halt och med/utan tillsats av makronäringsämnena fosfor och kväve (N och P), enligt Redfield förhållandet 106:16:1. Försöket pågick i 33 dagar och kontinuerliga vattenprover togs för att sedan analysera TOC-halten. Resultatet visade att näringstillsats, enligt Redfieldförhållandet, inte hade någon statistisk signifikant påverkan på nedbrytningshastigheten vid 5°C och 10°C. Det fanns dock en statistisk signifikant skillnad vid 23°C, vilket tyder på att näringstillsats är gynnsamt för nedbrytningen vid högre temperaturer. Vid jämförelser mellan nedbrytningshastigheterna vid olika temperaturer fanns det en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan proverna, förutom för kategorin med hög initialhalt utan näring. Vid låg initialhalt och en temperatur på 5°C, 10°C och 23°C kunde en reduktion av TOC på 65-73%, 83-86% samt 80-90% för respektive temperatur observeras efter en inkubationstid på 33 dagar. För proverna som startade med hög initialhalt i temperaturerna 5°C, 10°C reducerades TOC med 4-42% och 11-16%, och för 23°C skiljde sig nedbrytningen mellan kategorierna näringstillsats/ingen näringstillsats. Utan näring ökade TOC-halten med 38% och med näring reducerades den med 88 % efter 33 inkubationsdagar. En ökning av halten tyder på felkällor i metoden. Nedbrytningshastigheten och tiden för 100% nedbrytning vid låg och hög initialhalt för olika förutsättningar för hela perioden var mellan 0.34-1.02 mg/l respektive 8.45-11.47 mg/l TOC per dag samt 30-47 respektive 39-84 dagar. Efter en vecka var spannet mellan nedbrytningshastigheter för låga och höga initialhalter 1.63-6.98 mg/l respektive 33.21-83.28 mg/l TOC per dag och reningskapacitetenefter en vecka var 33-100% respektive 30-81%. De förbättringar som kan föreslås, baserat på resultatet i studien, är att se över möjligheten att ha ett kostnadseffektivt uppvärmt system, eventuellt genom att nyttja spillvärme på flygplatsen. Vid uppvärmning kan ett alternativ vara att tillföra näringsrikt avloppsvatten, för att upprätthålla en effektiv nedbrytning. Om detta inte är möjligt bör man överväga möjligheten att introducera ett ytterligare reningssteg, som ett biofilter som reducerar TOC-halten innan vattnet lagras i dammarna. Mer studier krävs dock för att kunna dra välgrundade slutsatser från arbetet, eftersom det i studien uppkommit osäkerheter i resultatet. / Swedavia is a state-owned company that owns and operates ten airports in Sweden, of which Stockholm Arlanda Airport is one. The airport has an environmental permit where an investigation condition called U4 exists. The investigation condition primarily aims to evaluate the treatment of stormwater at the airport, with final conditions regarding emissions of e.g. organic compounds and nutrients. Snow and ice deposits form on airplanes and runways during winter, this affects the aerodynamic ability of the airplanes and cause insufficient friction between the airplane tires and the ground. To prevent crashes or planes not taking off, anti-icing agents such as mono propylene glycol and potassium formate are being used. The consequence of using these agents is increased levels of dissolved organic material in the stormwater and in the worst case this can lead to oxygen depletion in the recipient, which in this case is Märstaån. Swedavia has, with the primary purpose of purifying stormwater, built several stormwater facilities in the airport area. These consist of ponds that through biological decomposition depletes the water of the dissolved organic material. According to the trial period investigation, the final conditions for the storm water should be decided and the potential TOC-removal efficiency from the storm water needs to be evaluated. However, it has been hard to establish how well the ponds reduction of TOC work since water continuously fills up the ponds and because water sometimes gets bypassed when there are high flows. Since the reduction of TOC in the ponds is still not determined, the the purpose of this study was to evaluate the TOC-removal efficiency and whether it can be improved. Experimental incubations for degradation of TOC where conducted with water samples from Arlanda, incubated at 3 different temperatures (5°C, 10°C and 23°C) with the categories low/high TOC content and with/without addition of nutrients, according to the Redfield ratio 106:16:1. The experiment lasted 33 days and continuous water samples were taken to then analyze the TOC content. The result showed that nutrient addition according to the Redfield ratio had no statistically significant influence on the degradation, except at 23°C, which suggests that nutrient addition is beneficial at higher temperatures. When comparing the degradation rates at different temperatures, there was a statistically significant difference between the samples, except for the high initial content category without added nutrients. At a low initial content and a temperature of 5°C, 10°C and 23°C, a TOC-reduction of 65-73%, 83-86% and 80-90% was observed for the respective temperature after 33 days of incubation. For the samples that started with a high initial content in the temperatures 5°C, 10°C, a TOC removal of 4-42% and 11-16% was observed and for 23°C, the TOC-removal differed between the the samples without and with addition of nutrients. Without added nutrient, the TOC content increased by 38% and with added nutrient, it was reduced by 88 % after 33 days of incubation. An increase in the TOC content indicates sources of error in the method. The degradation rate and time to 100% degradation at low and high initial content for different conditions and the entire test period was between 0.34-1.02 mg/l respectively 8.45-11.47 mg/l TOC per day and 30-47 and 39-84 days respectively. After a week the range of degradation rates for low and high initial concentrations was 1.63-6.98 mg/l respectively 33.21-83.28 mg/l TOC per day and the TOC-removal capacity after one week was 33-100% respectively 30-83%. The improvements suggested, based on the results of the study, is to investigate the possibility of having a cost-effective heated pond system, possibly if there is waste heat to use from the airport. When heating, an alternative may be to add nutrient-rich wastewater, to maintain efficient degradation. If this is not possible, consideration should be given to the possibility of introducing an additional step for TOC-removal, such as a biofilter that reduces the TOC content before the water is stored in the ponds. However, more studies are required to draw well-founded conclusions from the study, as there were uncertainties in the results.

This paper describes the format of monitoring data files that are collected for external measuring sites and at laboratory experiments at the Institute for Building Climatology (IBK). The Monitoring Data Files are containers for storing time series or event driven data collected as input for transient heat and moisture transport simulations. Further applications are the documentation of real world behaviour, laboratory experiments or the collection of validation data sets for simulation results ( whole building / energy consumption / HAM ). The article also discusses the application interface towards measurement data verification tools as well as data storage solutions that can be used to archive measurement data files conveniently and efficiently.

Flash memories are solid-state non-volatile memories. They play a vital role especially in information storage in a wide range of consumer electronic devices and applications including smart phones, digital cameras, laptop computers, and satellite navigators. The demand for high density flash has surged as a result of the proliferation of these consumer electronic portable gadgets and the more features they offer – wireless internet, touch screen, video capabilities. The increase in the density of flash memory devices over the years has come as a result of continuous memory cell-size reduction. This size scaling is however approaching a dead end and it is widely agreed that further reduction beyond the 20 nm technological node is going to be very difficult, as it would result to challenges such as cross-talk or cell-to-cell interference, a high statistical variation in the number of stored electrons in the floating gate and high leakage currents due to thinner tunnel oxides. Because of these challenges a wide range of solutions in form of materials and device architectures are being investigated. Among them is three-dimensional (3-D) flash, which is widely acclaimed as the ideal solution, as they promise the integration of long-time retention and ultra-high density cells without compromising device reliability. However, current high temperature (>600 °C) growth techniques of the Polycrystalline silicon floating gate material are incompatible with 3-D flash memory; with vertically stacked memory layers, which require process temperatures to be ≤ 400 °C. There already exist some low temperature techniques for producing polycrystalline silicon such as laser annealing, solid-phase crystallization of amorphous silicon and metal-induced crystallization. However, these have some short-comings which make them not suitable for use in 3-D flash memory, e.g. the high furnace annealing temperatures (700 °C) in solid-phase crystallization of amorphous silicon which could potentially damage underlying memory layers in 3-D flash, and the metal contaminants in metal-induced crystallization which is a potential source of high leakage currents. There is therefore a need for alternative low temperature techniques that would be most suitable for flash memory purposes. With reference to the above, the main objective of this research was to develop a novel low temperature method for growing silicon structures at ≤ 400 °C. This thesis thus describes the development of a low-temperature method for polycrystalline silicon growth and the application of the technique in a capacitor-like flash memory device. It has been demonstrated that silicon structures with polycrystalline silicon-like properties can be grown at ≤ 400 °C in a 13.56 MHz radio frequency (RF) plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) reactor with the aid of Nickel Formate Dihydrate (NFD). It is also shown that the NFD coated on the substrates, thermally decomposes in-situ during the deposition process forming Ni particles that act as nucleation and growth sites of polycrystalline silicon. Silicon films grown by this technique and without annealing, have exhibited optical band gaps of ~ 1.2 eV compared to 1.78 eV for films grown under identical conditions but without the substrate being coated. These values were determined from UV-Vis spectroscopy and Tauc plots. These optical band gaps correspond to polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon respectively, meaning that the films grown on NFD-coated substrates are polycrystalline silicon while those grown on uncoated substrates remain amorphous. Moreover, this novel technique has been used to fabricate a capacitor-like flash memory that has exhibited hysteresis width corresponding to charge storage density in the order of 1012 cm-2 with a retention time well above 20 days for a device with silicon films grown at 300 °C. Films grown on uncoated films have not exhibit any significant hysteresis, and thus no flash memory-like behaviour. Given that all process temperatures throughout the fabrication of the devices are less than 400 °C and that no annealing of any sort was done on the material and devices, this growth method is thermal budget efficient and meets the crucial process temperature requirements of 3-D flash memory. Furthermore, the technique is glass compatible, which could prove a major step towards the acquisition of flash memory-integrated systems on glass, as well as other applications requiring low temperature polycrystalline silicon.

O desenvolvimento de células de combustível de formato direto encontra obstáculos importantes relacionados com a lenta cinética da reação de redução de oxigênio e baixa tolerância ao formato em cátodos baseados em Pt. Neste estudo, foram sintetizados eletrocatalisadores com diferentes estruturas, formados por elementos abundantes, e suas atividades e seletividades para a RRO foram testadas em meiacélulas e em células unitárias de formato / ar, em eletrólito alcalino. Os resultados mostraram que nanopartículas de liga de ferro-cobalto, encapsuladas por carbono grafítico, e nitretos metálicos nanoestruturados, suportados em carbono, (caracterizados por TEM e XRD) não apresentam atividades eletrocatalíticas superiores ao carbono puro (Vulcan amorfo ou grafitizado). Carbono dopado com nitrogênio (N-C) mostrou um aumento no potencial de meia-onda, evidenciando um influente papel do nitrogênio na eletrocatálise da RRO, mas com alto sobrepotencial. A inserção de oxigênio via tratamento térmico em ar, formando óxidos de FeCo nanoestruturados, suportados por carbono, produziu, como esperado, um aumento considerável na atividade, mostrando que a ligação do ferro ou cobalto com o oxigênio tem papel importante, provavelmente, na alta reatividade redox para a transferência de elétrons para o RRO. A adição de um precursor de nitrogênio durante a síntese (imidazol) resultou na formação de estruturas formadas por átomos de ferro e cobalto, coordenados por nitrogênio, inseridos em uma matriz de carbono, como revelado por EXAFS, mostrou que as estruturas M-N-C têm papel decisivo na atividade eletrocatalítica para a RRO (aproximando-se da Pt/C) e, também, mostrou alta tolerância à presença de íons formato. Experimentos em células a combustível unitárias, com difusão natural de formato e com cátodo aberto ao ar, com elétrodo de difusão de gás, mostraram densidades de potência de 15,5 e 10,5 mW cm-2 com eletrólitos à base de hidróxido e carbonato de potássio, respectivamente, e com estabilidade de operação maior que 120 h a 0,3 mA cm-2. Portanto, os resultados deste trabalho mostram o papel decisivo de estruturas M-NC (coordenadas) na alta atividade para a ORR, em altos potenciais, excluindo-se atividades atribuídas a nanoestruturas de nitretos metálicos e nanopartículas metálicas encapsuladas, incluindo as dopadas por nitrogênio na superfície. / The development of direct formate fuel cells encounters significant obstacles related to the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and low formate tolerance in Pt-based cathodes. In this study, electrocatalysts with different structures, composed of abundant elements, were synthesized, and their activities and selectivities for the ORR were tested in half-cells and in single cells in alkaline electrolyte. The results showed that carbon-encapsulated nanoparticles of iron-cobalt alloy and carbon-supported nanostructured metal nitrides (characterized by TEM and XRD) do not present electrocatalytic activities superior to pure carbon (amorphous or graphitized Vulcan). Nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) showed an increase in the halfwave potential, evidencing an influential role of nitrogen in the electrocatalysis of the ORR, but with a high overpotential. The insertion of oxygen through heat treatment in air, forming carbon-supported nanostructured FeCo oxides, produced, as expected, an increase in activity, probably due to the high oxide reactivity for the electronic mediation processes for the ORR. The addition of a nitrogen precursor during the synthesis (imidazole) resulted in the formation of structures formed by iron and cobalt atoms, coordinated by nitrogen, inserted in a carbon matrix, as revealed by EXAFS, and showed that M-N-C structures play a decisive role in the electrocatalytic activity for the ORR (approaching Pt/C) and, also, showed high tolerance to the presence of ions format. Experiments in single cells with air-breathing cathode and with natural diffusion of formate, showed power densities of 15.5 and 10.5 mW cm-2 with hydroxide and carbonate-based electrolytes, respectively, and with operating stability higher than 120 h at 0.3 mA cm-2. Therefore, the results of this work show the decisive role of M-N-C structures (coordination) in the high activity for the ORR, in high potentials, excluding activities attributed to nanostructures of metallic nitrides and encapsulated metallic nanoparticles, including those doped by surface nitrogen.

O desenvolvimento de células de combustível de formato direto encontra obstáculos importantes relacionados com a lenta cinética da reação de redução de oxigênio e baixa tolerância ao formato em cátodos baseados em Pt. Neste estudo, foram sintetizados eletrocatalisadores com diferentes estruturas, formados por elementos abundantes, e suas atividades e seletividades para a RRO foram testadas em meiacélulas e em células unitárias de formato / ar, em eletrólito alcalino. Os resultados mostraram que nanopartículas de liga de ferro-cobalto, encapsuladas por carbono grafítico, e nitretos metálicos nanoestruturados, suportados em carbono, (caracterizados por TEM e XRD) não apresentam atividades eletrocatalíticas superiores ao carbono puro (Vulcan amorfo ou grafitizado). Carbono dopado com nitrogênio (N-C) mostrou um aumento no potencial de meia-onda, evidenciando um influente papel do nitrogênio na eletrocatálise da RRO, mas com alto sobrepotencial. A inserção de oxigênio via tratamento térmico em ar, formando óxidos de FeCo nanoestruturados, suportados por carbono, produziu, como esperado, um aumento considerável na atividade, mostrando que a ligação do ferro ou cobalto com o oxigênio tem papel importante, provavelmente, na alta reatividade redox para a transferência de elétrons para o RRO. A adição de um precursor de nitrogênio durante a síntese (imidazol) resultou na formação de estruturas formadas por átomos de ferro e cobalto, coordenados por nitrogênio, inseridos em uma matriz de carbono, como revelado por EXAFS, mostrou que as estruturas M-N-C têm papel decisivo na atividade eletrocatalítica para a RRO (aproximando-se da Pt/C) e, também, mostrou alta tolerância à presença de íons formato. Experimentos em células a combustível unitárias, com difusão natural de formato e com cátodo aberto ao ar, com elétrodo de difusão de gás, mostraram densidades de potência de 15,5 e 10,5 mW cm-2 com eletrólitos à base de hidróxido e carbonato de potássio, respectivamente, e com estabilidade de operação maior que 120 h a 0,3 mA cm-2. Portanto, os resultados deste trabalho mostram o papel decisivo de estruturas M-NC (coordenadas) na alta atividade para a ORR, em altos potenciais, excluindo-se atividades atribuídas a nanoestruturas de nitretos metálicos e nanopartículas metálicas encapsuladas, incluindo as dopadas por nitrogênio na superfície. / The development of direct formate fuel cells encounters significant obstacles related to the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and low formate tolerance in Pt-based cathodes. In this study, electrocatalysts with different structures, composed of abundant elements, were synthesized, and their activities and selectivities for the ORR were tested in half-cells and in single cells in alkaline electrolyte. The results showed that carbon-encapsulated nanoparticles of iron-cobalt alloy and carbon-supported nanostructured metal nitrides (characterized by TEM and XRD) do not present electrocatalytic activities superior to pure carbon (amorphous or graphitized Vulcan). Nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) showed an increase in the halfwave potential, evidencing an influential role of nitrogen in the electrocatalysis of the ORR, but with a high overpotential. The insertion of oxygen through heat treatment in air, forming carbon-supported nanostructured FeCo oxides, produced, as expected, an increase in activity, probably due to the high oxide reactivity for the electronic mediation processes for the ORR. The addition of a nitrogen precursor during the synthesis (imidazole) resulted in the formation of structures formed by iron and cobalt atoms, coordinated by nitrogen, inserted in a carbon matrix, as revealed by EXAFS, and showed that M-N-C structures play a decisive role in the electrocatalytic activity for the ORR (approaching Pt/C) and, also, showed high tolerance to the presence of ions format. Experiments in single cells with air-breathing cathode and with natural diffusion of formate, showed power densities of 15.5 and 10.5 mW cm-2 with hydroxide and carbonate-based electrolytes, respectively, and with operating stability higher than 120 h at 0.3 mA cm-2. Therefore, the results of this work show the decisive role of M-N-C structures (coordination) in the high activity for the ORR, in high potentials, excluding activities attributed to nanostructures of metallic nitrides and encapsulated metallic nanoparticles, including those doped by surface nitrogen.

The purpose of this thesis is to create an simple graphic library in the programming C language, through which it will be possible to draw and simulate the basic functions of a car backlight, and subseguently to create the graphic user interface.v The first part of the thesis is based on the study of the given issue, briefly it describes the differences between raster and vector graphics,most used formats, describes diverse color models and the area of their use, ,basic graphic adapters, video memorry and its control in the operating system Linux. In the second part there is stated the practical realization of the basic graphic algorithms needed for drawing the algorithm primitives. An mathematical aparatus described in detail and well-founded with formulas. Also there are the advantages and disatvantages of each used algorithm and their realization in the programming C language. The 3rd and the last part of the thesis is dedicated to the creation of the graphic user interface in the FreePascal programming language and further to the describtion of his main elements.

Les déshydrogénases sont faiblement actives en présence de fortes concentrations (> 50 % (v/v)) de liquides ioniques (LIs) miscible à l’eau et les raisons précises de cette inactivation ne sont pas connues. La structure de la formiate déshydrogénase de Candida boidinii (FDH) en présence de ces LIs miscibles à l’eau a été étudiée par atténuation de fluorescence par de l’iode ou de l’acrylamide. Une concentration critique, la CILc ("Critical Ionic Liquid concentration"), au dessus de laquelle la fluorescence n’est pas exploitable, est déterminée. Elle se situe entre 30 et 40 % (v/v) des LIs de cette étude. Les LIs s’avèrent être de forts agents dénaturants : les constantes d’atténuation de fluorescence en présence de LI sont de 1,4 à 2 fois plus importantes qu’en présence d’urée. La FDH a été modifiée chimiquement par des cations analogues aux cations des LIs afin de la préserver de l’interaction avec les LIs. Les enzymes modifiées par des cations de plus petite taille présentent une importante activité résiduelle (30-45%) en présence de 70% (v/v) de LI tandis que l’enzyme sauvage est inactive. En présence de 30% (v/v) de LI, l’efficacité catalytique (kcat/KM) des enzymes modifiées augmente de 1,3 à 3,6 fois et la constante de Michaelis (KM) diminue de 1,7 à 4,6 fois suivant le cation utilisé. Selon la taille du cation greffé, le temps de demi-vie des enzymes modifiées augmente de 3 à 5 fois en solution tamponnée. Enfin, la structure des enzymes modifiées est préservée en présence de 40% (v/v) de LI tandis que l’enzyme native commence à se dénaturer. La technique d’évolution dirigée a également été utilisée. A ce jour, 987 mutants ont été criblés. Un mutant (M60) présente une activité résiduelle de 35% à 70% (v/v) de LI tandis que l’enzyme sauvage est inactive. Ce dernier porte deux mutations, N187S et T321S, situées à la surface de la structure protéique. En présence de 30 % (v/v) de LI, le mutant 60 fixe les substrats avec des valeurs de de KMNAD et de KDN3 (N3 est l’azide, un inhibiteur compétitif du formiate) 2 fois plus faibles que celles de l’enzyme sauvage. / The dehydrogenases are weakly active in the presence of high concentration (> 50% (v/v)) of water-miscible ionic liquids (ILs) and the mechanism of enzyme inactivation in ILs is not fully understood. The structure of the formate dehydrogenase Candida boidinii (FDH) in ILs has been studied by quenching of fluorescence experiments in the presence of iodide or acrylamide. A critical concentration, the CILc (“Critical Ionic liquid concentration"), is defined as the concentration of IL above which the fluorescence is not relevant. In this work, the CILc is comprised between 30 and 40 % (v/v) of the ILs. The ILs have revealed to be denaturing agents which increase the quenching of fluorescence efficiency by 1.4 to 2 times more than in urea. The FDH is chemically modified by analogous cations found in ILs in order to preserve the biocatalyst from the direct interaction with ILs. The enzymes modified by the smaller cations shown 30 45% residual activity at 70% (v/v) of ILs while the native enzyme is fully inactive. In the presence of 30% (v/v) of ILs, the kinetic efficiency (kcat/KM) of the grafted enzymes is improved by a 1.3-3.6 fold factor and the constant of Michaelis (KM) is reduced by a 1.7-4.6 fold factor depending on the grafted cations. In aqueous solution, the half-lives of modified enzymes are 3 to 5 fold higher than the native FDH depending on the size of the cation grafted. Finally, the structure of the grafted enzymes is somehow maintained in the presence of 40% (v/v) of ILs while the native FDH begins to unfold. We also used directed evolution to improve the FDH activity in the presence of ILs. At this stage, 987 mutants have been screened and one mutant (M60) shows 35% of residual activity at 70% (v/v) of ILs. In the presence of 30% (v/v) of ILs, the mutant binds the substrates in a greater extent than the native FDH, the values of KMNAD and the KDN3 (N3 is the azide, a competitive inhibitor of formate) are reduced by a 2 fold factor by comparison to the native enzyme.

This thesis describes the convenient routes and the preparation conditions (temperature, oxygen partial presssure) which lead to the formation of single phase materials within the quaternary system Cu-Ni-Fe-O. The investigated compositions are the solid solutions CuxNi1-xFe2O4, the ferrites occurring in the phase triangle Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 -Cu0.9Fe2.1O4 - Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 and some copper-nickel oxide solid solutions. Three synthesis routes have been used, namely (i) the preparation and the thermal decomposition of freeze-dried carboxylate precursors, (ii) the preparation and the oxidation of intermetallic phases and (iii) the preparation and the heat treatment in air of mixed oxide/metallic powders. The thermal decomposition of freeze-dried Cu-Ni-Fe formate has been found as a suitable method for preparing single spinel phases within the Cu-Ni-Fe-O system. In comparison with the conventional solid state reaction, the required temperature is much lower. Concerning the solid solution CuxNi1-xFe2O4 , a single phase spinel is formed at 1000¢XC for x < 0.7; for CuO is identified as second phase. In this latter range the formation of a pure phase required an increase of the iron content in the mixture. The other single spinel phases in the phase triangle Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 - Cu0.9Fe2.1O4 - Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 have been synthesized under special synthesis p(O2)/T-conditions. For copper ferrites Cu1-xFe2+xO4 with x ?­ 0.1, 0.2, 0.33, 0.4 and 0.5, the change in the conductivity with the temperature is irreversible. The deviation from the linearity of the conductivity ?ã as a function of the temperature occurs due to the thermal history of these samples. The saturation magnetic moment (nB) at 5K, of some synthesized CuxNi1-xFe2O4 compounds has been determined. It has been found that nB increases with the nickel content in the ferrite sample.

This paper describes the format of monitoring data files that are collected for external measuring sites and at laboratory experiments at the Institute for Building Climatology (IBK). The Monitoring Data Files are containers for storing time series or event driven data collected as input for transient heat and moisture transport simulations. Further applications are the documentation of real world behaviour, laboratory experiments or the collection of validation data sets for simulation results ( whole building / energy consumption / HAM ). The article also discusses the application interface towards measurement data verification tools as well as data storage solutions that can be used to archive measurement data files conveniently and efficiently.:1 Introduction 2 File Name Conventions 3 Headers 3.1 Specifics on Time Series Header Files 3.2 Specifics s on Event Driven Header Files 4 Data Section Format Description 5 SI Unit Strings 6 Competition Law Advice 7 Liability for external Links

No description available.