The Formative Period in the Cajamarca ValleyThe University of Tokyo Archaeological Expedition has realized several excavations at Huacaloma (1979-1988), Layzón (1982), Cerro Blanco (1985), Loma Redonda (19.89), Kolguitin (1982 and 1989), Kuntur Wasi (1988-) and La Bomba (1993) in the department of Cajamarca. The main objective of these investigations has been to clarify the Formative Period in the northern highlands of Peru, thus divided into four phases: Early Huacaloma (1500-1000 B.C.), Late Huacaloma (1000-550 B.C.), EL (550-250 B.C.) and Layzón (250-50 B.C.) These intensive studies also made it possible to clarify the religious activities which were done at the temples like Huacaloma and Layzón. In the following, not only the chronology of the Formative Period in the Cajamarca Valley but also the process of the transformation of the ceremonial centers on the basis of the data recovered from the investigations. Simultaneously various aspects will be discussed: the appearance of the public or ceremonial architecture, the enlargement of the temple, its renovation and abandonment and the causes of the transformation of the ceremonial centers. / La Misión Arqueológica de la Universidad de Tokio ha realizado varios proyectos arqueológicos en el departamento de Cajamarca desde 1979 en sitios tales como Huacaloma (1979-1988), Layzón (1982); Cerro Blanco (1985), Loma Redonda (1989), Kolguitín (1982 y 1989), Kuntur Wasi (1988-) y La Bomba (1993). Su interés principal ha estado siempre en el Periodo Formativo de la sierra norte. Esta etapa en el valle de Cajamarca fue dividida en cuatro fases: Huacaloma Temprano (1500-1000 a.C.), Huacaloma Tardío (1000-550 a.C.), EL (550-250 a.C.) y Layzón (250-50 a.C.). También se registraron mayores evidencias sobre las actividades religiosas en centros ceremoniales como Huacaloma y Layzón. Este artículo trata de la cronología del valle de Cajamarca y el proceso de transformación del centro ceremonial durante esta etapa tomando como base las investigaciones en Huacaloma, Layzón y Kolguitín. También se trataran la aparición de la arquitectura comunal o religiosa, el aumento en el volumen del templo, su renovación y abandono, así como el contexto y causas de esa transformación.

The basic principles of relative and absolute chronology are presented in this introduction as they form the foundation upon which the collection of papers, published in the present and subsequent issue of the Bulletin, base their chronological and cultural schemes. The goal here is to compare and contrast these principles with common misunderstandings and misuses. The need for empirical data for the construction of chronological sequences is stressed in order to place them within a single periodification scheme. Another topic of concern is a coherent terminology rather than the use of different terms with different meanings. Lastly, the papers in these two issues are focused on "The Formative Period: Recent Approaches and Evidence". / En esta introducción se presentan los principios de la cronología relativa y absoluta, ya que estos forman la base para el conjunto de trabajos reunidos en este y el siguiente número del Boletín, con el propósito de señalar malentendidos y usos poco precisados heredados de antaño. Se enfatiza la necesidad de exponer los datos empíricos en la construcción de las cronologías y secuencias para insertarlas en un sistema de periodización general. Parte de esta discusión es, también, la terminología, que debería destacarse por su coherencia en vez de que se cuente con opciones más o menos libres de expresiones con significados diversos. Por último, se presentan los trabajos incluidos en los dos números dedicados al tema "El Periodo Formativo: enfoques y evidencias recientes".

In this article, we present data recently recovered from excavations at the Pacopampa archaeological site, carried out by the Pacopampa Archaeological Project, the National University of San Marcos, Perú, and the National Museum of Ethnology, Japan. The principal objective of this project is to reconfirm the chronology of the site, which is characterized by two phases previously developed by Peruvian archaeologists using radiocarbon data and their relation to architectural components. Although not all of the site’s architectural design is known, there is evidence to suggest that the ceremonial center at the site was established during the Pacompampa I phase (cal BC 1200-800), and was completely modified during the Pacopampa II phase (cal BC 800-500). The architecture presently observed from the surface of the site generally belongs to the last phase. The architectural changes at the site reflect a shift in power manipulated by leaders. Moreover, we have discovered a later occupation at the site, Pacopampa III phase (cal BC 500-1), which dates just before the abandonment of the Sunken Court located on the uppermost platform. The Sunken Court was sealed ritually in the last phase by the Cajamarca Culture during the Early Intermediate Period. / En este artículo se presentan los avances del Proyecto Arqueológico Pacopampa, organizado por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y el National Museum of Ethnology de Osaka, Japón. El principal logro de este proyecto, que investiga en el sitio del mismo nombre desde 2005, es la verificación cronológica del asentamiento —caracterizada por la presencia de dos fases propuestas por anteriores investigadores— sobre la base de fechados radiocarbónicos y la correlación estratigráfica de sus componentes arquitectónicos. Aunque no se conoce la configuración arquitectónica en su integridad, se ha podido determinar que el centro ceremonial fue edificado en la fase Pacopampa I (c. 1200-900 a.C. [calib.]), y que fue totalmente remodelado en la fase Pacopampa II (c. 900-500 a.C. [calib.]), a la que corresponden casi todas las estructuras visibles en la superficie. Esta reconfiguración podría haber respondido a un cambio en el manejo del poder en el sitio. Además, se ha reportado una tercera fase de ocupación (Pacopampa III, c. 500-1 a.C. [calib.]), anterior a su abandono total, el que es evidente al observar el sello ritual de la Plaza Cuadrangular Hundida de la tercera plataforma en la última fase, que corresponde a la cultura Cajamarca, es decir, ya en el Periodo Intermedio Temprano.

Why did Tiwanaku emerge and not other Late Formative Politic Center?An attempt is made to answer the question "why Tiwanaku?" Between 300 and 500 A.D., the site of Tiwanaku assumed a dominant role in the Titicaca Basin social landscape. In this paper, I consider three possible explanations for this event: 1) conquest, 2) interzonal exchange, and 3) raised field agriculture. These scenarios are considered in light of settlement data recently collected by the author. / Se intenta formular una respuesta al problema de por qué surgió Tiwanaku. Entre 300 y 500 d.C., el sitio de Tiwanaku asumió un papel dominante dentro del paisaje social de la cuenca del Titicaca. La presente nota considera tres posibles explicaciones para el evento: 1) conquista, 2) intercambio interzonal, y 3) agricultura en campos elevados. Estas posibilidades se consideran en relación a datos de asentamientos arqueológicos que el autor ha recolectado de manera reciente.

Until recently very little archaeology in Cusco has focused on pre-Inka periods. This article aims to mitigate this shortcoming by presenting the results of excavations and artifact analyses conducted between 2005 and 2009 at Yuthu, a Formative Period site (400-100 BC). We will (1) describe the architecture and archaeological features found in two sectors at Yuthu, emphasizing the stratigraphic order and absolute chronology of the principal contexts, and (2) present the results of analyses of pottery, stone tools, animal bones, and botanical remains. The villagers of Yuthu divided their settlement into domestic and ceremonial spaces. Furthermore, they were shepherds and farmers living within a regional political system that was part of an even wider trade network that extended into the jungle and into other parts of the Andean highlands. / La época preinka de la región Cusco ha sido poco estudiada hasta ahora. El presente artículo pretende contribuir a mitigar esta carencia respecto del Periodo Formativo de esta parte del Perú. Se exponen los resultados de las excavaciones y estudios arqueológicos realizados entre 2005 y 2009 en Yuthu, un sitio del Periodo Formativo Tardío (400-100 a.C.). Se describen las construcciones arquitectónicas y rasgos arqueológicos encontrados en dos sectores, con énfasis en el orden estratigráfico y la cronología absoluta de los contextos principales, y se presentan análisis de cerámica, objetos líticos, restos de fauna y flora. El texto demuestra que los pobladores de Yuthu ya tenían una división entre el espacio doméstico y ceremonial dentro de su comunidad. Además, fueron pastores y agricultores situados dentro de un sistema político regional que participaba en redes de intercambios más amplias que se extendieron hasta la selva y llegaron a otras regiones altoandinas.

Orientadores: Sara Pereira Lopes, Regina Aparecida Polo Muller / Acompanha 1 CD-ROM / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T04:07:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biancalana_GiselaReis_D.pdf: 52059553 bytes, checksum: fce59149aac7c3220b7be414c954cee5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho visou ao desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa que lançasse um olhar sobre algumas qualidades específicas, consideradas necessárias, às Performances cênicas competentes. Esta competência, percebida pela corporeidade, construída pelos performers, depende, entre outros fatores, do seu processo formativo e do desenvolvimento da habilidade para o improviso. Essas características foram observadas em uma manifestação cultural gaúcha, a Trova Galponeira, e relacionadas com a atuação teatral, enquanto manifestação cênica, para investigar quais os elementos presentes na prática da Trova Gaúcha que dotam o cantador de qualidades fundamentais, também, para a Performance cênica de atores. A perspectiva da investigação remeteu-se à aproximação traçada entre as Performances Populares de Trova e as Artísticas Teatrais. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram elaborados, especialmente, para a pesquisa proposta. Inicialmente, a investigação debruçouse sobre o estudo da cultura gaúcha, especificamente, as Performances de Trova e a corporeidade dos seus praticantes. A prática da Trova, oferece ao cantador,elementos que desenvolvem, sensivelmente, sua precisão, ritmo e determinação, aliados à habilidade para o improviso, entre outras competências, que são fundamentais para as Performances. Foram realizados, estudos da bibliografia especializada, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas. Concomitantemente, investigouse a arte de atuar e os aportes necessários ao performer teatral, implementando a mesma proposta, que iniciou com o estudo da bibliografia especializada e, em seguida, trouxe um exemplo de encenação: o espetáculo intitulado "Água quente, erva e cuia". A pesquisa buscou apontar as relações evidenciadas em campo, nas duas manifestações performáticas, ao engendrar um paralelo entre ambas, capaz de discutir alguns dos elementos selecionados e considerados importantes, nas Performances da Trova Gaúcha e de atores: o trabalho corporal dos performers, no que se refere aos anseios por qualidade técnica e expressiva que pontuam seu processo formativo, bem como as formas de lidar com o aspecto improvisacional, inerente ao seu ofício. Traçado o paralelo, a investigação buscou tecer as aproximações evidenciadas, para arrematar as considerações finais, contendo suas possíveis contribuições. Finalmente, considerou-se que as duas formas estudadas, pertencendo a universos culturais diferentes, possuem contribuições relevantes, formando uma via de mão dupla, no que se refere aos aspectos focados pela pesquisa / Abstract: The present work aimed at developing a research that would focus some specific qualities, which are considered necessary to efficient scenic Performances. This proficiency perceived by the corporeity, constructed by the performers depends on, among some other factors, its formative process and the development of abilities to improvisation. These characteristics were observed in a Gaucho cultural event, the "Trova Galponeira" and, it was related to theatrical performance as scenic expression, to investigate which elements that are present in the "Trova Galponeira" give the singer the basic qualities to the actor's scenic Performance. The investigation perspective referred to the approximation outlined between the Popular Trova Performances and the Theatrical Artistic Performances. The methodological procedures used in the study were developed specially to this research proposal. First, the research leant in a study about the Gaucho's culture, more specifically on the Trova Performances and the corporeity of its practitioners. The practice of Trova gives to the singer elements that significantly develop its accuracy, rhythm and determination, as well as his ability to improvisation, among some other competences that are fundamental to the Performances. Some studies on the specialized bibliography, field studies and interviews were carried out. Concomitantly, we investigated the art of acting and the necessary contributions for the theatrical performer, implementing the same proposal that initiated with the study of the specialized bibliography and next,provided a staging example: the show named "Água quente, erva e cuia". The research sought to point out the relations that were made evident in the field work, in the two performative expressions, by engendering a parallel between them, which was able to discuss some selected elements that were considered important in the Performance of the Trova Gaucha and of the actors: the performers corporal work, referring to the search of technical and expressive quality that guide their formative process as well as the ways to deal with the improvisation aspect native of their work. Once established the parallel, the investigation sought to highlight the approximations to frame the final considerations with its possible contributions. Finally, we considered that the two studied forms, which belong to different cultural universes, give significant contributions, building a two-way road in what refers to the aspects focused by this research / Doutorado / Doutor em Artes

Kuntur Wasi Ceramics and the Chavín ProblemThe archaeological investigations at the formative site of Kuntur Wasi since 1988 conducted by the Tokyo University Archaeological Mission led to new and relevant data concerning sequences of ceremonial structures, lithic sculpture and gold ornaments from special tombs. The site's chronology based on typological ceramics analysis is presented. With the support of the radiocarbon dates it is sustained that the significant changes in the second Kultur Wasi phase are not due to the acceptance of the "Chavin Cult" or the distribution of "Janabarriu-related ceramics" but to the arrival of people of the Cupisnique culture from the northern coast. The changes in the highland temples like Kuntur Wasi and Chavin de Huantar are results of the abandonment at about 800 to 700 B.C. / Las investigaciones en Kuntur Wasi, realizadas desde 1988 por la Misión Arqueológica de la Universidad de Tokio, han sacado a luz varios datos significativos para el Periodo Formativo, tales como estructuras ceremoniales superpuestas, monolitos de piedra y objetos de oro hallados en las tumbas especiales. Este artículo presenta la cronología del sitio basada en resultados de análisis tipológico de la cerámica. Teniendo en cuenta las comparaciones de ésta y los fechados radiocarbónicos, se plantea que el gran cambio ocurrido en la segunda fase de Kuntur Wasi no se puede interpretar como la aceptación del "culto Chavín" o la distribución de "cerámica relacionada con Janabarriu" sino como la intrusión de un grupo perteneciente a la cultura Cupisnique de la costa norte. Los cambios ocurridos en los templos de la sierra como Kuntur Wasi y Chavín de Huantar, están relacionados con el abandono de los centros ceremoniales de la costa alrededor de 800-700 a.C.

Archaeological Research at Pacopampa, Department of CajamarcaSince 1973 the author has spent several periods of fieldwork in the Pacopampa area, one of the most important ceremonial complexes in northern Peru. He concentrates on the discussion of the settlement pattern, which suggests the existence of four types of sites (A -D) in three levels with Pacopampa at the top and the D sites being distant centers of probably other systems. The B sites are apparently functionally attached to the center and even the C sites had ceremonial architecture. Of major importance is new evidence of Late Formative ceramics comparable to the La Copa phase at Kuntur Wasi in contexts interpreted as the reoccupation of Middle Formative structures. / Desde 1993 el autor ha llevado a cabo varias temporadas de trabajo de campo en la zona de Pacopampa, una de las áreas más importantes en el norte del Perú. Se concentra en la discusión del patrón de asentamiento, sugiriendo la existencia de cuatro tipos de sitios (A-D) en tres niveles con Pacopampa en la parte más alta, siendo los sitios D probablemente centros distantes de otros sistemas. Los sitios B están en forma aparente unidos al centro e incluso los sitios D tienen arquitectura. De mayor importancia es la nueva evidencia de la cerámica del Formativo Tardío comparable a la de la fase La Copa de Kuntur Wasi en contextos interpretados como la ocupación de estructuras del Formativo Medio.

Orientador: Hugo Ferrari Cardoso / Resumo: O presente trabalho é composto por três estudos, apresentados em formato de artigos científicos, os quais apresentam ao leitor, sob diferentes óticas, o processo formativo na área da POT. O primeiro artigo teve o objetivo de identificar o espaço disponibilizado ao ensino da POT, atualmente, no processo formativo, a partir da caracterização das grades curriculares dos 162 cursos de Psicologia ativos no Estado de São Paulo. O procedimento de coleta dados consistiu em uma pesquisa documental para averiguação das matrizes curriculares e ementas. Muitos sites não disponibilizaram tais informações. No geral, daqueles que apresentaram, a média foi de 2,81 disciplinas por curso e 8,2% de espaço voltado às disciplinas e estágios em POT. A maioria dos cursos disponibiliza as disciplinas da área a partir do terceiro ano. A análise das ementas demonstrou uma preocupação dos cursos em ampliar o ensino da POT de um enfoque técnico e individualista para um enfoque mais sistêmico e político. O segundo artigo buscou analisar as percepções de 100 graduandos, de duas Universidades do Centro-Oeste Paulista, acerca da importância da atuação do psicólogo organizacional e do trabalho e do interesse em atuar futuramente na área. Os graduandos responderam dois questionários com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Em geral, os resultados apontaram para uma maior valorização da área de POT na universidade particular e no quinto ano. A maioria dos alunos do quinto ano (52%) revelaram ter pouco ou nenhum inter... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work consists of three studies, presented in the form of scientific articles, which present the reader, under different perspectives, the formating process in the area of Work and Organizational Psychology (WOP). The first article had the objective of identifying the space made available to the teaching of WOP, currently, in the formative process, from the characterization of the curricular grids of the 162 courses of Psychology active in the State of São Paulo. The data collection procedure consisted of documentary research to find out the curricular matrices and menus. Many websites did not provide such information. Overall, of those who has the information, the average was 2.81 subjects per course and 8.2% of space devoted to college subjects and internships in WOP. Most courses offer subjects in the area from the third year. The analysis of the menus showed a concern of the courses to expand the teaching of WOP from a technical and individualistic approach to a more systemic and political approach. The second article sought to analyze the perceptions of 100 students, from two Universities in the Midwest of São Paulo, about the importance of the professional performance of the organizational and work psychologist and the interest in working in the area in the future. The graduates answered two questionnaires with open and closed questions. In general, the results pointed to a greater appreciation of the WOP area at the private university and in the fifth year. ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

En el presente estudio se busca determinar que el liderazgo del comando técnico si influye en el desarrollo formativo de la división de menores de los clubes profesionales de lima en el 2019. Para cumplir con el objetivo y medir las variables de investigación se utilizaron dos herramientas, las cuales fueron: entrevistas a entrenadores expertos en el desarrollo formativo y encuestas tipo Likert a los jugadores que conforman los equipos profesionales en Lima (Club Alianza Lima, Club Deportivo Municipal, Club Sporting Cristal, Club Universitario de Deportes y Club Deportivo Universidad San Martín de Porres), se probó y fue validad para su aplicación en el contexto peruano. Para la construcción de dichas herramientas se orientaron en las dos dimensiones el Liderazgo Transformacional y el Liderazgo Transaccional y las cuatro dimensiones del desarrollo formativo que son: Aspecto Táctico, Aspecto Físico, Aspecto Psicológico y Aspecto Social. La población estuvo constituida por jugadores de las divisiones menores de los cinco clubes profesionales de Lima, cuya muestra fue de 286 deportistas, pertenecientes al género masculino y las edades oscilan entre los 13 a 15 años. Una vez recopilado los datos se procedió a analizarlo a través del programa IBM SPSS Stadistics, donde se obtuvo como coeficiente de Pearson de 0.366 que demuestra la relación positiva de estas dos variables. A pesar de este resultado, también se obtuvo que dicha relación es débil por lo que se brindara algunas recomendaciones para que los clubes puedan tomar en cuenta. / The present study seeks to determine the technical leadership to influence the formative development of the junior level in 2019. To meet the objective and measure the research variables, two tools are used: The Academy Clubs of the Alianza Lima, Municipal Sports Club, Sporting Cristal Club, University Sports Club and Sports Club San Martín de Porres University), was tested and was valuable for its application in the Peruvian context. For the construction of these materials, can be oriented in the two dimensions, the Transformational Leadership and Leadership, the Transactional and the four forms of Formative Development, which are: Tactical Aspect, Physical Aspect, Psychological Aspect and Social Aspect. The population was constituted by the players of the junior levels of the five professionals clubs of Lima, whose sample was of 286 athletes, those of masculine gender and the ages oscillate between the 13 to 15 years. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed through the IBM SPSS Stadistics program, where a Pearson coefficient of 0.366 was obtained, demonstrating the positive relationship of these two variables. Despite this result, that relationship was also obtained. / Tesis