A areia de fundição é um resíduo sólido industrial oriundo da etapa de desmoldagem de peças metálicas no processo de produção de fundidos. Esse resíduo, dependendo do processo de fundição utilizado (moldagem a verde, moldagem em casca, moldagem com resina sintética e outros) e do material moldado, pode conter elementos e/ou compostos químicos que podem causar impacto ambiental. As substâncias que podem estar presentes na areia de fundição são provenientes, em parte, do tipo de metal moldado e, em parte, do aglomerante utilizado no processo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de alternativa para utilização desse rejeito com a finalidade de contribuir para a minimização do problema, reutilizando-o na composição dos agregados para concreto asfáltico. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de classificação de resíduos em amostras de areias virgem e de fundição e em misturas asfálticas, contendo areia virgem e de fundição, não compactadas, para verificar se este resíduo, quando incorporado à massa asfáltica, poluiria o meio ambiente. Realizou-se, também, ensaio de lixiviação com extrator soxhlet em corpo-de-prova de mistura asfáltica com 15% de areia de fundição para avaliar o comportamento, em termos ambientais, desse material a longo prazo. Para verificar o desempenho, da massa asfáltica contendo esse resíduo, na pavimentação, foram realizados ensaios de dosagem Marshall, dano por umidade induzida, cantabro, resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência e fluência estática. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir, em linhas gerais, que a reutilização de areia de fundição em pavimentação asfáltica é viável, pois as misturas asfálticas contendo esse resíduo apresentaram boas propriedades mecânicas de interesse à pavimentação. Além disso, os ensaios de classificação de resíduos sólidos realizados na massa asfáltica com areia de fundição, cuja classificação original é Classe II - não inerte, ) classificaram a massa asfáltica como resíduo Classe III - inerte, o que sugere um encapsulamento deste resíduo pela massa asfáltica. / Foundry sand is an industrial solid waste resulting from sand casting process in foundry industries. Depending on the type of foundry process (green sand molding, shell sand molding, molding using synthetic resin and others) and of the type cast metal, this waste may contain elements and/or chemical compounds that may cause environmental impact. The substances that may be found in foundry sand proceed partly from the type of the metal and partly from the agglutinant used on the process. The purpose of this research is to present an alternative study for the use of the foundry sand, reusing it in the composition of the aggregate for asphalt concrete and thus to contribute to minimize the environmental impact caused for this waste. To reach this purpose, classification tests of solid wastes were run in virgin sand and foundry sand and asphaltic mixtures not compacted containing both types of sand. This investigation considered the possibility of this waste when incorporated to asphaltic mixture to pollute the environment. Leaching with soxhlet extractor test in specimen of asphaltic mixture with 15% of foundry sand was also realized to evaluate the performance of this material a long-term period in environmental terms. In order to verify the performance in paving, the mixtures were submitted to Marshall method of mix design and to the tests of resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, cantabro, resistance of compacted bituminous mixture to moisture-induced damage and static creep. Based on the results, it could be concluded that, in a general way, the reuse of foundry sand in asphaltic paving is viable, once the asphaltic mixtures containing this residue presented good mechanical properties. Besides the classification tests of solid wastes realized in asphaltic mixture containing foundry sand, which original classification as class II - no inert, passed to a classification of asphaltic mixture class III - inerte, what suggests that the waste was encapsulated in hot mix asphalt.

Afin d’optimiser le procédé de production de culasses automobiles en aluminium et d’améliorer sa fiabilité, une meilleure connaissance du comportement des noyaux de fonderie est nécessaire. Les noyaux sont des matériaux composés de grains de sable liés par une résine en faible proportion, et servent à mouler les conduits et cavités intérieurs des pièces métalliques. Au cours de leur cycle de vie, les noyaux sont amenés à subir de fortes températures et des sollicitations mécaniques complexes. L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser le comportement thermomécanique des noyaux sous diverses sollicitations selon le taux de liant, la température et surtout l’état de dégradation de ce liant. En particulier, les travaux de cette thèse s’attardent sur les mécanismes d’endommagement et de fissuration des noyaux, dont la compréhension est la clé pour optimiser l’étape de débourrage qui consiste en la fracturation et l’élimination des noyaux. Les résultats de cette thèse serviront par ailleurs à nourrir un modèle numérique simulant le débourrage des pièces. Différents modes de chargements mécaniques ont été étudiés : flexion, compression, cisaillement, push-out, fatigue, fluage ou encore compression œdométrique. Ils correspondent à différents types de sollicitations, avec ou sans confinement du noyau, et permettent de caractériser soit le cœur ou la surface du matériau. L’endommagement peut être suivi grâce à la réalisation de cycles de décharge-recharge. Dans tous les cas, le comportement mécanique du noyau est fortement dépendant des propriétés et de l’état du liant. Ainsi, la dégradation thermique induite par la coulée de l’aluminium liquide modifie et dégrade nettement les propriétés du noyau. Des parallèles peuvent ainsi être dressés entre les propriétés du liant, le comportement mécanique du matériau sable/résine et l’endommagement microstructural observé après rupture. / Better knowledge about the mechanical behavior of foundry sand cores is required in order to optimize the aluminum cylinder head production process. Sand cores allow the casting of complex shape metallic parts and are made of sand grains, bound with a resin in low proportion. Sand cores are subjected to high temperatures and complex mechanical load during the production process. This study aims at characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of sand cores under various loads depending on the binder proportion, the temperature and mostly the binder thermal degradation. Particularly, we focus on the cores damage and fracture mechanisms. The understanding of such phenomena could lead to an optimization of the decoring step, consisting in the fracture and removing of the core from the metallic part. Indeed, the results of this Ph.D. thesis will be used to implement a numerical model of the decoring process. Different kinds of mechanical loads have been studied: bending, compression, shear, push-out, fatigue, creep or also oedometric tests. They correspond to different kinds of load, with or without confining pressure and allow a characterization of the bulk or the surface of the material. The core damage is followed by mechanical tests with unload-reload cycles sequences. For all the cases, the core mechanical behavior is highly dependent on the binder properties and thermal degradation. For example, the thermal degradation induced by the aluminum casting modifies and degrades significantly the core properties. Analogies could be drawn between the binder properties, bonded-sand cores mechanical behavior and the evolution of the fracture surfaces.

隨著競爭的激烈，現今半導體晶圓代工產業面臨研發支出不斷增加以及晶圓製造廠的投資門檻越發提高之環境。然而在這晶圓代工競賽中，金融市場投資者也開始關注到金額龐大的資本資出是否能為公司創造更多的價值，以及其投資決策與融資決策對晶圓代工公司營運績效影響為何。 本研究以經濟附加價值(Economic Value Added; EVA)作為衡量半導體晶圓代工產業的公司價值指標，利用縱橫資料模型(panel data)驗證晶圓代工公司的EVA與市場價值之關連性，並探討影響半導體晶圓代工公司的價值創造的因子。此外，本研究亦針對半導體景氣循環指標及晶圓代工公司價值創造的關係進行研究。最後本研究以個案方式分析半導體晶圓代工公司價值創造之原因。 實證結果發現晶圓代工公司的EVA與市場價值具有高度的關連性與解釋能力，代表EVA確實能反映企業的真實價值。本文亦發現公司投入愈多的資本支出、追求高的營業利潤率、降低資金成本都會為半導體晶圓代工公司創造更多的價值。然而營收增加、營運資金投入的多寡及半導體景氣循環指標等因素對晶圓代工公司價值創造並無明顯之影響。此外，本文個案研究歸納出晶圓代工公司創造公司價值之因素共有下四點：一、擴大對現有的投入資本的報酬率。二、利用低利率環境和低β值，以降低資金成本。三、維持技術領先的競爭優勢，使公司擁有一段較長的時間能產生高於正常報酬率。四、加大資本資出進行新的投資，以賺取超額報酬。 / Advanced semiconductor manufacturing is at an inflection point with escalating R&D intensity and capital expenditure requirements for new fabrication plants of leading process. However, investors are concerned whether tremendous capital expenditure could generate return and create value to the company in this competition. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the foundry firms’ value by adopting the concept of Economic Value Added (EVA), measuring the excessive return that a company can generate over the cost of capital. At first, this study tests the power of EVA to capture the relationship between a company’s market value and EVA of foundries. As EVA may be affected by numerous financial value drivers, this research examines and ascertains which factors are relevant. Furthermore, this study also monitors the EVA of these firms to determine their relationship with the semiconductor cyclical index. The primary findings of this study are illustrated as below. EVA is systematically linked to market value in foundry industry. In addition, foundries with higher operating profit margin and higher capital expenditure could create more firms’ value while foundries with higher cost of capital and financial flexibility would destroy its value. Moreover, foundries’ EVAs are not been significantly affected by growth of sales, investments in working capital, and semiconductor cycle index. Furthermore, this paper also conducts a case study to analyze why TSMC creates EVA continuously: (1)TSMC increases returns on existing capital while holding WACC and invested capital constant. (2)TSMC reduces the cost of capital by leveraging low interest rate and low beta. (3)TSMC makes new investments that earn returns greater than the WACC. (4)TSMC sustains the competitive advantage of technological leadership which enables the company to generate above-normal returns for a longer period.

In the last decade, market pressures for greater variety of products forced a gradual shift from continuous manufacturing to batch manufacturing in various industries. Consequently batch scheduling problems have attracted the attention of researchers in production and operations management. This thesis addresses the scheduling of parallel non-identical batch processors in the presence of dynamic job arrivals, incompatible job-families and non-identical job sizes. This problem abstracts the scheduling of heat-treatment furnace operations of castings in a steel foundry. The problem is of considerable interest in this sector as a large proportion of the total production time is spent in heat treatment processing. This problem is also encountered in other industrial settings such as burn-in operation in the final testing stage of semiconductor manufacturing, and manufacturing of steel, ceramics, aircraft parts, footwear, etc. A detailed literature review and personal communications with experts revealed that this class of batch scheduling problems have not been addressed hitherto. A major concern in the management of foundries is to maximize throughput and reduce flow time and work-in-process inventories. Therefore we have chosen the primary scheduling objective to be the utilization of batch processors and as secondary objectives the minimization of overall flow time and weighted average waiting time per job. This formulation can be considered as an extension of problems studied by DOBSON AND NAMBINADOM (1992), UZSOY (1995), ZEE et a/. (1997) and MEHTA AND UZSOY (1998). Our effort to carefully catalogue the large number of variants of deterministic batch scheduling problems led us to the development of a taxonomy and notation. Not surprisingly, we are able to show that our problem is NP-hard and is therefore in the company of many scheduling problems that are difficult to solve. Initially two heuristic algorithms, one a mathematical programming based heuristic algorithm (MPHA) and the other a greedy heuristic algorithm were developed. Due to the computational overheads in the implementation of MPHA when compared with the greedy heuristic, we chose to focus on the latter as the primary scheduling methodology. Preliminary experimentation led us to the observation that the performance of greedy heuristics depends critically on the selection of job-families. So eight variants of the greedy heuristic that differ mainly in the decision on "job-family selection" were proposed. These eight heuristics are basically two sets {Al, A2, A3, A4} and the modified (MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4}, which differ only on how the "job-family" index, weighted shortest processing time, is computed. For evaluating the performance of the eight heuristics, computational experiments were carried out. The analysis of the experimental data is presented in two perspectives. The goal of the first perspective was to evaluate the absolute quality of the solutions obtained by the proposed heuristic algorithms when compared with estimated optimal solutions. The second perspective was to compare the relative performance of the proposed heuristics. The test problems generated were designed to reflect real-world scheduling problems that we have observed in the steel-casting industry. Three important problem parameters for the test set generation are the number of jobs [n], job-priority [P], and job-family [F]. We considered 5 different levels for n, 2 different levels for P and 2 different levels for F. The test set reflects (i) the size of the jobs vary uniformly (ii) there are two batch processors and (iii) five incompatible job-families with different processing times. 15 problem instances were generated for each level of (n, P, and F). Out of many procedures available in the literature for estimating optimal value for combinatorial optimization problems, we used the procedure based on Weibull distribution as discussed in Rardin and Uzsoy (2001). For each problem instance of the randomly generated 300 problem instances, 15 feasible solutions (i.e., the average utilization of batch processors (AUBP)) were obtained using "random decision rule for first two stages and using a "best-fit heuristic' for the last stage of the scheduling problem. These 15 feasible solutions were used to estimate the optimal value. The generated 15 feasible solutions are expected to provide the estimated optimal value of the problem instance with a very high probability. Both average performance and worst-case performance of the heuristics indicated that, the heuristic algorithms A3 and A4, on the average yielded better utilization than the estimated optimal value. This indicates that the Weibull-based technique may have yielded conservative estimates of the optimal value. Further, the other heuristic algorithms found inferior solutions when compared with the estimated optimal value. But the deviations were very small. From this, we may infer that all the proposed heuristic algorithms are acceptable. The relative evaluation of heuristics was in terms of both computational effort and the quality of the solution. For the heuristics, it was clear that the computational burden is low enough on the average to run all the proposed heuristics on each problem instance and select the best solution. Also, it is observed that any algorithm from the first set of {Al, A2, A3, and A4} takes more computational time than any one from the second set {MAI, MA2, MA3, and MA4}. Regarding solution quality, the following inferences were made: ٭ In general the heuristic algorithms are sensitive to the choice of problem factors with respect to all the scheduling objectives. ٭ The three algorithms A3, MA4 and MAI are observed to be superior with respect to the scheduling objectives: maximizing average utilization of batch processors (AUBP), minimization of overall flow time (OFT) and minimizing weighted average waiting time (WAWT) respectively. Further, the heuristic algorithm MAI turns out to be the best choice if we trade-off all three objectives AUBP, OFT and WAWT. Finally we carried out simple sensitivity analyses experiments in order to understand the influence of some parameters of the scheduling on the performance of the heuristic algorithms. These were related to one at a time changes in (1) job-size distribution, (2) capacities of batch processors and (3) processing time of job-families. From the analyses it appears that there is an influence of changes in these input parameters. The results of the sensitivity analyses can be used to guide the selection of a heuristic for a particular combination of input parameters. For example, if we have to pick a single heuristic algorithm, then MAI is the best choice when considering the performance and the robustness indicated by the sensitivity analysis. In summary, this thesis examined a problem arising in the scheduling of heat-treatment operations in the steel-casting industry. This problem was abstracted to a class of deterministic batch scheduling problems. We analyzed the computational complexity of this problem and showed that it is NP-hard and therefore unlikely to admit a scalable exact method. Eight variants of a fast greedy heuristic were designed to solve the scheduling problem of interest. Extensive computational experiments were carried out to compare the performance of the heuristics with estimated optimal values (using the Weibull technique) and also for relative effectiveness and this showed that the heuristics are capable of consistently obtaining near-estimated) optimal solutions with very low computational burden for the solution of large scale problems. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out to study the influence of a few parameters, by changing them one at a time, on the performance of the heuristic algorithms. This type of analysis gives users some confidence in the robustness of the proposed heuristics.

有關既有廠商面對技術改變時為何會失去領導地位，現有文獻多以技術和廠商能耐互動的供給面切入討論，其原因可能是領導廠商無法及時轉換技術、調整能耐或組織惰性等因素；對於少數新興國家的後進廠商成功挑戰既有領導廠商，成為全球領導廠商的研究，也大多依循這種供給面觀點，認為建立並不斷提升技術能耐是成功的關鍵。 深入檢視既有廠商面對技術改變失去領導地位的原因，不完全是來自供給面的問題，市場需求面也是重要的影響因素。在討論市場需求面的相關理論中，斷裂性創新架構是最典型的觀點，該觀點認為新興廠商推動斷裂性創新會持續破壞現有市場遊戲規則，造成競爭基礎的改變與產業結構的變化，此觀點主要在說明市場顧客需求的變化對新舊廠商競爭的影響，並據以補充說明技術供給面的不足。 至今斷裂性創新研究並未發展出一個有系統的架構來檢測某種創新情境是否為斷裂性創新？因而，本研究根據斷裂性創新架構觀點及個案研究法中描述性理論架構的要求，發展出斷裂性創新描述架構的相關特性要件，並用此架構來檢測台灣積體電路公司及其所促進高度發展的全球晶圓代工產業，檢測結果發現過程符合斷裂性創新的特性。後續研究將可由斷裂性創新的觀點切入，重新詮釋台積電成功成為全球領導廠商的原因。 本研究發展出來的描述架構是一個檢測斷裂性創新的良好基礎，可以作為測試其他產業是否存在斷裂性創新的參考。 / Why established incumbents loosed their leading positions facing the disruptive technology, explanation of current literatures tended to focus on the supply-side interaction of technologies and firms’ capabilities. The research on latecomer firms catching up technological gap in newly development countries also focused on the supply-side perspective and argued that consecutive advancing technological capabilities was the key to success. Closer examination of technology competition, however, reveals that technology or market transitions are not necessarily due to the supply-side difficulties, like incumbent technology’s inherent limit, incumbents’ inability to master new skill, or organizational inertness. The market demand-side is also an important factor offering a complementary set of explanations that highlight the influence of consumers’ need on technology trajectory. The most influential expression of a demand side role in technology competition is the disruptive innovation that will break the market rule, shift the bases of competition and change the industry structure. Current researches, however, did not develop systematically analytical tool or framework to identify disruptive innovation. This study followed the major perspectives of disruptive innovation and the rules of case study to develop the descriptive framework for testifying the phenomenon of disruptive innovation. The semiconductor industry development in Taiwan was identified and described under the conditions of this framework. This descriptive framework is a systematic tool for testing disruptive innovation in any industry.

Through the analysis of photographs of Christchurch men, this thesis will explore and expand the historiography around masculinity in New Zealand. It will argue that how men saw themselves was informed by concepts of power and class, alongside aspects such as physical strength and ideas of manliness. Masculinity was a fluid concept; its interpretation differed across class, race and gender lines. The urban masculine identities found in Christchurch during 1880-1930 demonstrate the complexity of gender construction. They offer another view to that of a New Zealand masculinity steeped in stereotypes of rural, isolated men. Photographs are the central documents within this thesis and the growing field of visual history provides the framework for study. Photograph collections are selected from a variety of sources, including the Canterbury Museum, the Christchurch City Council archives, the Christchurch Club, Christchurch Boys' High School and my own family collection. The selection process centres on presenting collections which offer insight into a variety of settings across Christchurch, and the photographs within this thesis were chosen due to their representation of the collection they came from. Gillian Rose's methodology, which looks at the sites of production, the image, and the audience, shapes the study of the photographs. Read as documents and then situated into the broader contextual understanding of turn of the twentieth century Christchurch, these photographs allow the viewer to read the past with new eyes. This thesis offers a complementary reading of the masculine history of New Zealand. With an analysis influenced by the theoretical underpinnings of gender history, social history and visual history, the photographs show how ideas of masculinity developed in the urban setting of Christchurch. It highlights how ideas of class shaped the power relations of men, how physical settings offered different aspects of masculinity to be portrayed. The relationships between men, as well as those between men and women, demonstrate how masculine ideas were not dictated to by stereotypes, but by a range of at times contradictory imagery.

In der Dissertation wurde der Stand der Technik zum Fertigungsverfahren Druckgießen mit dem Fokus auf die Druckgießwerkzeuge recherchiert und strukturiert aufbereitet. Der Stand der Technik mündet in der Systematik zur Optimierung des Druckgießens. Darin wurde die Problematik ganzheitlich aufgearbeitet, konkretisiert und wesentliche Handlungsfelder, wie das Temperierkonzept, der Werkstoff sowie die Auslegung, herausgearbeitet. Das Handlungsfeld Temperierkonzept wurde fokussiert und daraus das Konzept des mehrteiligenWerkzeuges erarbeitet. DiesesWerkzeugkonzept ermöglicht durch seinen Aufbau eine Maximierung der Wärmeübertragungsfläche, eine Reduzierung des Abstandes der Temperierung zum Gussteil und eine Erhöhung des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten. Der mehrteilige Aufbau wurde in einem Versuchswerkzeug für das Druckgießen umgesetzt, sukzessive ausgelegt und virtuell abgesichert. Abschließend zeigte die thermische Simulation des Prozess Druckgießen ein Potential zur Reduzierung der Zykluszeit von 12,9s (14%) mit dem mehrteiligen Werkzeug auf. Im Dauerbetrieb konnte prozesssicher, reproduzierbar und dauerhaft eine Zykluszeitreduzierung um 20,5s (23%) nachgewiesen werden.

In der Dissertation wurde der Stand der Technik zum Fertigungsverfahren Druckgießen mit dem Fokus auf die Druckgießwerkzeuge recherchiert und strukturiert aufbereitet. Der Stand der Technik mündet in der Systematik zur Optimierung des Druckgießens. Darin wurde die Problematik ganzheitlich aufgearbeitet, konkretisiert und wesentliche Handlungsfelder, wie das Temperierkonzept, der Werkstoff sowie die Auslegung, herausgearbeitet. Das Handlungsfeld Temperierkonzept wurde fokussiert und daraus das Konzept des mehrteiligen Werkzeuges erarbeitet. Dieses Werkzeugkonzept ermöglicht durch seinen Aufbau eine Maximierung der Wärmeübertragungsfläche, eine Reduzierung des Abstandes der Temperierung zum Gussteil und eine Erhöhung des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten. Der mehrteilige Aufbau wurde in einem Versuchswerkzeug für das Druckgießen umgesetzt, sukzessive ausgelegt und virtuell abgesichert. Abschließend zeigte die thermische Simulation des Prozess Druckgießen ein Potential zur Reduzierung der Zykluszeit von 12,9s (14%) mit dem mehrteiligen Werkzeug auf. Im Dauerbetrieb konnte prozesssicher, reproduzierbar und dauerhaft eine Zykluszeitreduzierung um 20,5s (23%) nachgewiesen werden.

Volvo Group Trucks Operations tillverkar motorer, växellådor och lastbilar till koncernens varumärken Volvo, Renault, Mack och UD-Trucks. Powertrain Production är produktionsenheten inom AB Volvo som producerar dieselmotorer och motorkomponenter. I Skövde består Volvos produktionsprocesser av gjutning, bearbetning och montering. Gjuteriet använder metaller och legeringar för att producera färdiga komponenter och delar. Tillverkningsmaterialet förvaras och hämtas från fabrikens materialgård. Materialgårdens tillväxt har skett okontrollerat genom åren. Material har placerats efter möjlighet och skapat ett komplext flöde. Volvo uppfattar området vara riskfyllt på grund av det trånga utrymmet personalen delar med inkommande och utgående trafik. Logistiken upplevs därför rörig, ineffektiv och oorganiserad. Syftet var att utföra en nulägesanalys av materialgården utifrån kriterierna layout, personal och fordon, inköp och materialhantering, flöde, arbetsmätning samt riskanalys. Därefter konstruerades ett nytt förslag baserad på nulägesanalysen. Metodiken har baserats på intervjuer och observationer. Teori har studerats för att praktiskt genomföra en layoututformning, analys av logistik och flöde samt arbetsmätning och riskanalys. Revit Architecture har använts för att visa dagens layout och ett koncept av en ny materialgård. Dagbok användes som hjälpmedel efter varje besök. Resultatet av nulägesanalysen visar att aktuell layout skiljer sig avsevärt från tidigare upplägg. Logistiken och materialhantering visar en hög omsättning och ett komplext materialflöde. Arbetsmätningen indikerade på onödiga transportsträckor och långa väntetider. Riskanalysen stärkte tidigare misstankar om osäker arbetsplats.   I förslaget på ny layout presenteras ett upplägg baserat på ”Struktur, Effektivitet och Säkerhet” med en avsevärd minskning av både materialhantering och trafik inne på materialgården. Materialgården är ett exempel på en del av verksamheten som inte har utvecklats i takt med Volvos expansion. Det visar på en oprioriterad verksamhet där planering och struktur har varit eftersatt. För materialgården rekommenderas att Volvo ser över sin materialverksamhet och strukturerar om från grunden. Genom tydligare planering erhålls en effektivare produktion och därigenom bättre lönsamhet. Det kräver att företaget ligger steget före i utvecklingen. Åtgärder bör implementeras om gjuteriet ska uppvisa konkurrensfördelar i Volvos verksamhet. / Volvo Group Trucks Operations manufactures engines, transmissions and trucks to the Groups brands Volvo, Renault, Mack and UD Trucks. Powertrain Production is the production unit within AB Volvo producing diesel engines and engine components. Volvo´s production in Skövde consists of casting, machining and assembly. The foundry uses metals and alloys to produce finished components and parts. The material is stored and retrieved from the factory´s material yard. The material yards growth has occurred uncontrollably through time. Materials have been placed according to feasibility and has created a complex flow. Volvo perceives the area to be unsafe because of the confined space the staff shares with incoming and outgoing traffic. Therefore the logistics are turbid, inefficient and disorganized. The purpose was to perform a current state analysis of the material yard based on the criteria´s layout, employees and vehicles, purchasing and material handling, material flow, work measurement and risk analysis. Subsequently a new proposal was created based on the current state analysis. The methodology was based on interviews and observations. Theory has been studied for the practical implementation of a layout design, analysis of logistics and flow as well as work measurements and a risk analysis have been performed. Revit Architecture has been used to demonstrate the current layout and a concept of a new material yard. Diary was a used tool after each visit. The result of the current state analysis shows that the current layout differs substantially from previous layout. Logistics and material handling shows a high turnover and a complex material flow. Work measurements indicate in unnecessary distances and long waits. The risk analysis strengthened earlier suspicions of an unsafe workplace. The new proposal presents a layout based on "Structure, Efficiency and Security" with a significant reduction in both material handling and traffics inside the material yard. The material yard is an example of a part in the company that has not evolved in line with Volvo´s expansion. This shows an unprioritized part of the business where planning and structure has been neglected. For the material yard it is recommended that Volvo reviews their material activities and tackle their operations from the basis. Through planning, a more efficient production is obtained and thereby improved profitability. It requires that the company is at the forefront of development. Actions should be implemented if the foundry seeks a competitive advantage in Volvo´s operations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cap 1.pdf: 354743 bytes, checksum: 0343c49a38673dd157dcd55a3475b0c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The environmental efficiency permeates all production sectors through a closed cycle of production and consumption of materials. The recycling of solid waste should be priorized against the consumption of natural raw materials as long as environmental and technical viability have been proved. The foundries are great ferrous scrap recyclers, but generate huge amount of waste, especially the foundry sand. In order to contribute to the sustainability of foundry and construction industries this work investigates the possibility of recycling spent foundry sand (ADF) in soilcement (SC) bricks. The soil-cement construction uses soil as natural raw material, sand and gravel if necessary correction, and cement as a stabilizer. The research involves the characterization of the raw materials by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, particle size, leaching and solubilization tests. In blends cement makes up 10% by weight and the soil, predominantly clayey, was partially replaced by spent foundry sand and gravel in different percents. The influence of the residue on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the mixtures was analyzed through compaction tests, isothermal conduction calorimetry, compressive strength, durability and water absorption in cylindrical specimens and modular bricks. The interface between the components was observed by electron microscopy scanning. The addition of spent foundry sand decreases the water absorption of the mixture and increases the maximum density with small changes in mechanical strenght. The bricks produced have water absorption and mass loss in the durability test in accordance with the current technical standards. The addition of ADF combined with gravel rises mechanical resistance to acceptable levels of soil-cement standards. The results attest the technical and environmental feasibility for the use of spent foundry sand in soil-cement bricks for masonry seal. / A eficiência ambiental permeia todos os setores produtivos através de um ciclo fechado de produção e consumo de materiais. A reciclagem de resíduos sólidos deve ser priorizada frente ao consumo de matérias-primas naturais, desde que comprovada viabilidade ambiental e técnica para tal. As fundições são grande recicladoras pois utilizam sucatas ferrosas como matéria-prima, porém geram enorme quantidade de resíduos, com destaque para as areias de moldagem. Buscando contribuir para a sustentabilidade das indústrias de fundição e da construção civil esse trabalho investiga a possibilidade da reciclagem de areia descartada de fundição (ADF) em tijolos de solo-cimento (SC). A construção com solo-cimento utiliza o solo como matéria-prima natural, se necessário areia e pedrisco para correção e o cimento como estabilizante. O estudo passa pela caracterização das matérias-primas utilizadas por difração de raios-X, análise térmica, granulometria, lixiviação e solubilização. Nas misturas o cimento compõe 10% em peso e o solo, de predominância argilosa, foi parcialmente substituído por areia descartada de fundição e pó de brita em diferentes percentuais. Assim foi analisada a influência da adição do resíduo nas propriedades físico-químicas e mecânicas das misturas através de ensaios de compactação, calorimetria de condução isotérmica, resistência à compressão, durabilidade e absorção de água em corpos de prova cilíndricos e tijolos modulares. A interface entre os materiais constituintes do solo-cimento foi observada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A adição do resíduo de areia de fundição diminui a absorção de água da mistura e aumenta a densidade máxima com pequenas alterações na resistência mecânica. Os tijolos produzidos apresentam absorção de água e perda de massa no ensaio de durabilidade em conformidade com as normas técnicas vigentes. A adição combinada de ADF e de pó de brita eleva a resistência mecânica a níveis aceitos pelas normas de solo-cimento. Os resultados obtidos atestam a viabilidade técnica e ambiental para a utilização da areia descartada de fundição em tijolos de solo-cimento para alvenaria de vedação.